For teachers (動(dòng)詞的分類) (動(dòng)詞一)

1、For teachers (動(dòng)詞的分類) （動(dòng)詞一）第一課時(shí) 動(dòng)詞的分類及其用法動(dòng)詞可以分為五類類別（英語(yǔ)縮寫）特點(diǎn)例句實(shí)義動(dòng)詞及物動(dòng)詞(vt.)跟賓語(yǔ)The victims parents have offered a reward of $2,000.不及物動(dòng)詞(vi.)不跟賓語(yǔ)We will live on Mars by the year 2010.系動(dòng)詞(link.v.)跟表語(yǔ)Mr got married in 1960.助動(dòng)詞(aux. V)跟動(dòng)詞原形或過(guò)去分詞（無(wú)特殊意思）I have known the place for many years.When you play th

2、is game , you will play the role of Itchy feet.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞（mod.v.）跟動(dòng)詞原形（有說(shuō)話者的意思）You ought to go to the toilet before the film begins.I cant decide which film to watch.（一） 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞1.及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞實(shí)義動(dòng)詞是表示行為、動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的詞,能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ)。按其句法作用分為及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞。及物動(dòng)詞的后面要跟上名詞或代詞等作它的賓語(yǔ)，可以分為三類：1）vt.+賓語(yǔ)Eg .1.In fact, Scout doesnt trust her.2

3、. Yang Lin is watching TV.3. You will see a lot of information about that place on your screen.2）vt.+間接賓語(yǔ)（sth）+直接賓語(yǔ)（sb.）Eg. 1.-Hobbo , could you bring me some water？ -Why？ -Youre my master. 2. The police will offer the witness $100 for any useful information .3) vt.+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)Eg. 1. The students consi

4、der Mrs Gu the best teacher. 2. His jokes made us happy.不及物動(dòng)詞后面一定不能直接跟賓語(yǔ)，后面可以跟上一個(gè)介詞，構(gòu)成一個(gè)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，然后可以跟上介詞的賓語(yǔ)。Eg .1. A murder happened in Valley Town. 2. I lived in a block in the Koeloon Walled City with my parents. 3. We always walked to school together in the morning.難點(diǎn)解釋1、許多動(dòng)詞可用作及物動(dòng)詞，也可用作不及物動(dòng)詞。Eg .1.

5、 Who is going to speak at the meeting?（誰(shuí)打算在會(huì)上發(fā)言？）vi.2.Few people outside China speak Chinese.（在中國(guó)外很少人講漢語(yǔ)。）vt2、要特別注意有些動(dòng)詞英漢之間的差異。某些詞在英語(yǔ)中是不及物的，而在漢語(yǔ)中卻是及物的。有時(shí)則相反。Eg. 1.He is waiting for you.（他在等你。）英語(yǔ)wait為不及物動(dòng)詞，漢語(yǔ)“等”為及物動(dòng)詞。2.Serve the people.（為人民服務(wù)。）英語(yǔ)serve為及物動(dòng)詞，漢語(yǔ)“服務(wù)” 為不及物動(dòng)詞。易混淆的及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞Vt.vi.visitreply

6、(to)askreturn(to)winpoint (to , out)answerwait (for)felllisten (to )beatlook (at)servearrive(at, in)marryfall( down , off)enterdie (of , from)discussrise (up)attendreachdropraisekill（三）助動(dòng)詞這類詞本身無(wú)詞義，不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)，必須與其它的動(dòng)詞連用，幫助構(gòu)成時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、否定句和疑問(wèn)句等結(jié)構(gòu)。常用的助動(dòng)詞有：be, have, has, had , do, does , did , will 和shall等1.助動(dòng)詞

7、be(am, is , are , was , were)(1) “助動(dòng)詞be + 現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí)Eg.The students are having an English class. They asked me what I was doing at that time of yesterday.（2）“助動(dòng)詞be + 過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)The victim was attacked with a knife .So far ,the criminal hasnt been arrested.2. “助動(dòng)詞have(has ,had)+過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成完成時(shí)態(tài) Eg. Audery

8、 had put all her effort into ballet training before she entered the film industry. Great changes have taken place during the past ten years.3. 助動(dòng)詞do用于構(gòu)成否定句、疑問(wèn)句、倒裝句、加強(qiáng)說(shuō)話的語(yǔ)氣及代替前面剛出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)詞等Eg. -Do you live in Nanjing? -Yes , I do.The witness didnt report the suspect to the police.I do finish my homework.4

9、. 助動(dòng)詞will和shall用于構(gòu)成將來(lái)時(shí)（shall僅用于第一人稱，will可用于各種人稱）Eg. There will be more trees in one hundred years. I shall be forty next year.For teachers （延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與瞬間動(dòng)詞）（動(dòng)詞二）1）Simon的表哥離開(kāi)南京已經(jīng)兩年了.A. Simons cousin have been away from Nanjing for two years.()B. Simons cousin have left Nanjing for two years.(×)2） 他的妻

