新思維綜合英語第一冊(cè)第四單元參考講義

1、新思維綜合英語第一冊(cè)第四單元參考講義2008-03-19 17:51Lesson 27. I guess my mind was somewhere else. Laura and Chuck are having something to eat after seeing a movie. They talk about Chucks job interview. Focus questions and answers:1. Where do you think the dialogue takes place?1. Most probably in a restaurant.2. Why

2、was Chucks mind somewhere else?2. He was thinking about the interview. 3. Why was Chuck anxious? 3. he was anxious to know the interview result, and of course he wanted to get the job. Language points in the dialogue:You were thinking about the interview again, werent you? Think about, 考慮，思考。We have

3、 to think about whether we should buy the car.我們得認(rèn)真考慮一下買不買車。Im thinking about the plan for our tour.我在考慮我們的旅行計(jì)劃。這句話里的Werent you？ 是個(gè)附加疑問句。在這樣的句子里，一般來說，前面需要有個(gè)陳述句。如果陳述句用肯定句，附加疑問句就用否定式疑問句。如果陳述句用否定句，附加疑問句就用肯定式疑問句。如：Youve been to the Great Wall, havent you? Hes not going to the party, is he? 但是，有時(shí)也有例外。如：S

4、he telephoned her brother, did she? （用來表示驚訝、確認(rèn)等。）使用附加疑問句時(shí)，不僅要注意前后肯定與否定的關(guān)系，還要注意助動(dòng)詞和時(shí)態(tài)的一致性問題。比如，如果前邊的句子用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，附加疑問句就需要用 have 或 havent；如果前邊的句子用帶有 will 的一般將來時(shí)，附加疑問句就需要用 will 或 wont 等等。Get sth out of ones mind 擺脫思想中的困擾。如：He was terribly lost in that experience for quite some time, and finally he got it o

5、ut of his mind when he moved to a new place. 他很長時(shí)間一直沉浸在那次可怕的經(jīng)歷中不能自拔，直到后來搬到一個(gè)新地方后才得以擺脫出來。Figure out 理解，弄清楚，解決。She hasnt figured out what shes going to do next. 她還沒有弄清楚接下來她將做什么。He has figured out all the possibilities before he does it. 他事前已經(jīng)弄清楚了所有的可能性。Anxious to do sth 迫不及待想做某事。She is so anxious to v

6、isit Beijing next week because it is her first visit there. Make a / the decision 做出決定，確定。Who made the decision to go there?是誰決定去那兒的？I think Ive made a wrong decision to buy this big house.我想我決定買這座大房子是錯(cuò)誤的。Relax 放松，松弛。Lets stop working and relax for an hour. 別干了，我們休息一小時(shí)吧。Lesson 29 The first Americans

7、.Focus questions:1Why did Columbus call people already living in America “Indians” when he landed there?2. How did the ancestors of these people come to America?3. What technique do scientists use to decide the age of the remains of the ancient bodies or artifacts?4. What are causing excitement and

8、controversy among experts?5. What did scientists find in Chili?6. What is the most controversial finding in Brazil? Language Points in the Reading Text: Scientists disagree on the date. 科學(xué)家在日期上沒有達(dá)成一致。Agree / disagree on sth 在某方面意見（不）一致，（不）同意。介詞用on. Finally we agreed on the route for climbing the hil

9、l. 最后我們就爬山路線達(dá)成了一致意見。學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)注意這個(gè)短語跟 agree / disagree with sb / sth 的區(qū)別。Agree / disagree with sb / sth（不）同意某人說的話或者看法；與某人意見不一致。I disagree with much of what he says. 我不同意他說的很多話。My brother agrees with me in most of the issues we discuss. 在討論問題時(shí)，我弟弟大多同意我的看法。Original 原有的，原始的，初始的；新穎的，有創(chuàng)造性的。It is said no one can

