語法復習十五名詞

1、語法復習十五：名詞（一）考綱要求名詞應掌握以下內(nèi)容：分清名詞的可數(shù)性與不可數(shù)性；可數(shù)名詞有單復數(shù)，有些名詞只有復數(shù)；物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞不可數(shù)但可以具體量化使用；名詞所有格和of 格的語言現(xiàn)象；名詞直接作定語；國家名詞的正確使用；名詞詞義的區(qū)分和搭配；單位名詞的搭配；名詞前的修飾語so, as, quite 等； time 及常考點。（二）命題導向名詞的“可數(shù)”與“不可數(shù)”是高考命題的熱點之一。不可數(shù)名詞前不能與不定冠詞連用，之后不能加-s。有些抽象名詞卻有復數(shù)形式，但意義與原來詞不同。有些可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)有兩個意思，一個與單數(shù)意義相同，另一個和單數(shù)含義不同，高考中這些含義很可能成為考查的內(nèi)容。詞語

2、的固定搭配及名詞作定語也是高考命題的注意點。（三）知識概要英語的名詞分為專有名詞和普通名詞兩大類。專有名詞是指個人、團體、地方、機構(gòu)或事物等所專有的名稱，它的第一個字母必須大寫。如：Einstain, Beijing,Asia 等。普通名詞是指一類人、一類事物、某種物質(zhì)抽象概念的名稱， 可分為： 個體名詞 （可數(shù)， 如： worker, father, book, tree, school 等）；集體名詞 （可數(shù)， 如： people, family,class, team 等）；物質(zhì)名詞（不可數(shù)，如：iron, paper, snow, water, chalk, gold 等）；抽象名詞（

3、不可數(shù)， 如：life, thought, idea, strength 等）。注意：可數(shù)、不可數(shù)是英文名詞和中文名詞的一個重要差異即學習的重點。而很多英語名詞具有雙重性。即，名詞的類別不是固定不變的，它們會根據(jù)詞義的變化和場合的不同而相互轉(zhuǎn)換，其名詞類別的轉(zhuǎn)換可歸納如下：1、個體名詞轉(zhuǎn)抽象名詞或抽象名詞轉(zhuǎn)個體名詞e.g. Our school is not far from my home. （個體）我們學校離我家不遠。School is over at six. （抽象）六點鐘放學。2、物質(zhì)名詞轉(zhuǎn)個體名詞或個體名詞轉(zhuǎn)物質(zhì)名詞e.g. He broke a piece of glass.（物

4、質(zhì)）他打破了一塊玻璃。He broke a glass.（個體）他打破了一個杯子。3、個體名詞轉(zhuǎn)專有名詞e.g. His father is a teacher.（個體）他父親是個教師?！?What are you doing there? Father ”asked.（專有）“你在那兒干什么？”父親問道。（四）名詞的數(shù)名詞分為可數(shù)（有單、復數(shù)形式）和不可數(shù)名詞（只有單數(shù)形式）。1、可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)變復數(shù)： 一般加 s ： lesson lessons, pen pens 以 s, x, ss, ch, sh, o 結(jié)尾的加es ： buses, boxes, classes, watches,

5、brushes, hero heroes但有些以o 結(jié)尾的名詞，是加s 構(gòu)成復數(shù)： kilo kilos, piano pianos, radio radios,photo photos, zoo zoos 以輔音字母+ y 結(jié)尾的改y 為 i ，再加 es ： city cities, story stories 以 f 或 fe 結(jié)尾的，一般將f 或 fe 改為 v，再加 es ： knife knives, leaf leaves但有些以f 結(jié)尾的名詞， 是在 f 后加 s，構(gòu)成復數(shù)形式： belief beliefs, roof roofs,（safe保險箱） safes,proof

6、（證據(jù)） proofs, chief chiefs, handkerchief handkerchiefs2、有些名詞，不按上述規(guī)則構(gòu)成其復數(shù)形式，有以下幾種情況： 單復數(shù)形式相同：Chinese, Japanese, deer, sheep 不規(guī)則變化：man men, woman women, goose geese, foot feet, tooth teeth, child childremouse mice, ox oxen。但是， German Germans 復合名詞的復數(shù)形式：editor-in- chief editors-in-chief,daughter-in-law d

