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1、-句子結(jié)構(gòu)及成分相關(guān)概念The meeting began at six. We began the meetingat six. 有(答疑 qq 329950885)些動詞既可作及物動詞又可作不及物動詞,但詞義不同。如:The man walked away. (walk不及物動詞,意為“走 ”)He walked the dog every day. ( walk及物動詞,“遛 ”)She washes clothes at home. (wash及物動詞,“洗 ”)The clothes washes well. (wash不及物動詞,“耐洗 ”)英語中一些單詞是及物還是不及物,可能與漢
2、語不同。2. 及物動詞和不及物動詞實義動詞后面跟賓語時,這個動詞是及物動詞。實義動詞后面不跟賓語時,此時這個動詞是不及物動詞。The door opened.(open 后面沒跟賓語,此時,open是不及物動詞。)He opened the door.(open 后面有賓語the door,此時, open 是及物動詞。 )注意: 英語中一個動詞是及物動詞還是不及物動詞,關(guān)鍵是看它用在句中時后面是否跟賓語。有些動詞既可作及物動詞又可作不及物動詞,詞義相同。如:-He listens to the music every day. (listen為不及物動詞,而漢語中 “聽”是及物動詞。 )指出
3、下列句中斜體動詞是及物動詞還是不及物動詞,及物動詞填 vt. ,不及物填 vi. ??键c 1.Most birds canfly . ()The children are flying kites in考點 2.the park. ()It happened考點 3.yesterday. ()My watch考點 4.stopped. ()Thestoppedhi考點 5.babycryingwhen he saw smother.()She spoke at the meeting this考點 6.morning.()考點 7.Shall I begin atonce? ()She beg
4、an working as ashe考點 8.teacher afterleftschool.()( )When did they leave考點 9.Beijing?()考點They left last10.week. ()幫助構(gòu)成時態(tài)的:The boy is crying.(is 用來幫助構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在進行時,和 crying 一起作謂語,是助動詞。 ) He has arrived. (has 用來幫助構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成時,和 arrived 一起作謂語,是助動詞。 )I have been painting all day.( have been用來幫助構(gòu)成3. 實義動詞、助動詞與情態(tài)動詞實義動詞
5、和助動詞是根據(jù)動詞在句子中的含義和作用來劃分的。實義動詞也叫行為動詞。實義動詞指的是那些意義完全且能夠獨立作謂語的動詞。如:He lives quite near. (live住 ”,有“明確的意義,單獨作謂語,為實義動詞。)I like reading.( like喜“歡 ”,意思明確,單獨作謂語,為實義動詞。)I bought a pen yesterday.( bought買“”,意義明確,單獨作謂語,為實義動詞。 )助動詞助動詞的 “助 ”是 “幫助 ”之意。因此,助動詞是指那些用來幫助構(gòu)成時態(tài)、語態(tài)、虛擬語氣、疑問句、否定句、倒裝句和幫助強調(diào)的詞。這些詞本身無詞匯意義或意義不完全,不
6、能單獨作謂語。-現(xiàn)在完成進行時,和 painting 一起作謂語,都是助動詞。)幫助構(gòu)成否定句和疑問句的:Does he like English? (does 幫助構(gòu)成一般疑問句,沒有具體意義,是助動詞。 )He doesn t have lunch at home. (does只是幫助構(gòu)成否定句,沒有具體意義,是助動詞。 )幫助構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)的Trees are planted in spring. (are 幫助構(gòu)成被動語態(tài),沒有具體意義,是助動詞。)The house has been pulled down. (has been幫助構(gòu)成時態(tài)和語態(tài),是助動詞。)幫助構(gòu)成虛擬語氣If he
7、 had come yesterday, I wouldnhavetmade such a mistake.(had, have幫助構(gòu)成虛擬語氣, 是助動詞, 屬于謂語的一部分。)幫助構(gòu)成倒裝句的So did he love his mother that he boughther many presents on her birthday.(他如此愛他的母親以至于他母親生日那一天,他給她買了許多禮物。 did 只是幫助構(gòu)成倒裝句,沒有具體意義,是助動詞。 )幫助構(gòu)成強調(diào)意義的He did come yesterday. (他昨天確實來過。did 起強調(diào)作用,沒有具體意義,是助動詞。)因此可以
8、看出, 常見的助動詞為 do, be, have ,它們?yōu)榛局鷦釉~。一個詞既可以作實義動詞也可以作助動詞,具體是哪一種,主要看它們在句中的功能。He did his homework at seven o clock單.(did 獨作謂語,意為 “做 ”,是實義動詞。)Did he do his homework yesterday? (did是助動詞, 幫助構(gòu)成一般疑問句, do 是實義動詞,意為 “做 ”,是實義動詞。 )He has had breakfast. (has 是助動詞,幫 助 構(gòu) 成 現(xiàn) 在 完 成 時 , ( 答 疑 qq 329950885)had 是實義動詞,意為“
