高一英語語法：必修120間接引語

1、高中英語講義二十、間接引語1概述1 .引用或轉(zhuǎn)述別人說的話時有兩種方法：直接引述別人的原話，這叫做直接引語（directspeech）, 一般直接引語前后要加引號。如：Mr.Black said, "I'm busy.”布菜克先生說："我很忙"。（直接引語）2 .用自己的話轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話，叫間接引語（indirect speech）, 一般間接引語不用引號，而用 賓語從句來表達(dá)。Mr.Black said that he was busy.布菜克先生說他很忙。（賓語從句是間接引語）3 .從上例看來，直接引語改為間接引語時，除將直接引語改為賓語從句之外，還須對

2、直接引語中的人稱和時態(tài)進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的變化， 如上例直接引語中的 I 改成了 he， am 則改成了 was。現(xiàn)將由直接引語改為間接引語時應(yīng)注意的問題分述如下：2當(dāng)直接引語是陳述句時直接引語如果是陳述句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，用連詞 that 引導(dǎo)（ that 在口語中常省去） ， that從句之前用say、 tell 等動詞，從句中的人稱、時態(tài)、指示代詞、時間狀語、地點(diǎn)狀語等要作相應(yīng)的變化。人稱的變化 直接引語改為間接引語人稱要相應(yīng)的變化，把直接引語中的第一人稱（如： I ， me,my ， mine,we,us,our,ours）變?yōu)榕c主句的主語相一致的人稱。如： He said,“ I like i

3、t very much. ”他說： “我非常喜歡它” 。f He said that he liked it very much.他說他非常喜歡它。（I 改為 he, it 不變） 把直接引語中的第二人稱（you,your,yours）變?yōu)楹椭骶涞拈g接賓語（即聽話人，如無話人，可根據(jù)上下文的體會人為確定一個人稱）相一致的人稱。He said,"You told me this story. ”他說： “你給我講過這個故事。 ”f He said that I had told him that story.他說我給他講過那個故事。（You改為I, me改為him ,told 改為 h

4、ad told） 直接引語中的第三人稱（he,him,his,she,her,hers,it,its,they,their,theirs,them） 變?yōu)殚g接引語時，人稱不變。He said to me, “She's left her book in your room ” .他對我說： “她把書放在你的房間里去了。f He told me that she had left her book in my room. 他對我說她把書放在我的房間里（She's-she had,her 不變,yourfmy）時態(tài)的變化 主句的謂語動詞是一般過去時如主句的謂語動詞是一般過去時， 直

5、接引語變間接引語時， 從句的謂語動詞在時態(tài)方面要作相應(yīng)的變化。直接引語改為間接引語時，動詞時態(tài)相應(yīng)變化如下：He said,"I usually watch TV on Sunday. ”他說： “我常在星期天看電視” 。f He said that he usually watched TV on Sunday.他說他常在星期天看電視。He said,“ I'm using the knife. ”他說： “我正在用小刀。 ”f He said that he was using the knife.他說他正在用小刀。She said“, I have not heard

6、from him since May. ” 她說： “自從五月份來我就沒收到他的來信。 ” fShe said that she had not heard from him since May.她說自五月以來她就沒收到他的來信。He said,“ I came to help you. ”他說： “我來幫助你。 ”f He said that he had come to help me.他說他來幫助我。He said,“ I had finished my homework before supper. ”他說： “晚飯前我己做完了作業(yè)。 ”f He said that he had fi

7、nished his homework before supper.他說晚飯前他己做完了作業(yè)。Zhou Lan said, “ Ill do it after class. ”周蘭說： “下課后我就去做。 ” fZhou Lan said that she would do it after class.周蘭說下課后她就去做。He said,“ I shall be doing my homework then. ”他說： “那時我將正在做作業(yè)。 ”f He said that he should be doing his homework then.他說那時他將正在做作業(yè)。He said,

8、“ We shall have finished the work by that time. ”他說： “我們將在那時以前完成工作。 ” f He said that they should have finished the work by that time.他說他們將在那時前完成工作。注意：直接引語如果是客觀真理、名人名言、與一個具體的過去時間連用說明客觀事實(shí)時，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，時態(tài)不變。The teacher said, “ The earth is round. ”老師說： “地球是圓的。 ”fThe teacher said that the earth is round.老師說

9、地球是圓的。He said,"I was born in Shangdong in 1965. ”他說： “我 1965 年生于山東。 ”f He said that he was born in Shangdong in 1965.他說他 1965 年生于山東。He said,“ Columbus discovered America in 1492. ”他說： “哥倫布在 1492 年發(fā)現(xiàn)了美洲。 ”f He said Columbus discovered America in1492.他說哥倫布在 1492 年發(fā)現(xiàn)了美洲。 主句的謂語動詞是現(xiàn)在時或?qū)頃r如果主句的謂語動詞是現(xiàn)

10、在時或?qū)頃r，直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時，時態(tài)一律不變He says, “ I finished the work. ”他說： “我做完工作了。 ”f He says that he finished the work.他說他做完工作了。He will say,"I have watered the flowers. ”他會說： “我己經(jīng)澆花了。 ”f He will say he has watered the flowers.他會說他己經(jīng)澆花了。3.指示代詞、時間狀語和地點(diǎn)狀語的相應(yīng)變化見下表：直接引語間接引語指示代詞this/theEeWat/those時間狀語nowthentod

