胡壯麟語言學(xué)術(shù)語英漢對(duì)照翻譯表(1)(DOC)

1、胡壯麟語言學(xué)術(shù)語英漢對(duì)照翻譯表1. 語言的普遍特征：任意性 arbitrariness雙層結(jié)構(gòu) duality 既由聲音和意義結(jié)構(gòu)多產(chǎn)性 productivity移位性displacement:我們能用語言可以表達(dá)許多不在場的東西文化傳播性 cultural transmission2. 語言的功能： 傳達(dá)信息功能 informative人濟(jì)功能： interpersonal行事功能： Performative表情功能： Emotive寒暄功能： Phatic娛樂功能 recreatinal元語言功能 metalingual3. 語言學(xué) linguistics ：包括六個(gè)分支語音學(xué) Phone

2、tics音位學(xué) phonology形態(tài)學(xué) Morphology句法學(xué) syntax語義學(xué) semantics語用學(xué) pragmatics4. 現(xiàn)代結(jié)構(gòu)主義語言學(xué)創(chuàng)始人： Ferdinand de saussure提出語言學(xué)中最重要的概念對(duì)之一： 語言與言語 language and parole ，語言之語言系統(tǒng)的整體，言語則只待某個(gè)個(gè)體在實(shí)際語言使用環(huán)境中說出的具體話語5. 語法創(chuàng)始人： Noam Chomsky提出概念語言能力與語言運(yùn)用 competence and performance1. Which of the following statements can be used to

3、 describe displacement. one of the unique properties of language:a. we can easily teach our children to learn a certain languageb. we can use both shu and tree to describe the same thing.c. we can u se language to refer to something not presentd. we can produce sentences that have never been heard b

4、efore.2. What is the most important function of language?a. interpersonalb. phaticc. informatived. metallingual3. The function of the sentence A nice day, isnt it ?is _a informativeb. phaticc. directived. performative4. The distinction between competence and performance is proposed by _a saussureb.

5、hallidayc. chomskyd. the prague school5. Who put forward the distinction between language and parole?a. saussureb. chomskyc. hallidayd anomymous第二節(jié) 語音學(xué)1. 發(fā)音器官由聲帶 the vocal cords 和三個(gè)回聲腔組成2. 輔音 consonant： there is an obstruction of the air stream at some point of the vocal tract.3. 輔音的發(fā)音方式爆破音 complete

6、 obstruction 鼻音 nasals破裂音 plosives部分阻塞輔音 partial obstruction擦音 fricatives破擦音 affricates 等4. 輔音清濁特征 voicing輔音的送氣特征 aspiration5. 元音 vowel分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)舌翹位置，舌高和嘴唇的形狀6 雙元音 diphthongs, 有元音過渡 vowel glides1. Articulatory phonetics mainly studies _.a. the physical properties of the sounds produced in speechb. the per

7、ception of soundsc. the combination of soundsd. the production of sounds2. The distinction between vowel s and consonants lies in _a. the place of articulationb. the obstruction f airstreamc. the position of the tongued. the shape of the lips3. What is the common factor of the three sounds: p, k ta.

8、 voicelessb. spreadc. voicedd. nasal4. What phonetic feature distinguish the p in please and the p in speak?a. voicingb. aspirationc. roundnessd. nasality5. Which of the following is not a distinctive feature in English?a. voicingb. nasalc. approximationd. aspiration6. The phonological features of t

9、he consonant k are _a. voiced stopb. voiceless stopc. voiced fricatived. voiceless fricative7. p is divverent from k in _a. the manner of articulationb. the shape of the lipsc. the vibration of the vocal cordsd. the palce of articualtion8. Vibration of the vocal cords results in _a. aspirationb. nas

10、alityc. obstructiond. voicing第三節(jié) 音位學(xué) phonology1. 音位學(xué)與語音學(xué)的區(qū)別：語音學(xué)著重于語音的自然屬性，主要關(guān)注所有語言中人可能發(fā)出 的所有聲音； 音位學(xué)則強(qiáng)調(diào)語音的社會(huì)功能， 其對(duì)象是某一種語言中可以用來組合成詞句的 那些語音。2. 音位 phoneme：最小語音單位3. 音位變體allophones:讀音差別4. 對(duì)比性分布：如果兩個(gè)音段出現(xiàn)在同一個(gè)語音環(huán)境中，而且產(chǎn)生了兩個(gè)不同的單詞，5. 互補(bǔ)性分布；如果兩個(gè)基本相似的音段絕不會(huì)出現(xiàn)在相同的語音環(huán)境中，那么它們之間就是互補(bǔ)性分布的關(guān)系，如送氣p絕不會(huì)出現(xiàn)在s之后，不送氣的p絕不會(huì)出現(xiàn)在詞首6.

