高考英語語法專題復(fù)習(xí)講義-介詞和連詞

1、語法復(fù)習(xí)專題(5介詞和連詞一、考點(diǎn)聚焦1、介詞的分類與語法功能(1介詞是虛詞,不能單獨(dú)作句子成分,必須與名詞、代詞(或相當(dāng)于名詞的其他詞類、短語或從句等構(gòu)成介詞短語,在句中充當(dāng)一個成分。介詞分為:簡單介詞,如at、in、for等;合成介詞,如within、inside、onto、througout等;短語介詞,如according to、out of、because of、by means of、in spite of、instead of等。雙重介詞,如from behind / above / under、until after等。分詞介詞,如considering、including、j

2、udging(from / by 等。常見的介詞賓語:名詞、代詞、動名詞、從句、不定式等。如:It is going to rain this afternoon according to the weatherforecast.He quarrelled with her yesterday.He succeeded in passing the final exam.Im still thinking of how I can fulfil the task ahead of time.The professor will give us a talk on how to study En

3、glish well.(2介詞短語在句中可作表語、定語、狀語和賓補(bǔ)等。如:This machine is in good condition.(表語Where is the key to my bike?(定語Nothing in the world could live without air or water.(狀語She always thinks herself above others.(賓補(bǔ)2、介詞搭配(1“動詞+介詞”搭配:注意特定搭配與同一介詞與多個動詞搭配意義不同的情況。rob sb. of sth. / clear the road of snow(“奪去、除去”意義的動詞

4、與of 連用supply us with food / fill the glass with wine(“供給”意義的動詞與with連用make a desk of wood / make bread from flour / make the material into a coat(“制作、制造”意義與of、from、into連用介詞+ the + 部位與動詞的關(guān)系(=動詞+ sb.s + 部位,可換用strike him on the head(“擊,拍,碰,摸”意義與on連用catch him by the arm(“抓,拉,拿,扯”意義與by連用hit the boy in the

5、 face(“肚,胸,眼,臉”等人體前部與in連用prevent(stop, keepsb. from doing sth.(“阻止,禁止”意義與from連用persuade(advise, warnsb. into doing sth.(“說服,建議”意義與into連用buy sb. for sth.(leave、get、win、gain、lose等“得失”意義與for連用tell sth.to sb.(show、teach、sing、write、read等“告知”意義與to連用give sth. to sb.(give、allow、promise、pass、hand等“授予”意義與to連用

6、say to sb.(suggest、explain、apologize、murmur、whisper與“對象”連用必須用to不可說suggest sb.sth.。同一動詞與不同介詞搭配意義不同。(尋找to sth. of(聽說 on(拜訪look to (眺望 agree with sb. hear call for(需要(看on sth. from(收到信 in(請同一介詞與不同動詞搭配,意義各異。reply to the letter回信,sing(danceto the music和唱(跳,amount to 達(dá)到,加起來有,devote to把貢獻(xiàn)給,drink to為干杯,obje

7、ct to反對,look forward to 渴望, come to蘇醒,belong to屬于,search for搜,ask for 尋找,use for用作,leave for前往,take for誤以為,call of倡導(dǎo),wait for等待,care for喜歡,make up for彌補(bǔ)損失,turn to求助(救于,help oneself to隨意,agree to同意,compare to把比作, send for派人去請(拿,sail for駛向,航向,set out for動身去,go in for愛好。(2常見“形容詞+ 介詞”搭配。of擔(dān)心about / at s

8、th.afraid angryfor 替而擔(dān)心with sb.for sth.渴望different from與不同amxiousabout sth. / sb擔(dān)心different to 不關(guān)心of討厭with sb.tired strict因疲倦in sth.要求嚴(yán)格擅長with sb.受歡迎good for對有益popular in some place流行在友好for 因而流行名詞或what從句pleased helpful to對有幫助抽象名詞(聽/ 看到而高興to sb.為人所知known for因而出名be familiar with熟悉as作為出名be familiar to為