11、aythat dayt oni ghtthat nigMthis week(iiLonth.)that week (montlx)yesterdaythe day beforelast week(month.)the week (month. ) beforetwo we已ks (month)agotwo veeks(lonths)beforetomorrowthe next daynest vr&ek (ji6nth.)the next week 飆4日th) .地點(diǎn)狀語herethere動詞conegobrin岑takeHe said,"I met Mr.Smith th

12、is morning."他說“我今天早晨見到史密斯了。”一He said that he had met Mr.Smith that morning.他說他那天早晨見到史密斯了。He said, "We went to the cinema yesterday."他說："我們昨天去電影院了?！眆 He said they had gone to the cinema the day before.他說前一天他們?nèi)ル娪霸毫恕ily said, "I will come back next month.“莉莉說："我下個月回來?！币籐i

13、ly said that she would go back the next month.莉莉說她下一個月就回去。He said, " It is nine o'clock now."他說：“現(xiàn)在九點(diǎn)了?！耙籋e said that it was nine o'clock then.他說那時九點(diǎn)了。He said,"I haven't seen her today."他說："今天我沒見到她。”一 He said that he hadn't seen her that day他說那天他沒有見到她。She sai

14、d, " I went there yesterday."她說：“昨天我去了那兒。”fShe said that she had gone there the day.before她說前一天她去了那兒。She said, " Ill go there tomorrow."她說：“明天我將去那兒?！眆She said that she would go there the next day.她說第二天她將去那兒。He said,"My sister was here three days ago."他說："三天前我妹妹在這兒。

15、”f He said that his sister had been there three days before.他說三天前他妹妹在刃BJL。(here-there; ago-before)She said, " I will come here this evening."她說：“今晚我將來這兒。”fShe said that she would go there that evening.她說刃B晚她斗哥去刃BJL。(come-go; here-there;this-that)以上這些變化，要根據(jù)說話的具體時間和具體地點(diǎn)的情況而定，不可機(jī)械照搬。如果就在當(dāng)?shù)剞D(zhuǎn)述，

16、here就不必改為there,come也不必改為 go,如果就在當(dāng)天轉(zhuǎn)述，yesterday或tomorrow 等時間狀語也不必改變。直接引語中的一般過去時如與一個具體的過去時間狀語連用，間接引語的一般過去時時態(tài)不變。Father said, “I am free this afternoon" 父親說： "我今天下午有空。 “f Father said that he was free this afternoon.父親說他今天下午有空。He said,"I am going there tomorrow. ”他說“我明天去那里。 ”f He said that

17、 he was going there tomorrow.他說他明天去那里。巧記：去掉引號加that,人稱變化要靈活，時態(tài)向后退一步，狀語變化按規(guī)定。3當(dāng)直接引語是疑問句時直接引語如為疑問句，改為間接引語時， 須將疑問句的語序改為陳述句的語序。其人稱、時態(tài)等相應(yīng)的變化同上。巧記：if(或whether)替引號，陳述語序要記牢。時態(tài)人稱和狀語要變化，千萬別把它忘掉。1 .直接引語是一般問句變?yōu)殚g接引語時，須用連接詞 whether 或 if 將其引出，使其成為間接引語的賓語從句。如果主句中的謂語動詞為said,則將其改為asked。如果謂語動詞后沒有間接賓語，可以加上一個間接賓語 me,him

18、, her, them,us 等。She said,“ Is your father an engineer? ”她說： “你父親是工程師嗎？”fShe asked me whether my father was anengineer.她問我說我父親是否是工程 JM。The teacher said to Li Ming, “ Have you finished your homework? ”老師對李明說： “你做完作業(yè)了嗎？”fThe teacher asked Li Ming whether he had finished his homework.老師問李明是否已做完作業(yè)了。2 .直

19、接引語是特殊問句如果直接引語為特殊疑問句，改為間接引語時，仍用特殊疑問句中的疑問詞 what,where ，when,who,how many 作為連接詞將其引出， 構(gòu)成間接引語中的賓語從句， 但須將疑問式的動詞改為陳述式。如果主句中的謂語動詞為 said ，則將其改為asked。巧記：直接去引號，陳述語序莫忘掉。助動do(does)、did,要去掉。“ What do you do every Sunday morning? ” my friend said to me. 我的朋友問我說，每星期天上午你做什么？f My friend asked me what I did every Sun

20、day morning.我的朋友問我每星期天上午我做什么?！癢here have you been,Li Ming?"the teacher asked. 老師問道： “你上哪里去了，李明？”fThe teacher asked Li Ming where he had been.老師問李明曾去過哪兒。I asked her, “ How many English books will you read next term? ”我問她說： “下學(xué)期你將讀多少本英語書？”f I asked her how many English books she would read the ne

21、xt term.我問她下學(xué)期將讀多少本英文書。“ When did you get up this morning?"asked my father. 我父親問道： “今天早晨你什么時候起床的？”f My father asked me when I had got up that morning. 我父親問我那天早晨我是什么時候起床的。注意：直接引語里是： What's wrong with?/What's the matter?/What's the trouble?/What hashappened?售特殊疑問句時，間接引語的語序不變。He said to her"What's the matter with you? ”他問她“你怎么了？”He asked her what was the matter with her. 他問她怎么了。4當(dāng)直接引語是祈使句時巧記：去掉引號要加 to; ask, order須記住，直引若是否定式，not加在