7、aughters-in-law, grown- up grown- ups, woman teacher women teachers, man driver men drivers3、注意以下幾個名詞單復數(shù)問題 物質(zhì)名詞一般不用復數(shù)形式,但有些物質(zhì)名詞要用復數(shù)形式來表示不同的類別,如： fishes 各種魚， fruits各種水果， steels 各種鋼材。97物質(zhì)名詞表示數(shù)量時， 一般用表示數(shù)量的短語來表示。如： a cup of tea, three bags of apples, four pieces ofbread。有些抽象名詞的復數(shù)形式表示不同的含義。如：work（工作） wor

8、ks（著作），arm（手臂） arms（軍火）， glass（玻璃） glasses（眼鏡）， cloth （布） clothes （衣服）。定冠詞加上姓氏的復數(shù)形式，表示全家人或夫婦二人；姓氏的復數(shù)形式前不加冠詞，則表示若干個姓的人。如： the Wangs 王家， three Wangs 三個姓王的。只用作單數(shù)的復數(shù)形式的名詞。如：physics, mathematics, news, the United States有些名詞形似單數(shù)，但實為復數(shù)。如：police, people, cattle有些名詞如被看作整體時就作單數(shù)用，如被看作組成該集體的各個成員時就作復數(shù)用。如：class,

9、family,couple, audience, government, public有些抽象名詞在具體化時，可以復數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)。表示特指時，可和定冠詞連用；表示“某種”或“一次”意義時，可和不定冠詞連用。 如：How did you smooth away the difficulties ?（指各種具體困難） ；It is a great pleasure to talk with you. ；What a surprise !（五）名詞的所有格名詞的所有格在句中表示所有關(guān)系，作定語用。1、有生命名詞的所有格一般在詞尾加上“”或“ s”。如：Tom s bike, Engles s (Eng

10、les ) works,school,aworksWomen s Day, the editor-in- chief s office2、如果一個事物為兩個人所有，只在后一個名詞的詞尾加“s”，如果不是共有，就要在兩個名詞的詞尾都加上“ s”。如： Tom and Mikes room（.共有），Toms and Mike s books（不.共有）。3、表示時間、距離、國家、城市的無生命名詞，可以在詞尾加“s”或“ ”表示所有格，如：today s papers,ten minutes walk4、表示店鋪或某人的家時，常在名詞所有格之后省去shop, house, home。如： the

11、tailors5、無生命名詞的所在格通常用of 短語來表示。如：the window of the room6、表示有生命的名詞有時也可用of 短語來表示所有關(guān)系，而且當該名詞帶有較長的定語時。如：the teachersof the No. 1 Middle School.7、雙重所有格結(jié)構(gòu)前的被修飾名詞通常指整體中的部分或一個，雙重所有格只能用于有生命的名詞，這個名詞是確定的。被修飾名詞前有不定冠詞、指示代詞、疑問代詞、不定代詞或數(shù)詞等限定詞時，一般只能用雙重所有格。如：an old friend of my uncles, a daughter of Mrs Greens, the ho

12、use of one of my friends（六）名詞的普通格作定語表材料、地點、用途、性質(zhì)、泛指時間、整體等普通名詞可以作定語，一般用單數(shù)形式。e.g. stone figures （石像）； paper money（紙幣）；country music （鄉(xiāng)村音樂）； table cloth （桌布）； river bank （河岸）；school gate（校門口）；book stores（書店）；traffic lights （交通燈）；summer holidays（暑假）；evening dress （晚禮服）。但在個別情況下，也有需用復數(shù)的。e.g. sports meet（運

13、動會）； the United States government （美國政府）； students reading-room（學生閱覽室） ； goods train （貨車）； two men doctors （兩個男醫(yī)生） 。練習、名詞1.The _ of the room were covered with _.A. roofs, leafsB. roofs, leavesC. rooves, leafsD. rooves, leaves2.There are three _ in our factory.A. woman doctorsB. women doctorsC. woman

