英語語法之表語主語賓語從句

1、(1表語從句1. 定義:用作表語的從句叫做表語從句。2. 構(gòu)成:關(guān)聯(lián)詞 +簡單句3. 引導(dǎo)表語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞的種類:(1 從屬連詞 that 。如:The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻煩是我把他的地址丟了。(2 從屬連詞 whether, as, as if。如:He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起來還與十年前一樣。 The question is whether they will be able to help us. 問題是他們是否能幫我們。 注:從屬連詞 if 一

2、般不用來引導(dǎo)表語從句,但 as if卻可引導(dǎo)表語從句,如:All this was over twenty years ago, but its as if it was only yesterday.這都是 20多年前的事了,但宛如昨天一樣。能跟表語從句的謂語動詞一般為系動詞 be, seem, look等。如:It looked as if it was going to rain. 看起來天要下雨了。(3連接代詞 who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 連接副詞 where, when, how, why。如

3、:The problem is who we can get to replace her. 問題是我們能找到誰去替換她 呢。The question is how he did it. 問題是他是如何做此事的。That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了閣樓 干的。解釋:1. 連詞 because 可引導(dǎo)表語從句。如:I think it is because you are doing too much. 我想這是因?yàn)槟阕龅锰唷?. 在一些表示 “ 建議、勸說、命令 ” 的名詞后面的表語從句中,謂語動

4、詞用虛擬語氣。 sh ould+動詞原形表示, should 可省略。如:My suggestion is that we (should start early tomorrow. 我的建議是我們明天一早 就出發(fā)。(2主語從句1. 定義:用作主語的從句叫做主語從句。2. 構(gòu)成:關(guān)聯(lián)詞 +簡單句3. 引導(dǎo)主語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有三類:(1 從屬連詞 that 。 如:That they were in truth sisters was clear from the faci al resemblance between them.很明顯,她們確是親姐妹,她們的臉型很相似。(2 從屬連詞 wheth

5、er 。如:Whether hell come here isnt clear. 他是否會來這里還不清楚。(3 連接代詞 who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whicheve r連接副詞 where, when, how, why。如:What she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚。How this happened is not clear to anyone. 這事怎樣發(fā)生的,誰也不清楚。 Whoever comes is welcome. 不論誰來都?xì)g迎。Wherever you are i

6、s my home - my only home. 你所在的任何地方就是我的家 -我唯一的家。解釋:1. 主語從句能用 it 作形式上的主語。常以 it 作形式主語的句型有:A. It+be+形容詞 (obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funn y, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc.+that從句。如:It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫無疑問她考試成績會很好。It is probable that he to

7、ld her everything. 很可能他把一切都告訴她了。B. It+be+名詞詞組 (no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surpris e, etc.+that從句。如:Its a pity that we cant go. 很遺憾我們不能去。Its no surprise that our team should have won the game. 我們沒贏這場比賽真意 外。C. It+be+過去分詞 (said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announce d, arra

8、nged, etc.+that從句。如:It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing. 據(jù)說格林先生已經(jīng)到了北京。 It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit. 據(jù)報(bào)道中國又成功地發(fā)射了一顆人造地球衛(wèi)星。D. It+seem, happen等不及物動詞及短語 +that從句。如:It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all. Alice似乎不來參加晚會。 It happ

9、ened that I was out that day. 碰巧我那天外出了。E. It+doesnt matter (makes no difference, etc.+連接代詞或連接副詞引起的 主語從句。如:It doesnt matter whether she will come or not. 她是否來這無關(guān)緊要。It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting. 我們在哪里開會毫無區(qū) 別。F. 當(dāng) that 引導(dǎo)的主語從句出現(xiàn)在疑問句中時(shí), 要以 it 作形式主語, 而把主語從句后置。 如:Is it true that

10、the scientist will give us a lecture next week? 下周那位科學(xué)家將給 我們作報(bào)告是真的嗎?Does it matter much that they will not come tomorrow? 他們明天不來很要緊嗎?G. 當(dāng)主語從句出現(xiàn)在感嘆句中時(shí),要以 it 作形式主語,而把主語從句后置。如:How strange it is that the children are so quiet! 孩子們這么安靜真奇怪!2.注意連接代詞 whoever, whatever, whichever等引導(dǎo)主語從句的含義Whoever comes will