9、熟知(悉 sorry for 替后悔disappointed at sth.失望from缺席rich in富有absentin離開此地去了worthy of值得的,glad about sth. for sb.為某人某事高興,far from離遠(yuǎn),grateful for sth. to sb.為某事感激某人,free from沒有(免除,proud of(take pride in自豪, satisfied with (by滿意,sure of / about確信,fond of喜歡,fit for適合,busy with sth.(in doing sth.忙著干某事,full of充滿,

10、ready for準(zhǔn)備,similar to相似,wrong with不對;有毛病(3“名詞+ 介詞”要注意習(xí)慣搭配和意義區(qū)分。the absence of water缺水the hope of success成功的希望have a chance of (for entering college上大學(xué)的機(jī)會take pride in them為他們感到驕傲the key to the question問題的答案a medicine for cough治咳嗽的藥the ticket for tomorrow明天的票去了北京his abesence不在北京to study學(xué)習(xí)方法the wayof

11、 studying maths學(xué)習(xí)教學(xué)的方法3、核心介詞用法歸納與辨析(1表示時間的介詞in的用法如下。表示在某一較長時間內(nèi),如世紀(jì)、年、月、季、周等一般用介詞in,如:in the 1990s, in the year, in January, in(the winter / summer / fall / spring, in the first week of May。還可以用時段名詞組成固定短語或詞組。如:in a while, in no time, in the daytime, in a short while, in time, in the morning (afternoo

12、n, evening。但要注意:at night / at noon, in the day(在白天,in the night(大夜間。in five days(weeks, months, years中in意思是“在以后”。in和during表一段時間內(nèi)兩詞可互用。如:in the night, during the night, in the war, during the war。但略有區(qū)別:當(dāng)接表示“活動”的抽象名詞時多用during,接“活動”的動名詞及短語時用in。如:during the discussion in discussing the problemduring her

13、 stay in Hubei in playing basketballduring the course of in digging the tunnel(2在具體的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕,常用on。on Sunday(s.on Tuesday morningon Christmas Day(但at Chrismas,on Christmas Eve, onChildrens Dayon March 8, on the morning (afternoon, eveningof Oct.1early on the morning of Oct.1(區(qū)別:in the late / ea

14、rly morning of Oct.1on a rainy night, on warm winter days(3表示某一時刻或某一點(diǎn)時間用at,如小時、分鐘等。at breakfast(supper, lunch,at sixat noon (sunrise, sunset, midday, night, midnight, dawnat the age of 15, at the time of war,但in time of danger/ trouble。注意:有些時間名詞前不接介詞。如:next day、last Sunday、that morning、these yearson

15、e、each、any、every、some、all修飾時,一般不用介詞,如some dayone day、yesterday / afternoon,the night before(4till、until、to的用法。till(until與持續(xù)動詞連用一般用于肯定句中,與短暫動詞連用一般用在否定句中。如:He waited for me till twelve oclock.He didnt get up till(until 10 a.m.(不可用to.但注意:在句首出現(xiàn)或強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中一般不用till而用until。如:to表“終結(jié)”時常用和from連用,但要注意不與from連用時的意義。如

16、:from July to September, from six to(tilleight(從到為止,但from morning till night(從早到晚,不能用to。from to常構(gòu)成習(xí)慣搭配,不可換用其他介詞。(A表持久連續(xù)、傳遞、轉(zhuǎn)移的含義。from time to time(不時,有時,from day to day (天天,from hand to hand(不斷傳下去,from place to place(處處,到處,from side to side(左右搖擺,from door to door(家家戶戶,from house to house(挨家挨戶,from s

17、hop to shop(一個商店接一個商店。(B表起始終止的全過程或程度加深、狀態(tài)變化。from beginning to end(從頭到尾,自始至終(from the beginning to the end of;from hand to mouth(僅能糊口,from bad to worse(越來越糟,from head to foot(從頭到腳,from top to bottom(整個地,徹底地,from top to toe(全身,from start to finish(自始至終,從頭到尾。(Cfrom one + 名詞+ to another表示“依次”。如from one

18、car to another(順著車廂依次地。(D名詞+ by + 同一單數(shù)名詞,表示“一個一個地”,要與from to短語區(qū)別開:one by one 一個一個地;little by little(bit一點(diǎn)一點(diǎn)地;step by step 一步一步地,逐漸地(但by and by 不久以后;sentence by sentence逐句地;day by day一天一天地;side by side(with(和并肩,一起;shoulder to shoulder肩并肩地,齊心協(xié)力;hand in hand 手拉手,緊緊地;face to face面對面。(5in、after、laterin +

