介詞講義完整版

1、介詞一，介詞的分類1. 簡(jiǎn)單介詞，是指單個(gè)的介詞如： in, on, at, on, to, with 等2. 合成介詞，是指兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單介詞合在一起構(gòu)成的介詞如： into, onto, without, inside3. 短語(yǔ)介詞，是指一個(gè)或兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單介詞與一個(gè)或幾個(gè)其他詞類的詞組合，在意義和作用上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單介詞的短語(yǔ)如： instead of 代替because of 因?yàn)閕n front of在.的前面according to按照二，表示時(shí)間的介詞1.at 表示具體的時(shí)間點(diǎn)如:at eight o (clock聯(lián)想： at 構(gòu)成的固定短語(yǔ)：at first 首先at least 至少at

2、 present 目前at noon 在中午at the age of 在.歲時(shí)at the moment在目前，現(xiàn)在at the same time同時(shí)at school 在上學(xué)at the end of 在。末如： In some western countries shops are closed_ weekends.2.in 用于年，月，季節(jié)，上午，下午，晚上等。in March 在三月in spring 在春天in 2008 在 2008 年in the morning/afternoon/evening注意： in 表示在某一季節(jié)或某一月份時(shí)，一般不加冠詞，但季節(jié)和月份的意義 一旦

3、具體化，就要加定冠詞 the 。如： The weather is a little in May.An earthquake happened in Sichuan in the May of 2008.In summer children are happy because they can swim.聯(lián)想： in 構(gòu)成的固定短語(yǔ)：hand in 上交in fact 事實(shí)上in surprise 吃驚地in search of 尋找in public 當(dāng)眾in the end 最后，終于in no time 立刻，馬上in a minute 立刻，馬上in front of 在.前面in

4、a word 一句話，總而言之in good health 身體健康的do well in 在.方面干的不錯(cuò)be interested in 對(duì) .感興趣in common 共同的show great interest in 對(duì)。感興趣in the last/past several years在過去的幾年里3. 表示具體的某一天或某一天的早晨，晚上等，用 on。如： In the morning I often get up at six o clock butSunday morning, I get up at seven.A traffic accident happened near

5、 our school the night ofMay 2 nd, 2014.聯(lián)想： on 構(gòu)成的固定短語(yǔ)：on board 乘坐(車，飛機(jī))on earth 到底o(hù)n foot 步行on holiday 度假be on show 展覽on the other hand 另一方面書on one s way to 在某人去 .的路上on duty 值班，值日on fire 著火on hire 雇傭on time 按時(shí)on the right 在右邊a book on history 一本關(guān)于歷史的4. 表示時(shí)間的 since, for, by, during, until(1) since (自

6、從)后跟具體的過去時(shí)間， for 后接一段時(shí)間。 for 和 since 短語(yǔ)所 在的句子應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。如:Great changes have taken place in my hometown since the year 2000.We have lived in the city for about five years.(2) by+ 時(shí)間點(diǎn)，意為“到 .為止”，如果 by 后面跟的是將來的時(shí)間點(diǎn)，用一般 將來時(shí)或?qū)硗瓿蓵r(shí)，如果 by 后面跟一個(gè)過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)，用過去完成時(shí)。如： I will finish eating by nine oclock.By

7、 the end of last week, we had finished learning Unit5.(3) during+ 時(shí)間段，與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用，表示某期間的動(dòng)作。如： She had trained hard during the four years to get ready for LondonOlympic Games.(4) until+ 時(shí)間點(diǎn)，意為“道 .為止”，句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞若是非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，構(gòu)成 句型 not.until 直到 .才如： We stayed there until the sunset.We didn t go home until the sun

8、set.(5) 表示時(shí)間前后的 before, afterbefore 在.之前，after 在.之后如: We must hand in our homework before class.After half past eleven we can relax ourselves.注意： before 作為介詞，還可以表示“面臨，面對(duì)”如： What should you do before so many difficulties?I had nothing to say before her.三 表示方位，地點(diǎn)，行為對(duì)象等的介詞1. 表示方位的介詞 in, to, onin 表示包含關(guān)系