10、子自從1992年就已經(jīng)去世了.A. His wife has died since 1992. (×)B. His wife has been dead since 1992. ()英語(yǔ)的行為動(dòng)詞有持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞和瞬間性動(dòng)詞之分，使用中應(yīng)注意兩者的區(qū)別。1) 延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞是表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作可以持續(xù)一段時(shí)間或更長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，能夠和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。常見(jiàn)的有study, play, do, read, learn, drive, write, clean, sleep, speak, talk, wait, fly, stay, write, sit, stand, lie, keep等。2) 瞬

11、間性動(dòng)詞是表示一個(gè)瞬間動(dòng)作，動(dòng)作一發(fā)生即結(jié)束。亦稱終止性動(dòng)詞。常見(jiàn)的有begin, start, finish, go, come, leave, find, get up, arrive, reach, get to, enter, hear, stop, open, close, become, buy, borrow, lend, happen, join, lose, renew, die, take away, put up, set out, put on, get on/off等。以上已集中了初中教材的大部分持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞及瞬間性動(dòng)詞。難點(diǎn)解釋1、 以上兩類動(dòng)詞都能用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，表

12、示動(dòng)作到現(xiàn)在為止已結(jié)束，例如：He has studied English for three years.（他學(xué)英語(yǔ)已有3年了。）He has joined the Party.（他已入黨了。）Mum isnt at home. She has gone to the library.（媽媽不在家，她去圖書館了。）2、 延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞在完成時(shí)中能與表示持續(xù)一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用，而瞬間性動(dòng)詞則不能。例如：His parents talked with the teacher for half an hour.（他的父母跟老師談了半個(gè)小時(shí)。）My mother has lain in bed for

13、3 days.（我母親生病臥床已經(jīng)三天了。）My parents have lived in Shanghai since 1950.（我父母親從1950年起就住在上海了。）3、 瞬間性動(dòng)詞在完成時(shí)中不能與一段時(shí)間連用，如要與表示持續(xù)一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用，通常有兩種方法：（1）用意思相當(dāng)?shù)某掷m(xù)性動(dòng)詞來(lái)替換，例如：1) He has been in the army/a soldier for three years.（他參軍已有3年了。）不能用has joined2) She has been up for quite some time.（她起床已有好久了。）不能用has got up 3)

14、Has your brother been away from home for a long time?（你哥哥離家已有好久了嗎？）不能用has left常用瞬間動(dòng)詞相應(yīng)持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞關(guān)系如下：1、gobe away          2、comebe here3、come backbe back    4、leave/gobe away（be not here）5、buyhave        &

15、#160;   6、borrowkeep7、diebe dead          8、beginbe on9、finishbe over       10、openbe open11、closebe closed     12、losebe lost13、get to knowknow   14、turn onbe on15、get upbe up 

16、60;      16、sit downsit/be seated17、joinbe in（）或be amember18、becomebe（2）用it issince結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)替換瞬間動(dòng)詞，例如：1).電影已經(jīng)開(kāi)映5分鐘了。（兩種方法） The film has been on for five minutes. Its five minutes since the film began.2).他離開(kāi)上海已有3天了。（兩種方法） He has been away from Shanghai for three days. It is three d

17、ays since he left Shanghai.3).這本書我還給圖書館已有兩周了。（一種方法） Its two weeks since I returned the book to the library.4) 他找到他妹妹已有多久了？（一種方法） How long is it since be found his sister?4、瞬間動(dòng)詞的否定形式可以與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用，例如： I havent seen you for a long time.（好久沒(méi)見(jiàn)到你了。）         &#

18、160;            For teachers (過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)) （動(dòng)詞三）不用進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞 ：1）表示事實(shí)狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞，如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。eg：I have two brothers. 我有兩兄弟。 This house belongs to my sister. 這房子是我姐的。 2）表示心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞，如

19、know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等。eg： I need your help. 我需要你的幫助。 He loves her very much. 他愛(ài)她很深。 3）瞬間動(dòng)詞，如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。eg：I accept your advice. 我接

20、受你的勸告。4）系動(dòng)詞 seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, 等。eg：You seem a little tired. 你看上去有點(diǎn)累。For teachers （連系動(dòng)詞）（動(dòng)詞五）連系動(dòng)詞本身有詞義，但不完整，不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)，必須跟表語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成合成謂語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)、特征、性質(zhì)或身份。連系動(dòng)詞可具體分為三類：1、表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞be。這個(gè)詞在不同的主語(yǔ)后面和不同的時(shí)態(tài)中有不同的形式，is，am，are，was，were，have/has been等要特別予以注意。例如：He is very stron