19、 一段時間:表示說話時為起點(diǎn)一段時間之后,與一般將來時連用;但表示“在之內(nèi)”時,用于各種時態(tài)。一段時間+ later(later是副詞:表示某一具體時間或某一方面具體時間算起的一段時間后。after + 一段時間表示:“在之后”,用于一般過去時;但時間為點(diǎn)時間時,只能用after,即after + 點(diǎn)時間,用于各種時態(tài)。The doctor will be with us in six minutes.She graduated in 1981,and eight years later she became the manager of the factory.He received her

20、 letter after four weeks.另外,in + 一段時間+ s + time 與within + 一段時間的用法如下:in a weeks time = in a weekThey will arrive in three days time.(與將來時連用My brothers birthday is in two weeks time.(作表語Ill finish the book within two weeks.(within = in less than用于各種時態(tài),不超出,在之內(nèi)(6地點(diǎn)介詞at、on、in、to、across、through、over、under

21、、below。at 在較小的場所,in在較大的場所,on在的平面上。如at thedoor、at the airport、at the station、at 55 Park Street、in China、in the north、in Asia、on the desk、on the wall等。on、at、in還可以表示兩地相對位置。若A地屬于B地,用in;A地位于B地的外面且有邊緣銜接用on;無邊緣的銜接有to。如:Japan lies to the east of China.(范圍之外Taiwan lies in the southeast of China.(范圍之外Hunan pr

22、ovince lies on the west of Hubei province.(毗鄰The island lies off the coast of China.(相隔一定距離地點(diǎn)介詞的引申、比喻意義:in the sun在陽光下,in the dark(ness在黑暗中,in the dark 不知道,in freezing weather在嚴(yán)寒天氣中,in the mud在泥中,in the earth在地下,in the desert 在沙漠中,in a heavy rain 在大雨中,in the snow / wind在雪/風(fēng)中,in public 當(dāng)眾,in trouble

23、在困境中,get into trouble陷入困境,out of trouble擺脫困難,beyond hope絕望。across在物體表面“穿過”;through則表示在三維空間內(nèi)部“穿過”。如:They walked across the playground.I walked through the forest.over / under / above / below。over、above譯作“在之上”;under、below譯作“在的下面”,其區(qū)別在于over、under表示一種直接的、垂直的上下關(guān)系;而above、below則表示一般的“高于”或“低于”,不一定是垂直“在上”或“在

24、下”。如:A little boat is now under the bridge.There is a bridge over the river.The sun sinks below the horizon(地平線The window is well above the tree.表示地點(diǎn)介詞的靜態(tài)性和動態(tài)性He walked to the station(靜態(tài),表示方向和目的地 He walked towards the station.(動態(tài),只表示方向He is kind to (towardsus.(兩者通用He is at the station.(靜態(tài),表示地點(diǎn)They a

25、rrived at the station.(動態(tài),表示地點(diǎn)He swam away from the ship.(動態(tài)“離開” He stood away from the shop.(靜態(tài)“遠(yuǎn)離”He fell onto the floor.(動態(tài)“到地面” The city is on the Changjiang River.(靜態(tài)“平面”Go off the road.偏離了道路(動態(tài)“離去” Come along the river.沿著河過來(線across the fields 跨過田野,over the desert跨越沙漠a(chǎn)cross the river橫跨這條河,over

26、 the hill翻過這座山be in the house(靜態(tài),在這里stay out of the car(靜態(tài),在外go into the house(動態(tài),進(jìn)入fly out of the country(動態(tài),離開(7表示方式、手段、工具的介詞by t he year/hour/day按年/小時/天。如He rent a house by the year(day,hour.(按by+the+單位名稱但to the pound按磅算,to the ton按噸計(jì)。表泛指的方式、手段by post/mail郵寄,by telephone(radio,但on the phone/on th

27、e radio/on TV(電訊器材,by electricity用電,by machinery用電器,by hard work,learn sth.by heart,through the satellite,through practice,through his own efforts,through experience,through the telescop交通工具類by bus/train/car/taxi(road by bike/bicycle,on horse back/on footby plane/jet/spaceship,by airby ship/boat/lif

