英語中的各種語法（課堂PPT）

1、12十大詞類 (Ten parts of Speech) 名詞 (nouns) 動(dòng)詞 (Verbs) 形容詞(Adjectives) 副詞 (Adverbs) 冠詞(Articles) 代詞 (Pronouns) 數(shù)詞 (Numerals) 介詞 (Prepositions) 連詞 (conjunction) 感嘆詞(interjection)3名詞（Noun ） 名詞的種類： 專有名詞、普通名詞（個(gè)體、集體、物質(zhì)、抽象）可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。 名詞的數(shù)：規(guī)則變化 和不規(guī)則變化 規(guī)則變化 1.詞尾+s 2.詞尾+ es 3.以o結(jié)尾 4. 以“f” “fe”結(jié)尾 名詞的所有格：表示有生命的東西

2、加“s” 表示無生命的東西一般與of 構(gòu)成短語,表示所有關(guān)系。4代詞 (Pronouns) 代詞的定義：是代替名詞的以及名詞作用的短語、分詞、和句子的詞。 代詞的分類：1.人稱代詞（主格、賓格）2.物主代詞（形容詞性、名詞性）3.反身代詞（myself, ourselves)、4.相互代詞(each other;one another)、 5.指示代詞(this;that;these; those, it ) 6.疑問代詞(who;whom;whose;which;that;what)、7.關(guān)系代詞(who;whom;whose;which;what;that;as)、8.不定代詞(all;b

3、oth;every;each;either;neither; no; nothing; somebody;everybody )5主格 ,賓格, 形容詞性物主代詞 名詞性物主代詞 ,反身代詞 I me my mine myself You you your yours yourself He him his his himself She her her hers herself It it its its itself We us our ours ourselves They them their theirs themselves You you your yours yourselve

4、s We us our ours ourselves 6動(dòng)詞 (Verbs) 動(dòng)詞的定義和特征：是表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的詞。它有時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣的變化。 動(dòng)詞的種類：1.實(shí)義動(dòng)詞（及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞）2.系動(dòng)詞：3助動(dòng)詞4情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 動(dòng)詞的基本形式：（5種）動(dòng)詞原形、第三人稱單數(shù)現(xiàn)在式、過去式、過去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞。 不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的變化 動(dòng)詞的體： 按詞義分為動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞和靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞。7動(dòng)詞的體： 動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞:分四類1. 無限動(dòng)詞：drink,study 2.有限動(dòng)詞:build ,make 3.重復(fù)動(dòng)詞：struggle . 4.瞬間動(dòng)詞：jump,come,go 靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞:（表示一種動(dòng)作在一定時(shí)期中持續(xù)狀態(tài)

5、，通常不用進(jìn)行體） 分四類1. 內(nèi)心活動(dòng)：(want, remember, hope,mean,understand,expect,wish,think) 2.情感動(dòng)詞：( like, hate,envy) 3感官動(dòng)詞：feel, see,hear,各種關(guān)系動(dòng)詞：(be, belong,need, matter,resemble)8數(shù)詞 (Numerals) 數(shù)詞的定義：表示數(shù)目多少或順序先后的詞。 數(shù)詞的種類： 基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞 基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞的拼法 時(shí)刻的表達(dá)法 日期的表達(dá)法 倍數(shù)、分?jǐn)?shù)、小數(shù)和百分?jǐn)?shù)的表達(dá)法 加、減、乘、除的表達(dá)法9介詞 (Prepositions） 介詞的定義：介詞又叫前

6、置詞，一般用于名詞或代詞前，表示該詞與句子其他成分的關(guān)系。 介詞的種類： 簡單介詞（at,in, of)、合成介詞(into,within)、短語介詞(because of ). 介詞短語在句中的作用：定、狀、表語 常用介詞的主要用法：in,on, with. 10常用的幾種介詞（1） 表地點(diǎn): about,above,at,in,to,between 等. 表時(shí)間: in,at,for,during,from,to,since 等. 表除去: besides,but,except 等. 表比較: as,like,above,over 等. 表反對(duì): against, with 等. 表原因、