10、 remember the original state of the building. 據(jù)說，沒有人能回憶起那座樓本來的樣子了。This is the most original story Ive ever read. 這是我讀過的最新穎的故事了。Arrive in 到達(dá)某一地方、城市（比較大的地方），如：It was raining when we arrived in Guangzhou. 而arrive at 的意思是“到達(dá)一個(gè)具體的小的地點(diǎn)”，如： He arrived at his hotel soon after midnight. Arrive at 還表示經(jīng)過努力達(dá)成協(xié)議

11、、決定、或達(dá)到某種程度。It took us several hours to arrive at a decision. 我們花費(fèi)了好幾個(gè)小時(shí)才終于達(dá)成決議。在 When Columbus “discovered” America in 1492, he found people already living there.這句話里，discover 用了引號(hào)，原因是什么呢？discover 這個(gè)詞的意思是，發(fā)現(xiàn)原來沒有被人所知道或了解的事情或情況。Discover 不同于 find, 后者的意思是，找到，發(fā)現(xiàn)，是一般意義上的看見或找到，被找到的東西本來就是存在的。在哥倫布發(fā)現(xiàn)新大陸的時(shí)候美洲

12、這塊大陸已經(jīng)是存在的，而且有人居住，所以并不是他第一個(gè)發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)地方的。Find sb doing sth 發(fā)現(xiàn)某人正在做某事。When I entered the room, I found him watching TV. 我進(jìn)入房間的時(shí)候，看見他正在看電視。Thinking he had landed in the East Indies, he called these people “Indians”. 前半句話Thinking he had landed in the East Indies 是個(gè) ing 分詞短語，做he called these people “Indians”

13、的原因狀語。Stretching from the top of North America to the tip of South America were many different groups是個(gè)倒裝句，動(dòng)詞謂語是 were, 主語是 many different groups. 用來強(qiáng)調(diào)“不同的種族部落由北到南散布在美洲大陸”的這個(gè)事實(shí)。Migrate 遷移，移往。Migrate from one place to another 從一個(gè)地方遷移到另一個(gè)地方。如：They had to migrate to this new land because of the terrible

14、 flood in the fifties. 由于五十年代的那場(chǎng)可怕的洪水他們被迫遷移到了這片土地。The northern half of the earth was covered in ice. 北半球被冰雪覆蓋。有時(shí)，我們也用 be covered with 來表示“長有很多，覆蓋著很多”如：The next morning when I woke up, I found the trees were all covered with beautiful snow. 早上醒來的時(shí)候，我發(fā)現(xiàn)樹上掛滿了美麗的雪。Experts believe that people from Siberi

15、a followed the animals that they hunted and traveled to Alaska over land that is now a 50-mile body of water called the Bering Strait. 這句話里有兩個(gè) that 引導(dǎo)的定語從句，分別修飾前面的the animals 和 land 這兩個(gè)名詞。過去分詞短語called the Bering Strait 作 body of water 的定語，body 在這里指大面積的水域。在上萬年前，亞洲和美洲大Look for 尋找，探詢，查找。 What are you d

16、oing? Im looking for my keys.Remain 做動(dòng)詞時(shí)意思是“遺留；繼續(xù)，保持”，而做名詞時(shí)只有 remains 復(fù)數(shù)形式，意思是“遺留物；遺跡；殘骸”。The remains of a meal 殘羹剩飯。Along with bones from humans and animals, they uncover pieces of pottery, tools, and even the remains of campfires. 這里，along with 是什么意思呢？這句話的意思是，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)人和動(dòng)物遺骨的同時(shí)，還發(fā)現(xiàn)了瓷器、工具，甚至篝火的的殘跡。Along

17、 with 與一起，同時(shí)，表示兩件事情同時(shí)發(fā)生，或跟別的事物一起存在。Date 做名詞時(shí)意思是“日期；年代”，如：Whats the date today? 還可以做動(dòng)詞，意思是“加日期于；鑒定古物等的年代”，如：Dont forget to date your letters. 別忘記給你的信加日期。課文里的radiocarbon dating 指放射性碳元素確定年代技術(shù)。這篇文章稍后還有 date back 這個(gè)短語，意思是“追溯到某個(gè)時(shí)候”，如：This is a long story. It dates back to 26 years ago. 這是一個(gè)比較久遠(yuǎn)的故事了，還得追溯到2