11、be welcome. (whoever=the person who 來的人將受到歡 迎。Whatever he did was right. (whatever=the thing that 他所做的事情是正確的。 Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize. (whichever=anyone of you wh o 你們當(dāng)中不論哪個(gè)進(jìn)來將會得到獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。(3賓語從句1. 定義:用作賓語的從句叫賓語從句。2. 構(gòu)成:關(guān)聯(lián)詞 +簡單句3. 引導(dǎo)賓語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有三類:(1 從屬連詞 that 。如:He told us that he felt

12、 ill. 他對我們說他感到不舒服。I know he has returned. 我知道他已經(jīng)回來了。注: that在引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí)也并不是任何情況下都可以省略。 在以下情況下, that 不能省 略。1. Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.(and連 接兩個(gè)賓語從句, that 賓語從句放在 and 的后面時(shí), that 不能省略。 大家都會看出所發(fā)生的事情并知道 Tom 非常害怕。2. I know nothing about him except that he is from the south

13、.(that引導(dǎo)的賓語 從句作介詞賓語時(shí), that 不能省略。 對他我一無所知,只知道他是南方人。3. That he ever said such a thing I simply dont believe. (that從句位于句首時(shí), t hat 不可省略。 我簡直不相信他曾說過這樣的話。4. We decided, in view of his special circumstances, that we would admit hi m for a probationary period. (主句謂語動詞與 that 從句之間有插入語, that 不可省略。 鑒于他的特殊情況,我們決

14、定應(yīng)允他一段試用期。(2從屬連詞 if/whether。如:I doubt whether he will succeed. 我懷疑他是否會成功。I dont know if you can help me. 我不知道你能否幫助我。(3連接代詞 who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 連接副詞 where, when, how, why。如:Who or what he was, Martin never learned.他是什么人?他是干什么的?馬丁根本不知道。I wonder what hes writing

15、to me about. 我不知道他要給我寫信說什么事。Ill tell you why I asked you to come. 我會告訴你我為什么要你來。You may do what you will. 你可做任何你想做的事。(1 介詞賓語從句賓語從句也可用作介詞的賓語。如:He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day.他對那天發(fā)生的事感到很不快。I walked over to where she sat. 我走向她坐的地方。I am curious as to what he will say. 我很想知道他要說什么。Y

16、our success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it.你是否成功將主要取決于你做什么和怎樣做。有時(shí)介詞可以省略。如:I dont care (for who marries him. 我不管誰跟他結(jié)婚。Be careful (as to how you do that. 你要注意做這件事的方式。解釋:1.如果賓語從句后還有賓語補(bǔ)足語,則用 it 作形式賓語,而將賓語從句后置。如: We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday.我們認(rèn)為小王昨天

17、沒來是奇怪的。He has made it clear that he will not give in.他已表明他不會屈服。2. 作介詞的賓語:連詞 that 引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句很少作介詞的賓語, 只用在 except, but, i n 后。其他一些介詞的賓語從句如果由連詞 that 引導(dǎo),則需用 it 先行一步,作形式賓語。 如:He is a good student except that he is careless.他是一個(gè)好學(xué)生,只是有點(diǎn)粗心。You may rely on it that I shall help you. 你可以指望我會幫助你的。介詞賓語不可以用 which

18、來引導(dǎo),而要用 what 來引導(dǎo)。如:Are you sorry for what youve done?你為你所做的一切感到內(nèi)疚嗎?3.某些形容詞或過去分詞后常接賓語從句,這類形容詞或過去分詞有 sure, glad, certai n, pleased, happy, afraid, surprised, satisfied等,連詞 that 可省略。如:I am not sure what I ought to do.我不能確定我該做什么。Im afraid you dont understand what I said.恐怕你沒領(lǐng)會我說的意思。Im surprised that I didnt see all that before.我好奇怪,我以前沒看到過。Mother was very pleased her daughter had passed the exams.媽媽為她的女兒通過了考試而感到高興。4.連詞 whether (or not或 if 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句if 和 whether 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句可以互換使用,但 whether 常和 or not連用, if 一般不與 or not連用。如:I wo