9、吃 ”。 has had 一起構(gòu)成了句子的謂語。 )指出下列斜體單詞是實義動詞還是助動詞。Does) hei.(like () swimming?He does) likeii.() swimming.Whereiii.does() he live ()?He does) some washingiv.(after work.) had) supperv.He has (already.Thebeevi.bridgehas() n() built ()now.Ibee) waitingfovii.have () n( ()ryou allday.)viiistruck) by a.He was
10、 (stone.-情態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞同助動詞一樣,不能單獨作謂語,要和實義動詞一起作謂語。因此,情態(tài)動詞也稱為情態(tài)助動詞。情態(tài)動詞同基本助動詞的區(qū)別在于,基本助動詞本身無意義,而情態(tài)動詞有自己的意義。如:He can swim across the river.(can的詞義為“能夠”)You must stay at home. (must詞義為“必須”I might leave tomorrow.( might)的詞義為“或許” )(具體用法參看 P. 錯誤!未定義書簽。錯誤!未找到引用源。)4. 謂語和非謂語在英語中,一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)中只能有一個謂語,再出現(xiàn)動詞時, 要變成非謂語形式,即:在前
11、面加 to 構(gòu)成動詞不定式,或在后面加 -ing 構(gòu)成動名詞或現(xiàn)在分詞,或在后面加 -ed 構(gòu)成過去分詞。也就是說,非謂語是指:動詞不定式、 動名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。1._ wonderful, this kind of foodenjoyed a good sale.A. TastedB. Being tastedC. TastingD. Having tasted2.The food _ delicious sells well.A. smellsB. smelled先找出句中的謂語,然后改正句中的錯誤,并說明原因??键c 1. Get up early is good for our
12、health.早起有利于我們的身體健康??键c 2. I want go home now.我現(xiàn)在想回家??键c 3. My favorite sport is play football.我最喜愛的運動是踢足球??键c 4. There is a bird sings in the tree.有一只鳥正在樹上唱歌??键c 5. The boy sits over there likes singing.坐在那邊的那個男孩喜歡唱歌??键c 6. The house was built last year hasbeen sold out.去年建的那座房子已經(jīng)出售了。考點 7. The girls are
13、 singing over there aremy classmates.在那邊唱歌的那些女孩是我的同學(xué)??键c 8. My parents wanted him work hard.我父母親想讓他努力學(xué)習(xí)??键c 9. I remember saw him that day.我記得那天看見過他。10. I saw him walked into the building.我看到他跑進那座建筑物。5. 主動關(guān)系和被動關(guān)系先看下面兩個題:-C. smellingD. is smelling一些同學(xué)分別選 A 和 B 。他們說,食物是被品嘗、被聞的,和食物構(gòu)成被動關(guān)系, 所以要用過去分詞。這種說法是錯
14、誤的。非謂語中的主動關(guān)系和被動關(guān)系, 不是從誰做了這個動作著眼, 而是從恢復(fù)成一句話后是“主動語態(tài)”還是“被動語態(tài)”著眼。主動關(guān)系 :從邏輯關(guān)系上看,相當(dāng)于主動語態(tài)。如:Theboycrying over there is Tom.(在那邊哭的那個男孩 ) 從邏輯上講, the boy ? cry, 男孩哭, 相當(dāng)于主動語態(tài), 是主動關(guān)系。被動關(guān)系 :從邏輯關(guān)系上看,相當(dāng)于被動語態(tài)。如: The house built ( 答疑 qq 329950885) last yearis the strongest.( 去年建的那座房子 ) 從邏輯上講, the house was built, 房子
15、被建,相當(dāng)于被動語態(tài),是被動關(guān)系。在上兩題中,邏輯關(guān)系可以表達為:Thiskind of foodtasted wonderful.Thefood smells delicious.邏輯上food 和 taste 、 smell 是一種主謂關(guān)系,是主動語態(tài),因此填現(xiàn)在分詞。因此,上兩題的答案為C和C。6. 邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系在判斷是否是賓語補足語時,一般說, “賓語和賓語補足語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系 ”。一些同學(xué)對這句話不理解。如:He asked me to lend him some money. 他讓我借給他一些錢。money. (He made the boy cry寫作專練 3.agai