18、6年前。Figure out = work out 美語非正式語體，理解、弄清楚、確定、解決。She hasnt figured out what she is going to do about it. 她還沒有弄清楚自己該怎么辦呢。These discoveries are causing a lot of excitement and controversy among experts. 這句話是什么意思呢？Excitement 興奮，激動(dòng)。Controversy 長期的爭論、爭議。Controversial 是形容詞形式，有爭議的，引起爭議的。你看這句話這樣翻譯好嗎？這些發(fā)現(xiàn)引起了專家

19、們濃厚的興趣和激烈的爭議。Cause, （動(dòng)詞）引起，引發(fā)。What do you think caused the problem? 做名詞時(shí)cause 的意思是“原因”，如：They are trying to find out the cause of the power cut.他們?cè)跔幦≌页鐾ｋ姷脑?。Well-preserved 保存完好的，指什么東西存放時(shí)保護(hù)得比較好。These paintings have been well-preserved, and they still look so vivid and lively. 這些繪畫保存得非常好，看上去還是那么形象生動(dòng)。英

20、語中經(jīng)常有這種有一個(gè)副詞和一個(gè)過去分詞構(gòu)成的復(fù)合形容詞，如：newly-married 新婚的，newly-arrived新來的，新到貨的，well-meant 善意的，well-organized結(jié)構(gòu)合理的。Similar to 與相似的。This story is quite similar to the movie we saw last week. Estimate 估計(jì)，估算，預(yù)測(cè)。It is estimated that the total value of the bookshop will be about 500,000 dollars. 據(jù)估算，這個(gè)書店的總價(jià)值大約五十萬美

21、元。文章提到考古學(xué)家Guidon defends her finds and even comes up with a new idea 在這句話里 defend 的意思是“為辯護(hù)”，如：The minister defended himself in the House of Commons. 部長在下議院里為他自己做了辯護(hù)。He was determined to have his own lawyers to defend him. 他決心用自己的律師來為他做辯護(hù)。剛才這句話里的 be determined to do sth, 意思是“下定決心做某事”。當(dāng)表示“提/想出一個(gè)主意、計(jì)劃或

22、方案”的時(shí)候，英語中經(jīng)常用到一個(gè)詞組 come up with, 如：It took him about a week to come up with this detailed plan, and he did a wonderful job. 他用了一個(gè)星期的時(shí)間提出這個(gè)細(xì)致的計(jì)劃，干得真不錯(cuò)。They may have traveled directly from Asia to South America in boats. 這句話里有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 may + have done 這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)，這是表達(dá)什么含義呢？再舉個(gè)例子：Look, there is ice everywhere! It

23、 must have been very cold last night. 這句話里也有個(gè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 must + have done 這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)。從這兩句話里你也許已經(jīng)能夠看出，這是表示對(duì)過去事情推測(cè)或猜測(cè)的一種表達(dá)法。May have done sth 表示“有可能發(fā)生 / 做了某事”，而must have done sth 表示“一定發(fā)生 / 做了某事”。Answers to the focus questions:1Why did Columbus call people already living in America “Indians” when he landed there?W

24、hen Columbus first landed there, he found there were already people living there. He thought he had landed in the East Indies, so he named these people “Indians”. But actually they were in different groups, each with its own name. 2. How did many scientists believe the ancestors of the people living

25、 in America come to America?They believed that the ancestors of these people were from Siberia. People followed the animals they hunted and traveled to Alaska over the land. Bering strait was in the ancient days land. 3. What technique do scientists use to decide the age of the remains of the ancien

26、t bodies or artifacts?Radiocarbon dating.放射形碳元素確定年代技術(shù)。They can determine the age of these bodies or artifacts by measuring the amount of radioactive carbon in them.4. What are causing excitement and controversy among experts?Archeologist Guidon has discovered clues at digs in both North and South America that lead her to believe that humans first migrated to the New World not 11,500 years ago, but much earlier 20,000 or even 50,000 years ago. These discoveries are causing a lot of excitement and controversy among experts. 5. What