初一英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)(人教版)

1、一、詞法1、名詞A、名詞的數(shù)我們知道名詞可以分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞,而不可數(shù)名詞它沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式,但可數(shù)名詞卻有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)之分,復(fù)數(shù)的構(gòu)成如下:一在后面加s。如:fathers, books, Americans, Germans, apples, bananas二x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如:boxes, glasses, dresses, watches, wishes, faxes三1以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的變y為i再加es 如:baby-babies, family-families, duty-duties, comedy-comedies, documentary-d

2、ocumentaries, story-stories2以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的直接加s。如:day-days, boy-boys, toy-toys, key-keys, ways四以o結(jié)尾加s(外來(lái)詞。如:radios, photos, 但如是輔音加o的加es:如: tomatoes 西紅柿, potatoes馬鈴薯五以f或fe結(jié)尾的變f為v再加es(s。如:knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves, shelf-shelves, leaf-leaves, yourself-yourselves六單復(fù)數(shù)相同(不變的有:fish, sheep, deer鹿子,

3、Chinese, Japanese七一般只有復(fù)數(shù),沒(méi)有單數(shù)的有:people,pants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, clothes, socks八單詞形式不變,既可以是單數(shù)也可以是復(fù)數(shù)的有:police警察局,警察, class 班,同學(xué), family家,家庭成員九合成的復(fù)數(shù)一般只加主要名詞,多數(shù)為后一個(gè)單詞。如:action movie-action movies, pen pal-pen pals; 但如果是由man或woman所組成的合成詞的復(fù)數(shù)則同時(shí)為復(fù)數(shù)。如:man doctor-men doctors, woman teacher-wome

4、n teachers十有的單復(fù)數(shù)意思不同。如:fish魚(yú) fishes魚(yú)的種類(lèi), paper紙 papers報(bào)紙,卷子,論文, work工作 works作品,工廠(chǎng), glass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯,眼鏡, orange桔子水 oranges橙子, light光線(xiàn) lights燈, people人 peoples民族, time時(shí)間 times時(shí)代, 次數(shù), chicken 雞肉 chickens 小雞十一單個(gè)字母的復(fù)數(shù)可以有兩種形式直接加s或s。如:Is (Is, Ks (Ks。但如是縮略詞則只加s。如:IDs, VCDs, SARs十二特殊形式的有:child-children, ma

5、n-men, woman-women, foot-feet,mouse-mice, policeman-policemen, Englishman-EnglishmenB名詞的格當(dāng)我們要表示某人的什么東西或人時(shí),我們就要使用所有格形式。構(gòu)成如下:一單數(shù)在后面加s。如:brothers, Mikes, teachers二復(fù)數(shù)以s結(jié)尾的直接在s后加,如果不是以s結(jié)尾的與單數(shù)一樣處理。如: Teachers Day教師節(jié), classmates; Childrens Day六一節(jié), W omens Day三八節(jié)三由and并列的名詞所有時(shí),如果是共同所有同一人或物時(shí),只加最后一個(gè)s,但分別擁有時(shí)卻分別

6、按單數(shù)形式處理。如:Mike and Bens room邁克和本的房間(共住一間,Mikes and Bens rooms邁克和本的房間(各自的房間2、代詞項(xiàng)目人稱(chēng)代詞物主代詞指示代詞反身代詞人稱(chēng)主格賓格形容詞名詞性第一人稱(chēng)單數(shù) I me my mine myself復(fù)數(shù) we us our ours ourselves第二人稱(chēng)單數(shù) you you your yours yourself復(fù)數(shù) you you your yours yourselves第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù) she her her hers herselfhe him his his himselfit it its its this t

7、hat itself復(fù)數(shù) they them their theirs these those themselves3、動(dòng)詞A第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)當(dāng)動(dòng)詞是第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)時(shí),動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該像名詞的單數(shù)變動(dòng)詞那樣加s,如下:一一般在詞后加s。如:comes, spells, waits, talks, sees, dances, trains二在x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如:watches, washes, wishes, finishes三1以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的變y為i再加es。如:study-studies, hurry-hurries, try-tries2以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的直接加s。如

8、:plays, says, stays, enjoys, buys四以o結(jié)尾加es。如:does, goes五特殊的有:are-is, have-hasB現(xiàn)在分詞當(dāng)我們說(shuō)某人正在做什么事時(shí),動(dòng)詞要使用分詞形式,不能用原形,構(gòu)成如下:一一般在后加ing。如:spell-spelling, sing-singing, see-seeing, train-training, play-playing, hurry-hurrying, watch-watching, go-going, do-doing二以不發(fā)音e的結(jié)尾的去掉e再加ing。如:dance-dancing, wake-waking,ta