11、 音節(jié) syllable，分為節(jié)首 on set，節(jié)峰 peak，節(jié)尾 coda7. 輔音群 :一般作為音節(jié)節(jié)首的輔音群不能超過三個(gè)福音，節(jié)尾不能超過4 個(gè)8. 最小語音對(duì) minimal pairsI. Introduction1. What is LanguageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2. What is Linguistics（ 語言學(xué) ）Linguistics is the scientific study of language.3.Some Basic

12、 Distinctions（ 區(qū)分） in Linguistics3.1 Speech and WritingOne general principle（ 原則） of linguistic analysis is the primacy of speech over writing. Writing gives Ian guage new scope（范疇）and uses that speech does not have.3.2 Descriptive（描述性）or Prescriptive（說明性）A linguistic study is descriptive if it desc

13、ribes and analyses facts observed; it is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for correct behavior.3.3 Synchronic（ 共時(shí) ） and Diachronic（ 歷時(shí) ） StudiesThe description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study and The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachr

14、onic study.3.4 Lan gue（語言）and Parole（言語）This is a distinction made by the Swiss linguist F.De Saussure （ 索緒爾） early last century. langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and parole refers to the actualized（ 實(shí)際的 ） language, or realization of lan

15、gue.3.5 Competence（能力）and Performance（行為）Competence is the ideal language users knowledge of the rules of his language. Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances（ 發(fā)聲）.4. The Scope of LinguisticsGeneral linguistics is the study of Ianguage as a whole. Phonetics（語音學(xué)）is the

16、branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription.Phono logy（音韻學(xué)）is the branch of lin guistics which studies the sound patter ns of Ian guages. Morphology（ 詞法 ） is the branch of linguistics which stud

17、ies the form of words.Syn tax（句法）is the branch of lin guistics which studies the rules gover ning the comb in ati on of words into sentences.Semantics（語義學(xué)）is the branch of linguistics which studies the meaning of Ianguage.Applied linguistics（ 應(yīng)用語言學(xué) ） is the study of the teaching of foreign and secon

18、d languages. Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and society.Psycholinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and the mind.Historical Linguistics（ 歷史語言學(xué) ） is the study of language changes.Anthropological linguistics（ 人文語言學(xué) ） uses the theories and met

19、hods of anthropology to study language variation and language use in relation to the cultural patterns and beliefs of man. Neurolinguistics（ 神經(jīng)語言學(xué) ） studies the neurological basis of language development and use in human beings.Mathematical linguistics（ 數(shù)學(xué)語言學(xué) ） studies the mathematical features of l

20、anguage, often employing models and concepts of mathematics.Computational linguistics（ 計(jì)算語言學(xué) ） is an approach to linguistics in which mathematical techniques and concepts are applied, often with the aid of a computer.II. Phonetics（ 語音學(xué)）1. scope of phoneticsSpeech sounds may be studied from different

21、 angles, thus we have at least three branches of phonetics:Articulatory phonetics（發(fā)音語音學(xué)） we may examine the way in which a speech sound is produced to discover which vocal orga ns are in volved and how they coord in ate（協(xié)調(diào)） in the process.Auditory phonetics （ 聽覺語音學(xué)） we may look into the impression a

22、 speaker makes on the hearer as mediated（調(diào)節(jié)）by the ear, the auditory n erve（神經(jīng)）and the brain.Acoustic phonetics （聲學(xué)語音學(xué)） we study the physical properties of speech sounds, as transmitted （傳送）between mouth and ear.2. The vocal organsThe vocal organs may be viewed as consisting of three parts, the init

23、iator of the air-stream,（ 氣流 發(fā)生器官） the producer of voice （聲音發(fā)生器官）and the resonating cavities. （聲音共振器官）3. Consonan ts（輔音）Places of articulation（ 發(fā)音部位） : bilabial,（ 雙唇） Labiodentals,（ 唇齒） dental,（ 齒） alveolar, （齒齦）retroflex,（卷舌）palate-alveolar,（上齒齦）palatal,（上顎）velar,（軟腭）uvular, （小舌） glottal（ 聲門）Manner

24、s of articulation: plosive, （ 暴破） nasal（, 鼻音） trill, （顫音） lateral,（ 邊音） fricative, （摩擦）approximant,（近似音）affricate （破擦）4. Vowels （元音）The classification of vowels: the height of tongue raising （high, mid, low）, the position of the highest part of the tongue（front, central, back）, and the degree of lip

25、 rounding（rounded, unrounded）III. Phonology （音韻學(xué)）1. phonemes（音素）：a distinctive（有區(qū)另U的）sound in a Ianguage.2. Allophones（ 音位變體）： The nondistinctive sounds are members of the same phoneme.3. Minimal pairs（ 最小對(duì)立體） ： word forms which differ from each other only by one sound.4. Free variation （ 自由變異） ： If

26、 two sounds occurring in the same environment（ 環(huán)境） , they does not produce a different word form, but merely a different pronunciation of the same word.5. Complementary distribution（ 補(bǔ)充分類） ： Not all the speech sounds occur in the same environment. When two sounds never occur in the same environment.