7、目的: for,with, from 等. 表結(jié)果: to, with, without 等. 表手段、方式: by, in, with 等11常用的幾種介詞（2） 表所屬: of,with 等. 表?xiàng)l件 :on, without, considering 等. 表讓步: despite, in spite of 等. 表關(guān)于:about, as for, as to, 等. 表對(duì)于: to, for, over, at, with 等. 表根據(jù):on, according to 等. 表其它:for（贊成）, without （沒有）等.12冠詞冠詞(Articles) 冠詞的定義：冠詞是置

8、于名詞之前、說明名詞所表示的人或事物的一種虛詞。 冠詞的種類： 定冠詞(the)和不定冠詞。 不定冠詞的用法：不定冠詞有a 和 an 兩種， an 用在元音音素前，a用在輔音音素前。如 a teacher, an hour,an example. 不定冠詞用可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)形式前，表示某一類人或事物中的一個(gè),相當(dāng)于one.13定冠詞定冠詞(the)的用法的用法 特指某人或某物，或談?wù)撾p方都知道的人或物，復(fù)述上文提過的人或物。 指世上獨(dú)一無二的事物。 用在序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級(jí)之前。 用在樂器的名稱之前。 用在單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞之前，表示某一類人或事物。 和某些形容詞連用，表示某一類人。 在姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)形式

9、前，指一家人。 用在專有名詞前和固定詞組中。14零冠詞的用法零冠詞的用法 表示泛指的抽象名詞和物質(zhì)名詞。 表示某一類的人或物的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前。 在星期、月份、季節(jié)或節(jié)假日等名詞前。 在稱呼、表示頭銜或職務(wù)的名詞前。 在三餐和球類、棋類的名稱的名詞前。 泛指人或人類. Man is mortal(人必有死）。 用于“kind,sort，形容詞等 +of ”結(jié)構(gòu)。 By+交通工具。by taxi. 在固定詞組中。go to bed/school.15形容詞 (Adjectives) 形容詞的定義：用以修飾名詞或代詞的詞。 形容詞的特征：置于所修飾名詞的名詞前。多數(shù)形容詞具有比較級(jí)。有獨(dú)特的后綴。 形容

10、詞的種類：簡單形容詞和復(fù)合形容詞。 形容詞的位置：1.一般置于所修飾名詞的名詞前。2.形容詞修飾由some,any, every, no 等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí)須后置。3.如有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的形容詞修飾一個(gè)名詞， 通常是關(guān)系最密切的要靠近被修飾的名詞。4.在量度表達(dá)中，形容詞置于量度名詞之后。Two metres high.16形容詞的用法 作定語: A good boy must behave himself. 作表語: He is very strong. 作主補(bǔ):The room was found empty. 作賓補(bǔ):Who has left the door open? 有些形容詞

11、作副詞，修飾另一個(gè)形容詞：dark red. dead tired. 作獨(dú)立成分：More important,hes got a steady job.17副詞 (Adverbs) 副詞的定義：用以修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、其它副詞以及全句。表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、頻率、程度、方式等。 副詞的種類：普通、疑問、連接、關(guān)系副詞。 副詞的位置：修飾形容詞其它副詞時(shí)，一般放在被修飾詞之前。時(shí)間副詞放在被修飾詞之后。 副詞的用法：作狀語、表語、定語。18副詞的種類副詞的種類 普通副詞：時(shí)間：today,now,then, ago,soon 等 .地點(diǎn):here,there, above, below, near,

12、far等.頻率: always,seldom,often,once,daily等.程度: very quite,too, much, greatly等.方式: carefully,badly, slowly,well fast等. 疑問副詞：引導(dǎo)特殊疑問句。when, where, how, why. 連接副詞：引導(dǎo)主、賓、表從句。how, when.where,why. 關(guān)系副詞：引導(dǎo)定從 when.where,why.19形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí) 比較等級(jí)的含義：形容詞和副詞有三個(gè)等級(jí)，即原級(jí)(big) 比較級(jí)(bigger.than ) 和最高級(jí)(the

13、biggest)。 形容詞和副詞比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的構(gòu)成：規(guī)則變化（單音節(jié)、多音節(jié)）和不規(guī)則變化。 good(well) better best bad(ill) worse worst many (much) more most little less least far farther farthest20形容詞和副詞比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的用法形容詞和副詞比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的用法 原級(jí) “as+原級(jí)+as” 結(jié)構(gòu).He is as tall as me “not as(so)+原級(jí)+as”. She is not as experienced as you. 比較級(jí) “比較級(jí)+than”的 結(jié)構(gòu). Li