9、，意為“在。 。范圍內(nèi)”， o n 表示相鄰關(guān)系，接壤； to 表示相 隔關(guān)系。如： China is the east of Asia.Japan is the east of China.Russia is the north of China.2. 表示“上下”等方位的介詞 over, under, above, below, on(1) over 在。正上方，其反義詞為 under如： There is a football under the desk.I looked up and saw a plane flying over my head.(2) above 表示“在。上方”

10、，非垂直關(guān)系 , 其反義詞為 below如:The plane is flying above the clouds.(3) on 在。之上，指兩者表面接觸。其反義詞也為 under3. 表示“前后”的介詞和短語(yǔ)介詞(1) in front of 在。前面，指在范圍之外的前面，和 before 意義接近。 如： There are some bikes in front of the teaching building.(2) behind 是 in front of 的反義詞，意為“在。 。后面”(3) in the front of表示在范圍之內(nèi)的前面，其反義詞組是 at the back

11、 of4. by, beside 在。旁邊； between 在兩者之間 , among 在三者及以上之間(1) by 和 beside 意義相近如： Do you know the man who is standing by the window?Lucy sits beside me. She is my deskmate.(2) between 指兩者之間，也表示三者或多者中的每?jī)烧咧g； among 指三個(gè) 或三個(gè)以上的事物或人之間。注意： between 表示兩者之間，只要構(gòu)成雙方關(guān)系，就可以用 between如： There are so many desks in the cl

12、assroom that there is hardly any room to move between them. 教室里有這么多張課桌，幾乎沒有空間從它們 中間穿過。5. across, through 穿過across 從表面穿過， through 穿越，穿透，透過，指從物體內(nèi)部穿過。如： (1)When you go the road, you must be careful.(2)Which river runs Shanghai?(3) -I left my keys in the room yesterday. I had to get in thewindow.-It s d

13、angerous to do that.A. in B. through C. over D. to6. 表示里外的 in, inside, into, onto, out of, outside(1) in 在。之內(nèi)如: My keys are in my pocket.注意：外來物“在樹上”，用in，樹上結(jié)出的東西“在樹上”，用on如： There are some birds the tree.Autumn comes and some red applesthe apple trees comeinto people seyes.(2) inside 在。里面，到。里面。反義詞為 ou

14、tside如： Listen ！Someone is talking in a low voice inside the door.Don t stay outside.(3) into 到。內(nèi)。強(qiáng)調(diào)空間或狀態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換。反義詞為out of如： Why not go into the house and have a look?He looked out of the window and saw some people coming back from work. 注意: out of 還有“脫離，失去”等意義。如 : He has been out of work for long.Fish

15、 can t live long out of water.7. 表示“靠近”的 near, next to, aroundnear 在。附近next to 在。旁邊around 在。周圍如： There is a park near our neighborhood.I didn t remember to phone until near the end of the week.The mouse is next to my computer.That patient is next to death.The flowers and applause( 掌聲) are always aro

16、und the winners.注意： around 還表示“大約”，同義詞： about如:It was around/about twelve o clock in the evening.8. 表示運(yùn)動(dòng)方向的 for, to, towards(1) for 常接在 leave ， start 等動(dòng)詞之后，表示運(yùn)動(dòng)的方向或目的地。如： They ll leave for Beijing to attend the meeting next month.(2) to 跟在 go ， come, return, move 等動(dòng)詞之后，表示目的地，它既表示運(yùn)動(dòng) 方向，又包含運(yùn)動(dòng)結(jié)果。如： Whe

17、n did you return to Guangzhou after the summer holiday?(3) towards 朝，向。只說明運(yùn)動(dòng)的方向，沒有“到達(dá)”的意思如：The teacher is coming towards the classroom now.9. 表示行為對(duì)象的 to, at一般來說， at 同某些動(dòng)詞連用，表示攻擊目標(biāo)，含有某種程度的惡意； to 則只 表示方向，并無(wú)惡意。如：I threw the ball to him and he threw it at the dog.He cameme and said hello to me.A dog cam