16、n. ( ) The teacher found him cheating寫作專練 4.in the exam.()Don t leave the door open at寫作專練 5.night. ()7. 復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)“ me 是”賓語, “ meto lend himsome money”意為“我借給他一些錢”。從意思上看, 這像一句話,“我”是主語,“借給他一些錢”是謂語部分,但在英語原句中,它們卻不是真正的主謂關(guān)系。因此可以說“邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系”,是指,從意思上看像主謂關(guān)系, 而實際上不是?!皌o lend him somemoney 是賓”語補足語。判斷下列句中畫線部分是否是賓語補足語
17、。( 是的填 T ,不是的填 F)I want him to come at寫作專練 1.once. ()寫作專練 2.He lent me some)-3在我們學(xué)習(xí)語法的過程中, 我們可能會聽說“復(fù)合賓語”、“動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)”和“動詞不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)”。實際上, 這幾個 “復(fù)合”,都有“邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系”之意。如:He invited us to come to the party.(us 是賓語, to come to the party是賓語補足語;賓語和賓語補足語合在一起稱為復(fù)合賓語。賓語和賓語補足語是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。 )It s important for us to learn
18、 English well.(it 是形式主語,真正的主語是for us to learnEnglish well。“ us ”是“ to learn English well”的邏輯主語,二者構(gòu)成了邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。 for somebody to do something 是動詞不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。 )It s very kind ofyou to help me.( of you tohelp me也是動詞不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。與for somebodyto dosomething的區(qū)別參看 P. 錯誤!未定義書簽。錯誤!未找到引用源。 , you 和 to help me 構(gòu)成了邏輯上的主謂
19、關(guān)系。)Tom s coming late made our teacher angry.(Tom 遲到使我們老師生氣。 coming 是動名詞, Tom s coming late 是動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。 Tom 是 coming late 的邏輯主語,二者是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。 )語動詞用什么形式, 還受前面主語是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)的影響。如果主語是復(fù)數(shù), be 要用 are 的形式, do 和have 用原形。如果主語是第三人稱單數(shù),be用 is, do和 have 要用 does 和 has 。情態(tài)動詞沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。如:He / I / We can swim.8. 沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化先看
20、下列三組句中have 、 do 和 be 的變化形式I have a bookHe has a book.They have a book.I enjoywatchingTV.You enjoy watching TV .We enjoy watching TV.He is sleeping.I am sleeping.They are sleeping.“人稱的變化”是指:謂語動詞用什么形式,受前面主語是第幾人稱的影響。主語同為單數(shù) (表示一個人), be 在第一人稱 I 后用 am, 在 you 后用 are, 在 he 后用 is; do 和 have 在一、二人稱后用原形,在第三人稱后
21、用為 does, has ?!皵?shù)” 是指“單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)” 。“數(shù)的變化” 是指謂- 句子成分英語的句子成分主要有六種:即主語、 謂 To swim in the river is a great pleasure. Smoking does harm to the health.語、賓語、定語、狀語和補語。(可以熟記為:主謂賓,定 The rich should help the poor.狀補)除了這六種主要成分之外,還有“表語 ”和 “同位語 ”的說法。但表語和系動詞一起作 When we are going to have an English謂語,因此劃test has not been