14、ght travels even faster than sound. “ the +比較級(jí). the +比較級(jí)”結(jié)構(gòu) The sooner we start, the sooner well get there. 最高級(jí)“the +最高級(jí)+比較范圍”常和in.of.among短語和從句. He sings the best in the class.連詞 (conjunction ) 定義：是把詞與詞短語與短語、句子與句子連接起來,不能在句中單獨(dú)作成分。 連詞的種 類：并列連詞 和從屬連詞。 并列連詞表添加 (and,both.and,as well as, not only.but )表選

15、擇 or, either.or neither.nor表轉(zhuǎn)折 but,yet表 因果 (for, as ) 從屬連詞：連接主、賓、表從句的從屬連詞有that, if ,whether連接狀語從句的有(when,because,though)等。22The Use of “As” (As 的用法的用法) As 在句中用作介詞，譯成“作為” As 在句中用作關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句the same.as ,such.as .This is the same watch as I lost yesterday. 在句中用作連詞引導(dǎo)time, reason, manner,concession,compa

16、rison,condition 狀語從句. As詞組：consider as,be known as ,refer.as regard.as, serve as ,think of.as . as a result as usual, as well as, such as, as yet （至今）23The Use of “it ” (it 的用法的用法) 指物的人稱代詞Whats this? It is a book. 指非人稱代詞：代替time, weather, season distance. It is raining. 作形式主語代替不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞和從句It is righ

17、t to do so. It is no use trying. It is certain that they will succeed. 作形式賓語:She feels it her duty to help others. 引出強(qiáng)調(diào)句:It is(was)+被強(qiáng)調(diào)成分+that. eg. It was yesterday that I bought the book.24助動(dòng)詞的用法助動(dòng)詞的用法 助動(dòng)詞本身沒有詞義，不能獨(dú)自作謂語，只能和主要?jiǎng)釉~構(gòu)成各種時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)和語氣的動(dòng)詞形式,以及幫助主要?jiǎng)釉~構(gòu)成否定式和疑問式。常用的助動(dòng)詞有be,have,do,shall,will,should,

18、would等。 助動(dòng)詞be的用法：be+doing構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí).be+done構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài). be+to do 表示計(jì)劃好的將來動(dòng)作。 助動(dòng)詞do的用法:構(gòu)成否定、疑問、否定祈使和倒裝句。 助動(dòng)詞have的用法: have +done構(gòu)成完成時(shí)態(tài)。 助動(dòng)詞shall,will,should,would的用法。25情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(Modal Verbs)的用法的用法 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞本身有詞義，表示說話人的語氣和態(tài)度，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞本身有詞義，表示說話人的語氣和態(tài)度，但不能單獨(dú)作謂語，必須和不帶但不能單獨(dú)作謂語，必須和不帶to 的不定式的不定式(ought除外除外)連用連用.它沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。它沒有人稱和

19、數(shù)的變化。 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞共有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞共有13個(gè)個(gè) can (could), may (might) shall(should),will(would), must, ought to, need, dare, used to. can(could )和和 be able to的區(qū)別的區(qū)別 must和和have to的區(qū)別的區(qū)別 need作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別 would和和used to的區(qū)別的區(qū)別 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+have done 含義的區(qū)別含義的區(qū)別2627句子的基本詞序 主語-謂語動(dòng)詞-（賓語）-（狀語） 一些變異形式，如： -疑問句：Do you watc

20、h TV every day? -倒裝：Never Will he forget that day when he was admitted into the school.2829疑問句表示提出問題，共有四種 一般疑問句（General Question) Are you a teacher? 特殊疑問句 (Special Question) What are you doing? 選擇疑問句 (Alternative Question) Is he a doctor or a nurse? 反意疑問句 (Disjunctive Question) He likes English, doe