28、eboat,by sea/by water另外:by means of 用方法,by way of 經(jīng)由,取道于,用方法,with the help (permissionof sb./with sb.s help (permis-sion。表方式、手段的其他用法He beat the dog with a whip.(with+工具機(jī)器One smells with his nose.(with+人體器官,但by hand“手工,用手”He stood up with pride.(with+情緒、情感、態(tài)度的名詞注意:使用語言、材料、文字等用in。如in English(ink,penci

29、l。另外如:in high (good,lowspirits,in anger,in joy,in comfort,in sorrow,in safety,in danger,in need,in debt,in love,in fun,in pain,in tears,in surprise,in good(poorhealth,in good order,in flower,in a way,in a low voice,in silence,in(withsatisfaction,in a hurry,in(withwords,live/feed on food,kneel on one

30、s knee,take(catchsb.by surprise(出其不意(8表示“除之外”的幾組常用介紹比較。besides 除以外,(還有。作副詞時意思是“而且,更何況”。Well all went to the cinema besid es Shaw.除了肖外,我們都去了電影院。It was too late to see a film, and besides, I was tired.except除去,除之外(不再有。We all went except John.我們都去了,約翰沒有。在否定句中,兩詞可以換用,如:He has no other hats except / besi

31、des this one.except for除了(對句子主題進(jìn)行細(xì)節(jié)校正或附加說明后接名詞、代詞或what 從句,此時與except that + 句子意思相同。He was very clever except for carelessness.except that 除了一點(diǎn)以外。He has not changed except that he is wearing dark glasses.but與exceptbut和except在表示“除了以外”時可以通用,但應(yīng)注意以下三點(diǎn):前面有不定人詞、疑問代詞在意義上對稱時,多用but。All but one are here.Nobody

32、but I likes making model ships.后接不定式短語為排除對象時,多用but。He has nothing to do but wait.(前有do,后省tobut與一些固定結(jié)構(gòu)連用。have no choice but to do sth.只得做某事,can not but do sth.不得不,can not help but do sth.不得不,but for 如不是(9between與among.between通常指兩者之間。也可以用于三者以上的兩者之間。如:Ann is between Tom and Bill.Switzer land lies betwe

33、en France, Germany, Austra lia and Italy.They soon finished the work between themselves.(共同,合作She was busy between cooking, washing, sewing and looking after the baby.(表示接連不斷地,一個接一個地忙這忙那A horse can be seen between trees now.among表示三者以上之間。如:The sto ry is said to have happened in a village among the h

34、ills.He was happy to be among friends again.We must agree among ourselves.(一起,共同我們必須達(dá)成共識。London is among the largest cities.( = one of與最高級連用(10表原因的介詞for、because of、due to。He didnt come to the meeting because of his illness.The reason for his coming late is that he was ill.He was praised for his brav

35、ery and courage.The accident is due to your careless driving.(11不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中的for、of。這里所說的不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)形式指的是for 或of加上人或事,作動詞不定式邏輯主語的結(jié)構(gòu)。It is clever of you to answer it like that.It is quite hard for me to explain why.注意:兩句中的of和for的使用,表語形容詞能夠說明不定式邏輯主語的性質(zhì)、特征與面貌時用of,如果說明不定式行為本身的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)等則用for。(12兼作連詞和副詞的介詞。after、sin

36、ce、till / still、before這些詞既是介詞,又是連詞。The children went home at once after school.They went to bed after they had finished the job.in、on、along、down、up、after、before、along、beyond等介詞可兼作副詞。He ran down the hill.(介詞Can you lift that box down from the shelf for me ?(副詞有的介詞可以兼作連詞和副詞。All the students got to sch

37、ool before me.(before為介詞We do want to buy something now before prices go up.(連詞Havent I seen you before?(before為副詞(13介詞的省略。表示時間的介詞on、at 、in的省略。在next、last、yesterday、tomorrow、each、one、any、every、all等詞之前,可以省略,也可以不省略。如(atlast weekend、(onthat day 等。介詞for表示時間的省略要求。(A以all開頭的名詞短語,for要省略。如:I stayed with her a