22、 decided.分成分時, 劃分在謂語上。 同位語分為主語同位語和賓語同位語,屬于主語或賓語的一 It is necessary to master a foreign部分。language.1. 劃分句子成分時的常用符號 That he isn t at home is not true.英語中劃分句子成分的符號主語在下面畫直線改正下列句中的錯誤,并說明原因。He failed the exam is the reason why he謂語在下面畫曲線dropped out.賓語在下面畫雙橫線定語在下面畫虛線(一行點使我們想到一排釘子, “釘 ”諧音為 “定語 ”的“定”)狀語下面為短橫線
23、 (短橫線使我們想到短木樁,木樁撞(狀)鐘)補語上一短橫, 下一短橫 (下一短橫好像是為了彌補上面短橫間的空隙)同位語上下雙曲線,(雖都有曲折,上下位臵基本相同2. 主語主語是一個句子所敘述的主體,一般位于句首,通常由名詞性的詞來充當(dāng)。可以作主語的詞性或語法結(jié)構(gòu):1. 名詞 2. 代詞 3. 數(shù)詞 4. 名詞化的形容詞(如 the rich ) 5. 不定式 6. 動名詞 7. 主語從句等表示。在下面句子的主語下面畫橫線,并說出由什么充當(dāng)。 During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. We
24、 often speak English in class. One-third of the students in this class are girls.That why he was late for school was that his mother was ill.Beyond the mountains lie a small village.Gone is the days when I had to go to school on foot.Play basketball is my favorite sport.Give up English is not an opt
25、ion.-a) Our teacher of English is an American.b) Is it yours?c) The weather has turned cold.d) The speech is exciting.e) Three times seven is twenty one.f) His job is to teach English.正確運用主語的各種形式( P. 錯誤!未定義書簽。 )3. 謂語謂語由動詞充當(dāng),說明主語所做的動作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。謂語的構(gòu)成如下:簡單謂語:由一個動詞或動詞短語構(gòu)成。如:He practices running every mo
26、rning.He reads newspapers every day.復(fù)合謂語:由情態(tài)動詞或其他助動詞加動詞構(gòu)成。如:You may keep the book for two weeks.He has caught a bad cold.My sister is crying over there.I have been waiting for you allthe time. I would stay at homeall day.由系動詞加表語構(gòu)成。系動詞不能單獨作謂語,要和表語一起作謂語。如:We are students.Your idea sounds great.4. 表語表語
27、多是形容詞,用以說明主語的身份、特 征 和 狀 態(tài) , 它 一 般 位 于 系 動 詞 ( 如be,become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等) (答疑 qq 329950885)之后。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、介詞短語、副詞及表語從句表示。畫出下列句中的表語,并說明由什么充當(dāng)。-g) His hobby (愛好) is playing football.h) The machine must be under repairs.i) The truth is that he has never been abroad.5. 賓語賓語
28、由名詞性的詞充當(dāng), 表示動作的對象或承受者,一般位于及物動詞和介詞后面。賓語分為動詞賓語和介詞賓語, 分別構(gòu)成動賓結(jié)構(gòu)和介詞結(jié)構(gòu)。畫出下列句中的賓語, 并說明由什么充當(dāng)。They planted many trees yesterday.(How many dictionaries do you have?) I have five.They helped the old with their housework yesterday.I wanted to buy a car.I enjoy listening to popular music.I think( that ) he is fi
29、t for his office.6. 賓語補足語英語中有些及物動詞,除有一個直接賓語以外,還要有一個賓語補語, 才能使句子的意義完整。賓語補足語和 (答疑 qq 329950885) 賓語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。換句話說, 在意思上, 賓語相當(dāng)于賓補的主語。帶有賓語補足語的一般句型為:某些及物動詞(如 make 等) +賓語 +賓補。賓補可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當(dāng)。用下畫線畫出下列句中的賓語補足語, 并指出是什么詞充當(dāng),同時體會賓補和賓語之間的邏輯關(guān)系。His father named him Dongming.They painted their boat wh