21、snt he?30一般疑問句常用來詢?yōu)閱栆粋€(gè)事情或一個(gè)情況是否屬實(shí)其答語通常是yes或 no 叫做“是非問句 (yes-no Question)Is he from Japan? Yes, he is. No, he isnt.Do you often play football after class?Yes, I do. No, I dont.Did you go shopping yesterday?Yes, I did. No, I didnt.一般疑問句31特殊疑問句 特殊疑問句是對(duì)句子某一特殊部分提出疑問， 通常以who,whose , what,which, where, whe

22、n,why,how 等疑問詞開首, 因此又叫“wh-問句” Who phoned last night? Whose book is it? What are you doing? Why did he leave?32疑問句中要注意的問題 1.反意 (附加)疑問句中, 若陳述部分是否定句或含有no,never,hardly,scarcely,rarely, seldom,few,little 等詞,反意 (附加)疑問句部分用肯定形式： Everything isnt ready,is it? She seldom goes to the cinema,does she? Lets go to

23、gether, shall we? Open the door, will you? I am a teacher, arent I?33疑問句中要注意的問題 2.對(duì)祁使句進(jìn)行反意（附加）疑問的形式Have a little more coffee,will you? Dont move the chair,will you? Lets go outing, shall we? I am a teacher, arent I?34句子的種類 按結(jié)構(gòu)可分為三類： 簡單句： 只包含一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，各部分只由單詞或短語表示 并列句：包含兩個(gè)或更多的互不依從的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)， 用一個(gè)并列連詞連接 復(fù)合句：包含

24、兩個(gè)或更多的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)， 各部分并不同等重要，其中有一個(gè)或多主謂結(jié)構(gòu)充當(dāng)從屬分句，即：主句+ 從句35簡單句(Simple Sentences) 五種基本句型： 1主語+謂語動(dòng)詞(vi) ：The sun rises 2主語+謂語（系動(dòng)詞）+表語： He becomes an engineer. 3主語+謂語動(dòng)詞(Vt.)+賓語： He collects stamps. 4主語+謂語動(dòng)詞(Vt.)+間接賓語+ 直接賓語：She sent me a Christmas card. 5主語+謂語動(dòng)詞+賓語+補(bǔ)語：（涉及分詞用法）We call the baby Tom. They found the

25、 old man dying. 36并列句(Compound Sentences) 用分號(hào)： We fished all day ；(however,) we didnt catch a thing . 用并列連詞：and, but, or ,so, yet,nor,for both.and ,not.only.but also either. or,neither .nor, as well as,however, while whereas. He opened the door and went in .He neither likes fiction nor (likes) poetr

26、y. 37復(fù)合句(Complex Sentences) 復(fù)合句有兩種: 并列復(fù)合句和主從復(fù)合句They watched TV and enjoyed themselves, but we couldnt see the program because our television was broken. 復(fù)合句有兩種方式構(gòu)成： 1.用 動(dòng)詞不定式構(gòu)成：To get into university you have to pass a number of examinations. 2.用連詞把從句與主句連接起來：Turn off the light before you leave the r

27、oom.38三大主從復(fù)合句 名詞性從句： 主語從句 表語從句 賓語從句 同位語從句 定語從句：限定性定語從句 非限定性定語從句 狀語從句 時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、比較、讓步、方式狀語從句39主語從句(subject Clauses) 作句子主語的從句叫主語從句：常用的連詞：從屬連詞that, whether, if 連接代詞 what, whatever, which, who, whoever連接副詞how, where,why等。 What you need is more practice. It is a pity (that) she cant come When he

28、will come is still a question It is still a question when he will come back. (it 作形式主語）40表語從句(Predicative clauses) 1）由that引起的，例如： My suggestion is that you should not go alone. 2)由關(guān)系代詞what引起的，例如： This is what they need. 3)由其它連接代詞或副詞引起的，例如：That is where he was born . This is why I decided to give up

29、smoking.41賓語從句(Object Clause) 1）由that引起的賓語從句 （ that經(jīng)?？梢允÷裕纾篒 think (that) he is right. 2)由關(guān)系代詞what引起的賓語從句例如:： I dont believe what he said . 3)由其它連接代詞或副詞引起的，例如：Do you know where the post office is? I wonder whether he can speak French or not. 42同位語從句(appositive Clauses) 同位語從句常跟在 fact, suggestion,