18、eher and she was frightened（受驚嚇的）。10. 最高級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)中表示范圍的 of, in同類比較時(shí)，若主語(yǔ)和范圍一致，一般用 of, of 后多為數(shù)詞或可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)；將 某人/某物置于集體或環(huán)境中進(jìn)行比較時(shí)，用 in, in 后一般是可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)。 如:She is the most beautiful girlthe three sisters.Tom is the tallest boy the class.四表示“除。之外”的介詞1. besides 除。之外還如：Five others were late besides me.There will be fi

19、ve of us for dinner, besides John.2.but, except 除。之外。 but 常與否定詞連用如：No one but we knows about the news.He has few friends except you in this school.He has few friends except you in this school.They all went to sleep except me.如：The care is really wonderful except for its price.The composition is quit

20、e good except for a few spelling mistakes.五表示方式，手段或工具的介詞3.except for 表示從整體中排除，除之外，前后不是一類事物1.by, in, on 表交通方式by bike=on a bike, by car=in a car如: Do you usually come to school by bike?2. by, in with 表示手段或工具（ 1） by 表示用某種方式或手段。名此前不加冠詞如：This pair of shoes is made by hand.The old man had to make money by

21、 selling vegetables.(2)in 表示使用某種語(yǔ)言，用墨水，顏色，顏料等。名此前不加冠詞如：Can you say it in English?Please write it in ink, not in pencil.(3)with 后跟具體的工具如：People here build houses with stones.I like to write with a ball pen.拓展： with 常用來表示伴隨，意為“有，帶有” ，其反義詞為 without如： This is a house with a garden.Fish can t live withou

22、t water.六引出動(dòng)詞不定式邏輯主語(yǔ)的介詞1. 一般情況下用 for sb. to do sth如： It s necessary for us to learn English.It s difficult for children to read such a book.2. 表示品質(zhì)，性格，特征的形容詞后用 of sb. to do sth., 這類句型中動(dòng)詞不定 式的邏輯主語(yǔ)和形容詞構(gòu)成主系表結(jié)構(gòu)。如： It s foolish of him to make such a decision.It s kind of you to give me so much help.七 其它介

23、詞的用法1.as 作為， as for 至于如： students we should work hard.He works a teacher in this school.him, I know nothing.2. thanks to 同 because of ，意為“因?yàn)椋捎凇比纾?Thanks to your help, I am good at my lessons.Because of the weather, we have to put off the sports meet.八介詞的省略1.in 的省略be busy (in) doing sth 忙于做某事have di

24、fficulty/trouble (in) doing sth.做某事有困難(in) this/that way 以這種/ 那種方法spend.(in) doing sth. 花費(fèi)。做某事have a good time (in) doing sth.做某事很高興waste. (in) doing浪費(fèi)。做某事There s no use/good (in) doing sth. 做某事有用 / 沒有好處2.for 的省略for+ 時(shí)間段里的 for, 在口語(yǔ)中可以省略， 尤其是在肯定句中。 但是在否定句中或 在句首一般不可以省略。如:The rain lasted (for) a whole

25、after noon.He has been waiting (for) three hours.We haven t seen each other for a long time.For a whole month, there is no rain.九常用介詞短語(yǔ)1. 常與 with 連用的短語(yǔ)do with 處置，對(duì)付go on with 繼續(xù)。agree with 同意。be busy with 忙于keep/catch up with 跟上fill.with 用。裝滿。be familiar with.熟悉。be popular with. 受。歡迎be angry with sb

26、. 生某人的氣cover.with 用。覆蓋。help.with. 在。方面幫助。 get on well with 與。相處的好 be strict with sb. 對(duì)某人要求嚴(yán)格 be pleased with sb. 對(duì)某人感到滿意2. 常與 at 連用的短語(yǔ)look at 看knock at 敲at last 最后at once 立刻laugh at 嘲笑。shoot at 朝。射擊work at 致力于。be good at 擅長(zhǎng)。be weak at 不擅長(zhǎng)。arrive at 到達(dá)某地（小地方）be amazed at 對(duì)。感到吃驚3. 常與 on 連用的短語(yǔ)get on 上車turn on 打開try on 試穿put on 穿上call on 號(hào)召depend on 依靠