30、ite.Let the fresh air in.You mustn t force him to lend his money to you.We saw her entering the room.We found everything in the lab in good order.We will soon make our city what your city is now.I want your homework done on time.7. 主補對主語的補充。含有賓語補足語的句子在變成被動語態(tài),賓語作主語時,原來的賓補就成了主語補足語。He was elected monit
31、or .She was found singing in the next room.He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.8. 定語定語是對名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、-短語或句子,漢語中常用“? ? 的”表示。定語通常位于被修飾的成分前。在英語中,許多情況下,定語是放在所修飾詞后面的,這點與漢語習(xí)慣不同,也是許多同學(xué)不能讀懂長句的主要原因。5 The man downstairs was trying to sleep. There are lots of places of interest needing repairing i
32、n our city. Tigers belonging to meat-eating animals feed on meat. ? A boy calling himself Johna) 副詞用作定語一般要后臵。People there are very friendly. (那兒的人們 )He didntlike the man downstairs.(樓下的那個人)b) 形容詞短語作定語一般放在所修飾詞之后。單個形容詞作定語一般放在所修飾詞之前,而形容詞短語作定語一般放在所修飾詞之后。The next man is a scientist.The man next to me is
33、a scientist.(我旁邊的那個人)c) 介詞短語作定語時要后臵。The boy under the tree is Tom. (樹下的那個男孩)wanted to see you.? He picked up a wallet lying on the ground on the way back home.? There are many clothes to be washed.? Most of the singers invited to the party were from America.The tallest boy in our class is John.(我們班最
34、高的那個男孩)d) 現(xiàn)在分詞短語、過去分詞短語、動詞不定式作定語常后臵。I have something to say. (直譯:我有要說的話)The boy crying over there is myclassmate.(在那邊哭的那個男孩)The house built last year is impressive.(去年建的那座房子)口頭翻譯下列句子,用下畫線標(biāo)出定語部分,留意定語的位臵,并說明定語是由什么詞性或結(jié)構(gòu)充當(dāng)。 The letter on the desk is for Mr. Wu. The woman with a baby in her arms is his m
35、other. We need a place twice larger than this one. She carried a basket full of eggs. It s a book worth no more than one dollar. It sacity far from the coast. He has money enough to buy a car.-位于情態(tài)動詞、系動詞、 助動詞之后, 實義動詞之前。? Then the great day came when he wasYou can never tell what he will do.to march
36、past the palace in the team.He is often late.He is always helping others.He often came late.用活形容詞短語作后臵定語(P. 錯誤!未定義書簽。)9. 狀語修飾動詞、 形容詞、 副詞或整個句子, 說明動作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分,叫作狀語。He writes carefully . He walks slowly .(認(rèn)真地寫,慢地走,修飾動詞用副詞,作狀語慢)This material is environmentally friendly.(修飾形容詞用副詞,作狀語)He runs very slowly
37、.(修飾副詞slowly,作狀語)因此very是副詞,Unfortunately , he lost all of his money.(修飾整個句子用副詞,作狀語)幾個并列狀語的先后順序:方式地點時間一個句中有幾個并列狀語時,其順序較靈活,但一般是:方式地點時間。如:He worked hardlessonslast year.at hisI found a lost pen outside our schoolyesterday morning.He was walking slowly outside thepark at that moment.正確安排并列狀語的順序(P.錯誤!未定義
