分詞和分詞短語(yǔ)的用法

1、分詞和分詞短語(yǔ)的用法1) 作定語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)用的分詞如果是單詞，一般放在它所修飾的名詞之前。如：Im reading a very interesting book.我在讀一本很有趣的書(shū)。He likes to drink cold boiled water. 他喜歡喝涼開(kāi)水。分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)用時(shí)，一般皆放在它所修飾的名詞的后面。它的功用相當(dāng)于定語(yǔ)從句。如：China is a developing socialist country belonging to the Third world.中國(guó)是一個(gè)發(fā)展中的社會(huì)主義國(guó)家，屬于第三世界。(= which belongs to the Third Wo

2、rld)The man sitting it the corner is my brother.坐在角落里的那個(gè)人是我的兄弟。(= who is sitting in the comer)Most of the people invited to the party did not come.被邀請(qǐng)參加晚會(huì)的人多數(shù)沒(méi)有來(lái)。(= who were invited to the party.)2)作表語(yǔ)The opera is very moving and instructive.這個(gè)歌劇很動(dòng)人，且有教育意義。The cups are broken.這些杯子是破的。He is married.他

3、已經(jīng)結(jié)婚了。注 分詞作表語(yǔ)用時(shí)，相當(dāng)于形容詞，不可與進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的分詞混淆起來(lái)。它們的形式相似，但可以從意義上加以辨別。試比較：Lei Fengs spirit is inspiring the people all over the country. 雷鋒的精神鼓舞著全國(guó)人民。(現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí))His report is inspiring. 他的報(bào)告令人鼓舞。(現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ))The road was completed by the PLA men.這條路是解放軍戰(zhàn)士修成的。(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))The road is completed.這條路已經(jīng)筑成。(過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ))3)作狀語(yǔ)分詞在意義

4、上也可用作狀語(yǔ)，表示時(shí)間、原因、方式和伴隨情況等。a)表示時(shí)間(在意義上往往相當(dāng)于表示時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)從句)。如：Looking out of the window，I saw groups of children passing by the house.我從窗口望出去，看見(jiàn)成群的孩子們從房子前面走過(guò)。(= When I locked out of the window)Heated，the metal expands.這種金屬加熱后即膨脹。(= When it is healed)Opening the drawer he took out a dictionary.他打開(kāi)抽屜，拿出一本詞典。(

5、= He opened the drawer and took.這兩個(gè)動(dòng)作是一個(gè)接著一個(gè))注如果要強(qiáng)調(diào)分詞短語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的時(shí)間關(guān)系，分詞短語(yǔ)之前可用when或while等連詞。如：While working in the factory (= While I was working in the factory)，I learnt a lot from the workers.我在工廠工作期間，從工人那里學(xué)到了很多東西。When heated，the metal expands.這種金屬加熱后即膨脹。b)表示原因(在意義上相當(dāng)于表示原因的狀語(yǔ)從句)。如：Feeling tired, I

6、telephoned and said I couldnt come to a hospital of Chinese medicine.我感到累，打電話說(shuō)我不能去。(= Since I felt tired)Thinking that Chinese medicine might help，he went to a hospital of Chinese medicine.他想中醫(yī)也許有效，于是到一家中醫(yī)醫(yī)院去治病。(= As he thought that.)Inspired by the excellent situation they worked even harder.在太好形勢(shì)的

7、鼓舞下，他們更加努力工作。(= Since they are inspired by.)c)表示方式、伴隨情況及結(jié)果(這種用法沒(méi)有相當(dāng)?shù)臓钫Z(yǔ)從句可以代替)。如：He came running back to tell us the news.他跑著回來(lái)告訴我們這個(gè)消息。(方式)She stood there waiting for the bus.她站在那兒等公共汽車。(伴隨情況或方式)The child fell，striking head against the door and cutting it.小孩摔了一跤，頭在門上碰破了。(結(jié)果)He went out slamming the

8、door.他走出去砰地一聲把門關(guān)上。(伴隨情況)The lichens came borne by storms.這些地衣是由暴風(fēng)雨帶來(lái)的。(方式) 分詞的否定結(jié)構(gòu)現(xiàn)在分詞的否定式由not后加現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成。如：Not knowing what to do，she went to the teacher for help.她不知道該怎么辦，就去請(qǐng)老師幫助。I left at noon，not staying for lunch.我是中午走的，沒(méi)有留下來(lái)吃午飯。過(guò)去分詞表否定時(shí)，常借助un-等前綴表示。如：The boy was left uncared for.那孩子無(wú)人照管。

9、0;含有分詞的復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)分詞可作復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)?？捎羞@種復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有see，watch，hear，set，keep，find，have，get等等。如：We saw them walking across the road.我們看見(jiàn)他們穿過(guò)那條馬路。We heard the children singing “I Love Beijings Tian An Men”我們聽(tīng)見(jiàn)孩子們唱我愛(ài)北京天安門。I found my hometown almost completely rebuilt.我發(fā)現(xiàn)故鄉(xiāng)幾乎全部改建過(guò)了。在have或get后面的復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中，賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)多是過(guò)去分詞，而它所表示

10、的動(dòng)作又往往由別人所完成。如：We must get the television set repaired.我們必須把電視機(jī)修好。(請(qǐng)別人修)I had my watch mended in town.我在城里修的表。(叫別人修的)If we have shortcomings，we are not afraid to have them pointed out and criticized.我們?nèi)绻腥秉c(diǎn)，就不怕別人批評(píng)指出。(請(qǐng)別人指出)但have的復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中的過(guò)去分詞的動(dòng)作有時(shí)不一定由別人來(lái)完成，而是表自己的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。如：He had his arm broken.他把手臂折斷了。(不是別

11、人給弄折的，而是自己弄折的)注一上述句子結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，除主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)互換位置外，分詞不動(dòng)。如上面的第一、二例句即可變?yōu)椋篢hey were seen walking across the road.The children were heard singing“I Love Beijing Tian An Men”。注二現(xiàn)在分詞在復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中和動(dòng)詞不定式在復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中的意義稍有不同。后者指事情的全過(guò)程，目的在于僅僅說(shuō)明發(fā)生了這件事；前者指正在繼續(xù)的動(dòng)作的一部分，目的在于將該動(dòng)作當(dāng)時(shí)進(jìn)行的情景呈現(xiàn)于讀者之前，其含義相當(dāng)于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。如：I saw him go upstairs.我看見(jiàn)他上樓去了。(看見(jiàn)他上樓整個(gè)過(guò)程，只說(shuō)明他上樓這件事)I saw him going upstairs.我看見(jiàn)他走上樓的。(只看見(jiàn)他上樓這個(gè)動(dòng)作的一部分，說(shuō)明他上樓的情景)I was working in the room all morning· I heard s