14、 doctorD. women doctor3.Which do you prefer _ or _?A. potatos, tomatosB. potatos, tomatoesC. potatoes, tomatosD. potatoes, tomatoes4.They are _ of different presses( 出版社 ). Now they are having a meeting in one of the _ office.A. editor-in-chiefs, editors-in- chief sB. editors-in-chief, editor-in-chi

15、efsC. editors-in- chiefs, editor -in- chiefs sD. editors-in-chief, editors-in-chiefs5.The ant has two _.A. stomachesB. stomacksC. stomachD. stomachs986. He doesn t like _ for supper.A. chickB. chickenC. chickensD. chicks7. It was _ hot weather that many of us went swimming.A. soB. suchC. so asD. suc

16、h a8. _ wonderful space they saw on the room!A. HowB. How aC. WhatD. What a9. We know _ travels not so fast as light.A. soundB. soundsC. the soundsD. a sound10.My family raise a lot of _, including two _.A. cattle, cowsB. cows, cattleC. cattles, cowsD. cow, cattles11.A number of soldiers _ at he cam

17、p gate （軍營門口） .A. have gatheredB. has gatheredC. isD. was12.The Browns have spent a large _ of money on their new car.A. dealB. amountC. numberD. size13._ work has been done to improve the people s living standard.A. ManyB. A great manyC. A great deal ofD. A number of14.Mr Li shook _ warmly with a f

18、riend.A. handB. a handC. handsD. the hands15.Two _, please.A. coffeeB. coffeesC. cup of coffeeD. cups coffee16.I can t pay as _ as he asked for.A. high price aB. high priceC. a high priceD. high a price17._ knowledge of space develops rapidly.A. Man s B. Men sC. Mens D. Persons18.I stayed at _.A. Xi

19、ao WangsB. Wang s homeC. the WangsD. home of Wang19.Sister Carrie works in a _ factory.A. shoesB. shosesC. shoeD. shoes20.Have you ever read _?A. today newspaperB. newspaper todayC. newspaper of todayD. today s newspaper21.Two _ walk didn t made me tiredA.hourB. hoursC. hours D. hours22.The mother o

20、ver there is _ mother.A. Julia and MaryB. Julia and MarysC. Julia s and Mary D.sJulia s and Mary23.Li Ming s handwriting is betterntha_ in the class.A. anyone sB. anyone elseC. anyone s else sD. anyone elses24.The children are playing _ on the _.A. sand, sandB. sands, sandsC. sand, sandsD. sands, sa

21、nd25.If these trousers are too big, buy a smaller _.A. setB. oneC. copyD. pair26.Tom usually takes a _ in bus on rainy days.A. walk B. rideC. tripD. travel27.We have no _ about where she has gone.A. informationB. newsC. messageD. flash28.Food and _ are daily necessities （需要） for the people.A. clothB

22、. clotheC. clothesD. clothing29.My _ of hearing is not so good as it used to be.A. strengthB. senseC. powerD. skill30.The _ caused by carelessness _ yesterday. Many workers were killed.A. incident, was happenedB. matter, happenedC. event, was taken placeD. accident, took place31.The room was so quie

23、t that she could hear the _ of her heart.A. beatingB. waysC. knockingD. striking32._ has been told not to throw waste things anywhere.A. The publicB. PeopleC. WomenD. Man33.He was an _ in the government _.A. office, officialB. official, officeC. officer, officeD. official, officer9934.There are seve

24、ral _ in this novel who are different in _.A. character, characterB. characters, characters C. character, charactersD. characters, character35.We visited him _ when he was in hospital.A. every other daysB. each other dayC. every other dayD. every two day36.My friend will return in _.A. one day or tw

25、oB. a day or twoC. one day or twoD. a or two days37._ is always difficult for me.A. TranslationB. TranslateC. The translationD. A translation38._ of this novel is excellent, quite to my surprise.A. TranslationB. TranslateC. The translationD. A translation39.The police _ looking into the matter now.A