38、ll he morning.(B表示一段時間的短語之前,for可以省略,也可以不省略。如: I have been waiting hereI (for more than three hours.(C否定句中,表示時間的短語前的for 不能省略。如:I havent seen you for thirty years.(D時間狀語在主句之前,for不能省略。如: For the whole morning,the old man kept reading.某些動詞短語之后的介詞可以省略。Nothing can prevent me(fromdoing the job.She spent ne

39、arly two hours(intranslating it.(14某些名詞與介詞構(gòu)成的固定搭配。要求接to的名詞有:key、answer、visit、entrance、apology、introduction、road等。要求接in 的名詞有:interest、satisfaction、expert等。He is expert in teaching small children.(15幾個常用的并列連詞。both and, either or, neither norboth and“雙方都”,連接句子的兩個主語時,其后謂語動詞通常用使用復(fù)數(shù)形式。either or與neith er n

40、or注意采取“就近原則”。not only but also, as well as注意:兩者強(qiáng)調(diào)對象不同,not only but also強(qiáng)調(diào)的是but also之后部分,而as well as 則強(qiáng)調(diào)其前面的部分。not only but also采取“就近原則”,而as well as只是一個插入語,采取“就遠(yuǎn)原則”。如:Mr.Smith, as well as his wife and children, has come to Nanjing for a visit.not only but also結(jié)構(gòu)中的not only可用于句首,連接兩個分句時,第一個從句主謂要倒裝。Not

41、only is he clever ,but also he is hard working.(16幾個常用的從屬連詞。when、while、as都表示“當(dāng)時候”,when引導(dǎo)的從句的動作與主句的動詞可同時發(fā)生,也可先后發(fā)生;as、while引導(dǎo)的從句則強(qiáng)調(diào)主句和從句的動作同時發(fā)生。如: When I go to the station, the train had already left.He sang merrily as he was working.till、until均表示“到時候止”,肯定句中的謂語必須是延續(xù)性動作。如:I worked till late at night.若主

42、句謂語是終止性動詞,則主句要用否定形式,意為動作“到才”開始發(fā)生。如:She didnt get up until her mother came in.注意:till和until通常情況下可以互換,只是在句首時until比till更常用。though、although均引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,意為“雖然”,although較正式,though 最常用。如:Thouth (Althoughhe was tired,he kept on working.注意:though、although引導(dǎo)的從句不能與but、however連用,但可以與yet、still連用。though還可以與別的詞結(jié)合使用,如

43、even though、as though,而although則不能這樣搭配。no sooner than、hardly when、as soon as三者都表示“一就”,“剛剛就”的意思。(Aas soon as 置于主句前后都可以,而且有備各種時態(tài)。如:As soon as she gets here Ill tell her aboutit. Mary left as soon as the finished the work.(Bhardly when、no sooner than不能表示將來的事,其主句的謂語動詞一般用過去完成時,從句用過去時。若將hardly或no sooner放在

44、句首,句子要倒裝。如:No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.某些表示時間的名詞(詞組也可用作從屬連詞。它們是:the moment, the minute,the instant, the day, the time, the first(second, third time, the spring (summer, autumn,winter,every(each,next,any time(day,by the time,都可引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句。如:His mother died the spring he returned.Cal

45、l me up the minute he arrives.二、精典名題導(dǎo)解選擇填空1. The home improvements have taken what little there is _my spare time.(NMET 2001A.fromB.inC.ofD.at解析:答案為C。本題考查句子結(jié)構(gòu)中介詞of的有法。what引導(dǎo)的從句作謂語have taken 的賓語,而從句中的基本句型為“there is little of ”,表示“有很少”,what 修飾little提到了從句句首。注意正確把握句子結(jié)構(gòu)和介詞用法,要明白o(hù)f my spare time和in my spare time的區(qū)別。2. _ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.(NMET 2000A.AsB.ForC.WithD.Through解析:答案為C。本題考查with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語的用法。“with + 名詞+ 不定式/分詞/名詞/形容詞/介詞短語等”可在句中作伴隨、時間、原因、條件等狀語。本題中with 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作伴隨狀語。3. The changes in the city will cost quite a lot, _they will save