21、g.(他很強(qiáng)壯)The police were interested in knowing if the victim had any enemies.2、表示“感覺(jué)”的詞，如look（看起來(lái)），seem(看起來(lái)似乎)，feel（覺(jué)得，摸起來(lái)），smell（聞起來(lái)），sound（聽(tīng)起來(lái)），taste（嘗起來(lái)）等，例如：She looked tired.（她看一去很疲勞。）I feel ill.（我覺(jué)得不舒服。）Cotton feels soft.（棉花摸起來(lái)很軟。）The story sounds interesting.（這個(gè)故事聽(tīng)起來(lái)很有趣。）The flowers smell sweet

22、.（這些花聞起來(lái)很香。）The mixture tasted horrible.（這藥水太難喝了。）3、表示“變”、“變成”的意思的詞，如become, get, grow, turn, 都解釋為“變”、“變得”，例如：She became a college student.（她成了一名大學(xué)生。）He feels sick. His face turns white.（他感到不舒服，他的臉色變蒼白了。）The weather gets warmer and the days get longer when spring comes.（春天來(lái)了，天氣變得暖和些了，白天也變得較長(zhǎng)些了。）He g

23、rew old.（他老了。）難點(diǎn)解釋注意區(qū)別以下一些動(dòng)詞的用法，它們既可以作為行為動(dòng)詞，又可以作為連系動(dòng)詞。1）look看；看起來(lái)He is looking at the picture.（他正在看這圖片。）行為動(dòng)詞It looks beautiful.（它看上去很美麗。）連系動(dòng)詞2）feel摸；感覺(jué)1）I felt someone touch my arm.（我感到有人碰我的手臂。）行為動(dòng)詞 Are you felling better today than before?（你今天比以前感到好些了嗎？）連系動(dòng) 詞3）smell嗅；聞起來(lái) My little brother likes to

24、smell the apple before he eats it.（我的小弟弟喜歡在吃蘋果前聞一聞。）行為動(dòng)詞 Great! The flowers smell nice.（這些花聞起來(lái)多香?。。┻B系動(dòng)詞4）sound弄響，發(fā)音；聽(tīng)起來(lái) The letter “h” in hour is not sounded.（在hour這個(gè)詞中字母h是不發(fā)音的。）行為動(dòng)詞 The gun sounded much closer.（槍聲聽(tīng)起來(lái)更近了。）連系動(dòng)詞5）taste辨味；嘗起來(lái) Please taste the soup.（請(qǐng)嘗一口湯。）行為動(dòng)詞 The soup tastes terrible.

25、（這湯嘗起來(lái)味道太差了。）連系動(dòng)詞6）get得到，獲得；變 There are some bananas on the table. Each of you can get one.（桌上有些香蕉，你們每個(gè)人可以拿一個(gè)。）行為動(dòng)詞7）grow生長(zhǎng)，種植；變 Do you grow rice in your country?（你們的國(guó)家種水稻嗎？）行為動(dòng)詞 Its too late. Its growing dark.（太遲了，天漸漸變暗了。）連系動(dòng)詞8）turn轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，翻動(dòng)，使變得；變 The earth turns around the sun.（地球繞著太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)。）行為動(dòng)詞 When spri

26、ng comes, the trees turn green and the flowers come out.（春天來(lái)了，樹(shù)葉變綠了，花兒開(kāi)了。）連系動(dòng)詞9) keep 保留，借；保持How long could I keep the book?(這本書我可以借多久？) 行為動(dòng)詞Its cold outside .Please put on more clothes to keep warm. （外面很冷。請(qǐng)多穿點(diǎn)衣服來(lái)保暖.）連系動(dòng)詞 上述句子中的動(dòng)詞如grow、get、turn等，既可以作連系動(dòng)詞，又可以作行為動(dòng)詞。如何來(lái)辨別它們呢？有一個(gè)最簡(jiǎn)便的方法，即用連系動(dòng)詞be替換句子中的這些動(dòng)

27、詞，句子仍然成立就是連系動(dòng)詞；反之，不能替換的，就是行為動(dòng)詞。例如： The trees turn/are green when spring comes.（春天來(lái)臨，樹(shù)葉變綠。） The earth turns around the sun.（地球繞著太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)。）這第二句句子中的turn是行為動(dòng)詞，意為“轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)”。無(wú)法以is替換。For teachers （情態(tài)動(dòng)詞) （動(dòng)詞六）二情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法   （一）can/ could can1、表示能力，例如：I can speak a little Japanese.（我會(huì)說(shuō)一點(diǎn)兒日語(yǔ)。）She couldnt speak Chi