30、idea, opinion, news ,hope 等名詞后通常由 that 引導(dǎo)。 The fact that the sea water can not be used for drinking is known to all. I had no idea that you were here.（我沒有想到你會(huì)在這里） The news that he intended to come gave us much pleasure.43狀語從句 1（Adverbial Clause) 時(shí)間(time): when ,whenever ,while, as, before after, sin

31、ce ,as soon as, hardly.when, until(till). Whenever I met with any difficulty, he came to help me 地點(diǎn)(place )where ,wherever Where there is a will, there is a way. 原因(reason) : because since, as ,for . As there is no answer, I wrote again. 目的(purpose): that, so that, in order that Bring the picture cl

32、oser that I can see it better.44狀語從句 2（Adverbial Clause) 結(jié)果(result): so that, so.that such.that He had overslept, so that he was late for work. 條件(condition) : if ,unless ,as(so)long as,in case In case it rains,we wont go there on foot. 讓步(concession): although(though) even if(though),no matter what

33、. 方式(manner): as,just as,as if (though) You must do the exercises as I show you. 比較(comparison ): as.as, than ,45定語從句 1（Attributive Clause) 1.定義：在復(fù)合句中修飾名詞或代詞的從句。 2.先行詞：定語從句所修飾名詞稱為先行詞。 3.引導(dǎo)定語從句的連詞： 關(guān)系代詞：which,that,who,whom,whose 關(guān)系副詞：when,where,why 4.解決定語從句的三個(gè)關(guān)鍵： 找先行詞，看先行詞在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)木渥映煞郑?選關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞。 The

34、 book which you lent me was interesting.46定語從句 2（Attributive Clause ) 關(guān)系代詞的用法： which(指 物做主賓) , that（指人物做主賓),who (指人做主賓）,whose （指人物做定語）Whom (指人做賓語) .關(guān)系代詞在從句作主語。 This is the book that tells about teaching method. .關(guān)系代詞在從句作賓語（關(guān)系代詞 可省略） The man whom you met yesterday is an actor. .關(guān)系代詞在從句作定語。 Is this th

35、e girl whose mother is a singer? .關(guān)系代詞在從句作介賓。 This is the shelf on which I keep my books.47定語從句 3（Attributive Clause ) 關(guān)系副詞的用法 When做表時(shí)間的狀語:This is the day when I was born . Where做表地點(diǎn)的狀語：This is the place where he used to work. Why 做表原因的狀語:This is the reason why he was late.48定語從句 4（Attributive Claus

36、e ) 關(guān)系代詞 which和 that的區(qū)別 關(guān)系代詞that在下列情況下用： 先行詞為all, any,no,nothing ,everything等 不定代詞.All (that) she lacked was training. 先行詞為序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí).This is the most exciting Film (that) I have ever seen. 先行詞為人和物均有時(shí). 先行詞為 the only,the same,the last等修飾時(shí).He is the only students that sings well.49定語從句 5（Attributiv

37、e Clause ) 限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句區(qū)別 限制性(restrictive)定語從句與先行詞關(guān)系密切，如去掉從句，句子的意思就不完整，不明確，主句與從句之間不用逗號(hào)隔開。 He is the man who told me the news. 非限制性定語從句(non-restrictive)與先行詞關(guān)系比較松散 ，從句只對(duì)先行詞附加說明，沒有它，句子的意思就仍然完整，主句與從句之間常用逗號(hào)隔開。 His speech ,which bored everyone,went on and on.50一般時(shí) 進(jìn)行時(shí)完成時(shí)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在do/doesam/is/aredoinghav

38、e/hasdonehave/has beendoing過去didwas/were doinghad donehad beendoing將來will do Will bedoingwill have donewill havebeen doing過去將來woulddowould bedoingwould havedonewould havebeen doing動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)(Verb Tenses )以動(dòng)詞 do 為例，將16種時(shí)態(tài)列表如 下51 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)（一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)（The Present Tense) 1.形式：形式：主語+ 動(dòng)詞（第 三人稱單數(shù)+s/es) 2.基本用法：基本用法： 表示反復(fù)