9、ke-taking, practice-practicing, write-writing, have-having三以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾且一個(gè)元音字母+一個(gè)輔音字母(注意除開(kāi)字母組合如showshowing, draw-drawing要雙寫(xiě)最后的輔音字母再加ing。如:put-putting, run-running, get-getting, let-letting, begin-beginning四以ie結(jié)尾的變ie為y再加ing。如:tie-tying系 die-dying死 lie-lying 位于4、形容詞的級(jí)我們?cè)趯?duì)兩個(gè)或以上的人或物進(jìn)行對(duì)比時(shí),則要使用比較或最高級(jí)形式。構(gòu)成如下:一

10、一般在詞后加er或est(如果是以e結(jié)尾則直接加r或st。如:greater-greatest, shorter shortest, taller tallest, longer longest, nicer- nicest, larger-largest二以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾且1個(gè)元音字母+1個(gè)輔音字母(字母組合除外,如few-fewer fewest結(jié)尾的雙寫(xiě)結(jié)尾的輔音再加er /est。如:big-bigger biggest, red-redder reddest, hot-hotter hottest三以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的變y為i加er/est。如:happy-happier happi

11、est,sorry-sorrier sorriest, friendly-friendlier friendliest(more friendly most friendly, busy-busier busiest, easy-easier easiest四特殊情況:(兩好多壞,一少老遠(yuǎn)good/well - better best many/much - more most bad/ill worse worstlittle- less least old- older/elder oldest/eldest far- farther/further farthest/furthest5、

12、數(shù)詞 (基變序,有規(guī)則;一、二、三,自己背;五、八、九、十二;其它后接th; y結(jié)尾,變?yōu)閕, eth跟上去。 first, second, third; fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth; seventh, tenth, thirteenth, hundredth; twenty-twentieth, forty-fortieth,ninety-ninetieth二、句式1.陳述句肯定陳述句 a This is a book. (be動(dòng)詞b He looks very young. (連系動(dòng)詞c I want a sweat like this. (實(shí)義動(dòng)詞d I

13、can bring some things to school. (情態(tài)動(dòng)詞e Theres a computer on my desk. (There be結(jié)構(gòu)否定陳述句a These arent their books. b They dont look nice.c Kate doesnt go to No. 4 Middle School. d Kate cant find her doll.e There isnt a cat here. (=Theres no cat here.2. 祈使句肯定祈使句a Please go and ask the man. b Lets learn

14、 English!c Come in, please.否定祈使句a Dont be late. b Dont hurry.3. 疑問(wèn)句1 一般疑問(wèn)句 a Is Jim a student? b Can I help you? c Does she like salad?d Do they watch TV? e Is she reading?肯定回答: a Yes, he is. b Yes, you can. c Yes, she does. d Yes, they do.e Yes, she is.否定回答: a No, he isnt. b No, you cant. c No, she

15、 doesnt. d No, the y dont. e No, she isnt.2 選擇疑問(wèn)句 Is the table big or small? 回答Its big./ Its small.3 特殊疑問(wèn)句 問(wèn)年齡 How old is Lucy? She is twelve. 問(wèn)種類(lèi) What kind of movies do you like? I like action movies and comedies. 問(wèn)身體狀況 How is your uncle? He is well/fine. 問(wèn)方式 How do/can you spell it? L-double O-K.H

16、ow do we contact you? My e-mail address is *. 問(wèn)原因 Why do you want to join the club? 問(wèn)時(shí)間Whats the time? (=What time is it? Its a quarter to ten a.m.What time do you usually get up, Rick? At five oclock.When do you want to go? Lets go at 7:00. 問(wèn)地方Wheres my backpack? Its under the table. 問(wèn)顏色 What color

17、 are they? They are light blue.Whats your favourite color? Its black. 問(wèn)人物Whos that? Its my sister.Who is the boy in blue? My brother.Who isnt at school? Peter and Emma.Who are Lisa and Tim talking to? 問(wèn)東西Whats this/that (in English? Its a pencil case.What else can you see in the picture? I can see s

18、ome broccoli, strawberries and hamburgers.11問(wèn)姓名Whats your aunts name? Her name is Helen./Shes Helen.Whats your first name? My first names Ben.Whats your family name? My family names Smith.12 問(wèn)哪一個(gè) Which do you like? I like one in the box.13 問(wèn)字母What letter is it? Its big D/sm all f.14 問(wèn)價(jià)格How much are these pants? Theyre 15 dollars.15 問(wèn)電話(huà)號(hào)碼Whats your phone number? Its 576-8349.16 問(wèn)謂語(yǔ)(動(dòng)作 Whats he doing? Hes watching TV.17 問(wèn)職業(yè)(身份 What do you do? Im a teacher.Whats your father? Hes a doctor. 三、時(shí)態(tài) 1、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 表示普遍、經(jīng)常性的或長(zhǎng)期性的動(dòng)作時(shí)使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，它有： Be 動(dòng)詞：Sh