26、. beB. isC. areD. are going to40.The Chinese are _ brave and hard working people.A. theB. aC. /D. one41.No news _ good news.A. isB. areC. haveD. has42.Maths still _ very difficult for me, though I have done my best.A. looksB. seemsC. isD. are43.“ Where _ my trousers?” the boy askedA. isB. wasC. were

27、D. are44.How happy they are! Obviously, they are _.A. in nice spiritsB. in nice spiritC. in high spiritsD. in high spirit45.I saw many _ seated in the corner reading something.A. JapaneseB. JapanesesC. of JapaneseD. of Japaneses46.Father went to his doctor for _ about his heart trouble.A. an adviceB

28、. adviceC. advicesD. the advices47.We are _ and they are _.A. Englishmen, GermansB. Englishmen, GermanC. Englishmans, GermansD. Englishmen, Germen48._ are made of _.A. A glass, a glassB. Glasses, glassC. The glass, the glassD. Glasses, glasses49.I ll have to buy _ trousers.A. aB. twoC. a pair ofD. a

29、 couple of50.There are two _ in our class.A. LiuB. LiusC. LiusD. Lius 51._ is needed in cold countries.A. A lot of clothesB. Much clothingC. Many a clothD. Lots of clothes52.They are _.A. mathematics studentB. mathematic studentsC. students in mathematicsD. mathematics students53.The laboratory assi

30、stant recorded the _ reactions （反應） .A. mouses B. miceC. micesD. mices54.This letter was sent by _.A. my father friendB. my father friendCs.afriend of my fatherD. safriend of my father55.Ten years had passed. I found she had _.A. a little white hairB. some white hairC. a few white hairD. a few white

31、 hairs56.I have made _ with Billy.A. friendsB. friendC. a friendD. the friend57.The population of Beijing is _ than that of XiA. more B.largeran.C. fewerD. small58.There are thirty-two _ in our school.A. woman teacherB. women teacherC. women teachersD. woman teachers59.He had tried everything but it

32、 made little_ .A. useB. goodC. differenceD. result60.You must get there within half an hour. There should be no_ in sending the blood to the dying man.A. waitB. delayC. timeD. hurry61.Enough of it! Nobody here thinks what you are saying should make any_ .A. excuseB. senseC. useD. value10062.-How dar

33、e you play on such thin ice?-Playing on ice is not my _of spare time.A. ideaB. thoughtC. mindD. intention63.Helen said she would like to go to Atlanta by air, but I wonder if she has enough money to pay for the_ .A. travelB. tourismC. journeyD. course64.One splendid mountain_ followed another during

34、 our journey from Mieheel more to Rurunz.A. viewB. glanceC. screenD. scene65.The new law will come into _on the day it is passed. (1999上海 )A. effectB. useC. serviceD. existence66.When you play football, what _do you play?A. situationB. placeC. partD. position67.Its important for us to employ a word

35、or a phrase according to the_in language studies.A. situationB. expressionC. conditionD. translation68.I wrote him a letter to show my _of his thoughtfulness.A. achievementB. agreementC. viewD. appreciation69.One of the advantages of living on the top floor of a high-rise is that you can get a good_

36、 .A. sightB. sceneC. viewD. look70.Nowadays natural gas, wind and other forms of _are widely used in the country.A. energyB. forceC. powerD. materials71._with foreign countries can bring us much information about the world.A. ContrastB. CompetitionC. ContactD. Combination72.We all know that_speak lo

37、uder than words.A. movementsB. performancesC. operationsD. actions73.We have worked out the plan and now we must put it into _.(NMET1997 38)A. factB. realityC. practiceD. deed74.Weve missed the last bus. Im afraid we have no _but to take a taxi.(Met 1993 ,33)A. wayB. choiceC. possibilityD. selection75.He dropped the _and broke it . (Met 1993, 38)A. cup of coffeeB. coffees cupC. cup for coffeeD. coffe