39、發(fā)生的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)： He gets up at six every day. 表示客觀事實(shí)和主語的特征、能力等 The earth moves round the sun. 表示安排或計(jì)劃好的將來的動(dòng)作（常用方位動(dòng)詞 come,go,arrive,start,stay) The train starts at nine oclock. 在時(shí)間或條件狀語從句中：If it is fine tomorrow,we will go swimming. 3.標(biāo)志標(biāo)志：every month, often, once a week等. 52一般過去時(shí)（一般過去時(shí)（The Past Tense)

40、 1.形式形式：主語+ 動(dòng)詞的過去式 2.基本用法基本用法: 表示過去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)：I saw him yesterday. 表示過去的某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)經(jīng)常的動(dòng)作（可用 used to do表示)When I studied in the College,I read aloud every morning. I used to like fish. 3.標(biāo)志標(biāo)志：yesterday,last week ,three days ago in 1994等；或when 引導(dǎo)的從句 . 53一般將來時(shí)（一般將來時(shí)（The Future Tense ) 1.形式形式：主語+will+動(dòng)詞原形 2.基本用法

41、基本用法: 表示將來的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)：He will come and help me tomorrow. 表示將來經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)：We will go for an outing every other week. 3.標(biāo)志標(biāo)志：tomorrow,the day after tomorrow next month,soon, in future, in 2008 54一般將來時(shí)不同表達(dá)法一般將來時(shí)不同表達(dá)法 will+ do. We wont have any classes tomorrow. be going to do .It is going to rain be to do. T

42、hey are to meet in front of the hall. be about to do. The conference is about to begin. 常用方位動(dòng)詞 （ come,go,arrive,start,stay)的現(xiàn)在時(shí)，表示安排或計(jì)劃好的將來的動(dòng)作。 My friend is arriving here next week. 在時(shí)間或條件狀語從句中： If it is fine tomorrow,we will go swimming55現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)（現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)（Present Continuous ） 1.形式形式：主語+am/is /are + doing

43、 2.基本用法基本用法: 表示此刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作：What are you doing here? 表示現(xiàn)階段的正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài): We are doing an experiment this month. 表示安排或計(jì)劃好的將來的動(dòng)作（常用方位動(dòng)詞 come,go,arrive,start,stay). He is coming here next week. 3.標(biāo)志標(biāo)志: now,at present, currently look, listen 56現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(The Present Perfect) 1.形式：形式：Have(has)+ 過去分詞過去分詞 2.基本用法基本用法

44、: 表示動(dòng)作現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)完成：We have just come back. 表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響：They have finished the work. 表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，而且可能繼續(xù)延續(xù) I have studied English since I was six. 3.標(biāo)志：標(biāo)志：already,just ,yet, recently(lately) so far(up to now) since ,for. ever, before57過去將來時(shí)(The past Future) 1.形式形式 由“shall或will的過去式should或would+動(dòng)詞原形”

45、或was (were )going to do構(gòu)成。 2.基本用法基本用法 表示在過去某一時(shí)刻之后將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作情況 如：we wanted to know when the English class would begin 3.標(biāo)志：標(biāo)志：通常用在主句謂語動(dòng)詞是一般過去時(shí)的賓語從句中。58過去進(jìn)行時(shí)過去進(jìn)行時(shí) (past Continuous ) 1.形式形式 ： 由“was(were)”+現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成。 2.基本用法：基本用法： 表示在過去某一時(shí)刻或某階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。 She was writing a composition when you came in. 3.標(biāo)志：標(biāo)志：通常

46、帶一個(gè)表示在過去時(shí)間的狀語或從句或通過上下文判斷的過去時(shí)間。59過去完成時(shí)(Past Perfect ) 1.形式形式 ： 由“had +過去分詞構(gòu)成。 2.基本用法：基本用法： 表示在過去某一時(shí)刻或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作。By the end of last year,I had worked for fourteen years. 3.標(biāo)志：標(biāo)志：by + 過去時(shí)間的狀語; 或when,before等引導(dǎo)的從句通過上下文判斷是主句還是從句 用過去完成時(shí)。60過去完成時(shí)的幾種用法 1.By +過去的時(shí)間狀語 By the time he retired, he had taught for 35 years. 2.when/as soon as/after +從句 When he had spent all the money he wrote to his father for more money. 3.when/before +從句.The film had begun when we got to the cinema. 4.no sooner.than/ hardly.when 5. as if +從句The man talks as if he had been