27、6.Suprasegme ntal phono logy（超音段音位）：the study of phono logical properties（性質(zhì)） of units lager than the segment-phoneme. They are syllable（音節(jié)），stress,（重音）wordstress, sentence stress. pitch （音調(diào)） and intonation （語調(diào)） .IV. Morphology （詞法）1. inflection（ 構(gòu) 形 法 ）： the grammatical relationships through the ad

28、dition of inflectional a ffixes . （屈折詞綴）2. Word-formatio n（構(gòu)詞）：the processes 過程） of word variati ons sig nali ng lexical relati on ships. （表明詞法關(guān)系） They are compound（ 合成） and derivation （ 派生） .3. Morpheme（ 詞素）： the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content.4. Allomorph（ 同質(zhì)

29、異象變體） ： some morphemes have considerable variation, for instance, alternate shapes or phonetic forms.5. Types of morphemes: They are roots,（詞根） affix （詞綴）and stem （詞干）6. Lexicon（ 語言詞匯）： in its most general sense, is synonymous with vocabulary.7. Closed-class words（圭寸閉性） and open-class words（開放性）：the

30、 former whose membership is fixed or limited and the latter whose membership is in principle（ 實(shí)際上） indefinite or unlimited.8. Word class（詞性）：It displays a wider range of more precisely defined classes.9. Lexeme（詞位）：the smallest unit in the meaning system of a Ianguage that can be distinguished from

31、other smaller units.10. Idiom（ 習(xí)語，成語） ： Most phrasal lexemes are idioms. It is especially true for a sequence ofwords（詞序）which is semantically （語義上） and often syntactically（句法上） restricted. （限制）11. Collocatio n（搭配）：the habitual（習(xí)慣的）co-occurre nces （同時(shí)出現(xiàn)）of in dividual lexical items.V. Syntax （ 句法）1.

32、 Positional relation or word order （詞序）：the sequential（順序）arrangement of words in a language.2. Construction or constituent （ 句子結(jié)構(gòu)） ： the overall process of internal （ 內(nèi)部） organization of a grammatical unit .3. Syntactic function（ 句法功能） ： the relationship between a linguistic form and other parts of

33、 the linguistic pattern in which it is used. The names of functions are expressed in terms of subjects, objects, predicates, modifiers,（ 修飾語） complements （補(bǔ)語） , etc.4. Category（范疇）：It refers to classes and functions in its narrow sense, e.g. noun, verb, subject, predicate, noun phrase, verb phrase,

34、etc. The categories of the noun include number, gender, case and countability.5. Phrase: a single element of structure containing more than one word, and lacking the subject-predicate structure typical of clause.6. Clause: a group of words with its own subject and predicate, if it is included in a l

35、arger sentence.7. Sentence: It is the minimum part of language that expresses a complete thought.VI. Semantics1. Conceptualism or mentalism （ 概念主義） ： Following F. De Saussure（ 索學(xué)爾） s sign theory, the linguistic sign is said to consist of a signifier（所指） and signified （被指） , i.e., a sound image and a

36、 concept, liked by a psychological （心 理的） associative bond. （相關(guān)聯(lián)系）2. Mechanism（機(jī)械主義）：Some linguists, Bloomfield,布魯費(fèi)爾德） for example, turned to scienee to counter （反）-act the precious theories and this leads to what call the mechanistic approach （方法）.The nature of this theory has nothing to do with th

37、e scientific study of mental phenomena.（智力現(xiàn)象）3. Contextualism （語境主義）：It is based on the presumption（假定）that one can derive meaning from or reduce it to observable context.4. Behaviorism （ 行為主義） ： Behaviorists attempt to define （ 定義） the meaning of a language form as the situation（情景） in which the sp

38、eaker utters （說話） it and the response （反應(yīng)） it calls forth in the hearer.5. functionalism （功能主義）：functionalists as represented （代表）by the Prague school （布拉格 學(xué)派） linguists and neo-Firthian （新弗斯） linguists, approach the problem from an entirely new orientation （方法）.They argue （爭辯） that meaning could on

39、ly be interpreted （解釋） from its use or function in social life.6. Sense relationships: While reference deals with the relationship between the linguistic elements, words, sentences, etc., and the non-linguistic world of experience, sense relates to the complex system of relationships that hold betwe

40、en the linguistic elements themselves. They include synonymy（同義詞），antonym（反義詞），hyponymy（下層次）Polysemy（ 一詞多義）and Homonymy （同音異義詞）7. Semantic analysis: It includes 1） componential （成分） analysis which defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components.（ 意義成分） 2） predication （ 表述） a

41、nalysis in which the meaning of a sentence is not merely the sum of the meanings of the words which compose it. 3） relational components in which the semantic analysis of some words presents a complicated picture, because they show relations between two and perhaps more terms.VII. Language variation

42、 （ 語言變化）1. Lexical change（ 詞匯的變化） ： changes in lexis.2. Invention: （ 新造詞） new entities.3. Compounding 合成詞） New words are sometimes constructed by combining two old words.4. Blending: （ 混合詞）： It is a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two roots are blended by joining the initial part of the first root and the final