38、書簽。)頻度副詞 often, always, usually,sometimes, never等在句中的位臵注意頻度副詞的位臵( P. 錯誤!未定義書簽。 )狀語按意義分類在句子成分中,主語、謂語、賓語、定語、表語、補語都比較好辨認(rèn),如果這幾個成分都不是,那很可能就是狀語了。因此,狀語的種類很多,可以表示時間、地點、原因、目的、結(jié)果、程度、條件、方式和讓步等。指出下列畫線部分屬于什么狀語。I. How about meeting again at six?II.Mr. Smith lives on the third floor.III. Last night she didn t goto
39、cethepartydan becauseof the rain.IV. She put the eggs into the basket with great care.V. She came in with a dictionary in her hand.VI. In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.VII. To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business. VIII. The boy needs a pen very mu
40、ch.IX. The boy really needs a pen.10. He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.11. She works very hard though she is old.12. I am taller than he is.13. I shall go there if it doesn t rain.14. On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom.15. Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a p
41、en.10.同位語同位語是在名詞或代詞之后并列名詞或代詞對前者加以說明的成分,近乎于后臵定語。如:-We students should study hard. /(students是 we 的同位語,都是指同一批“學(xué)生”)It s goodusto students.選擇正確答案,并口頭說出句中那個是同位語。The young man, _,works in theoffice.A. me brother B. my brother C. my brothersD. meOur Englishteacher, _, oftenhelps us withstudy.A. Mrs. WangB.
42、 Mrs. WangsC. Mrs. Wang s. D. of him_, some railway workers, are busyrepairing thetrain.A. ThemB. HeC. TheyD. Theirs-7簡單句的五種基本結(jié)構(gòu)英語句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以歸納成五種基本句型及其擴大、組合、省略或倒裝。掌握這五種基本句型,是掌握各種英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)。英語五種基本句型結(jié)構(gòu)如下:主語 謂語用符號表示為: (主謂) (主謂賓) (主謂間賓直賓) (主謂賓賓補) (主系表)主語( subject )謂語(predicate)賓語( object)定語(attribute)狀語 (
43、adverbial)補語( complement)基本句型二: (主系表)系動詞主要是 be ,但還有一些動詞有些時候也可作系動詞,有人稱之為半系動詞。如何辨別系動詞有些動詞既可作連系動詞,又可以作實義動表語( predicative)基本句型一: (主謂)這類句子的謂語動詞都是不及物動詞,都不帶賓語,但可以帶狀語。如:It is raining now. ( )We ve workedfor 5 hours. ( )The meeting lasted half an hour. ( )Time flies. ( )分析下列句子成分,并在后面括號內(nèi)標(biāo)明屬于五種基本句型中的哪一種。1 Dark
44、 clouds hung. overhead. ()2 Gradually a smile appeared on her. face. ()3 He is smiling all over. his face. ()4. I did well in English. ()5 He talked loudly in the classroom. yesterday. ()-詞。 ( 答疑 qq 329950885) 如何來辨別呢?有一個最簡便的方法,即用連系動詞 be 替換句子中的這些動詞,句子仍然成立就是連系動詞;反之,不能替換的,就是行為動詞。如: She looks beautiful.
45、 (looks變?yōu)?is 之后,她是美麗的,句意沒有大的變化, looks 是系動詞。 )Look at the picture.(look 不能換為 be, look 為實義動詞。 ) He felt the book with his right hand.(feel 是 “摸 ”的意思,不能換為was, 是實義動詞。)The silk feels soft.(這種絲綢摸起來很柔軟,feels換為 is 之后,句意變化不大,因此是系動詞。)辨別下列斜體動詞是系動詞還是實義動詞。 The door stays open at night. He tasted the food, and the food tasted delicious. The book still lies open on t
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