28、nese when she came to our school last month.（上月她來(lái)我校時(shí)還不會(huì)說(shuō)中文。）Be able to代替can, 也可以表示能力。但can只有一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)(could), 而be able to則有更多的時(shí)態(tài)形式，例如：You will be able to talk with the foreign teacher in English next week.（下星期你將能與外國(guó)老師用英語(yǔ)交談了。）My little brother has been able to write.（我的小弟弟已會(huì)寫字了。）2、表示允許，準(zhǔn)許，這時(shí)can與may可

29、以互換，例如：Can/May I brother your bike tomorrow?Yes, of course. You can/may use my bike tomorrow.（明天我可以借你的自行車嗎？當(dāng)然可以。明天你可以用我的自行車。）You cant smoke here.（你不可以在這兒抽煙。）3、表示客觀可能性，用在否定句和疑問(wèn)句中表示說(shuō)話人的懷疑、猜測(cè)或不肯定。例如：He cannot/cant be there.（他不可能在那兒。）Can this news be true?（這消息可能直實(shí)嗎？）couldCould是can的過(guò)去式，在口語(yǔ)中經(jīng)常代替can，表示非常委婉

30、的請(qǐng)求。這時(shí)could和can沒(méi)有時(shí)間上的差別。例如：Could/Can you tell me if he will go tomorrow?（你能告訴我他明天是否去嗎？）Could/Can I ask you something if you are not busy?（如果您不太忙，我能否問(wèn)您一些事情？）Could/Can you show me the way to the nearest hospital?（您能給我指一下去最近的醫(yī)院的路嗎？）以can開(kāi)頭的一般疑問(wèn)句，其肯定和否定回答分別用can, cant   （二）may和might1、表示“準(zhǔn)許”和“許可”

31、，這時(shí)可與can替換。例如：May (can) I use your dictionary for a moment?（我可以借你的字典用一下嗎？）May I take these magazines out of the reading room? No, you mustnt.（我可以把這些雜志帶出閱覽室嗎？不，不行。）He asked me if he might go then.（他問(wèn)我他是否可以走了。）2、表示說(shuō)話人的猜測(cè)，認(rèn)為某事“可能”發(fā)生，常用于肯定句。例如：Wheres John? He may be at the library.（約翰在哪兒？他可能在圖書館。）以上例子中的

32、may be是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞may加be, 與maybe完全不同。后者是副詞，解釋為“或許”。例如：He may be at home.（他可能在家。）Maybe he was at home.（或許他在家。）3、might除表示may的過(guò)去式外，在口語(yǔ)中還常代替may, 表示非常委婉的請(qǐng)示或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的可能性較小。這時(shí)might和may沒(méi)有時(shí)間上的差異。例如：Might (May) I speak to you for a few minutes?（我現(xiàn)在可以與你談幾分鐘話嗎？）Might I have a photo of your family?（我可以要一張你們的合家照嗎？）4、在用may提問(wèn)時(shí)，

33、否定回答常用mustnt或may not表示“不行”、“不可以”。例如：May I go now? No, you mustnt. （我可以走了嗎？不，不可以。）   （三）must1、must表示說(shuō)話人的主觀意志，表示義務(wù)、命令或必要、應(yīng)當(dāng)和必須等?，F(xiàn)在式與過(guò)去式同形。例如：I must go to school today.（今天我必須上學(xué)去。）He told me I mustnt leave until my mother came.（他告訴我，在我母親回來(lái)之前我不許離開(kāi)。）2、must表示推測(cè)，“一定是”、“準(zhǔn)是”，一般用于肯定句。在疑問(wèn)句和否定句中一般應(yīng)用can

34、,否定句中也可用may， 但may not 表示“可能不”， 而cant表示“不可能”。在否定句中mustnt 表示禁止。例如：They must be very tired. Let them have a rest.（他們一定是非常疲勞了。讓他們休息一會(huì)兒吧。）Jack doesnt look well. He must be ill.（杰克看上去氣色不太好。他一定是病了。）3、以must開(kāi)頭的疑問(wèn)句，意為“不允許”肯定回答用must;否定回答則常用neednt,意為“不需要，不必”，相當(dāng)于dont have to.Eg. -Must I finish the work today？ -No, you neednt. 難點(diǎn)解釋1、have to表示“必須”、“不得不”，它不僅能代替must, 用于現(xiàn)在時(shí)和過(guò)去時(shí)以外的其他時(shí)態(tài)，強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀上的需要。例如：If we miss the last bus, we shall have to walk home.（如果我們末班車，我們將不得不走回家。）The ship started to go down slowly. We must leave the ship.（船慢慢地開(kāi)始下沉了。我們必須離開(kāi)