虛擬語氣 (2)

1、1虛擬語氣虛擬語氣一、概念 虛擬語氣用來表示說話人的主觀愿望或假想，所說的是一個(gè)條件，不一定是事實(shí)，或與事實(shí)相反。二、在條件句中的應(yīng)用 條件句可分為兩類，一類為真實(shí)條件句，一類為非真實(shí)條件句。非真實(shí)條件句表示的是假設(shè)的或?qū)嶋H可能性不大的情況，故采用虛擬語氣。1.真實(shí)條件句 : 主將從現(xiàn) If he comes, he will bring his violin. 2.非真實(shí)條件句條件從句(if)的謂語形式主句的謂語形式與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反一般過去式 (be-were)would / could / might / should +V.原形與過去事實(shí)相反過去完成式 had +donewould /co

2、uld / might / should have done與將來事實(shí)相反一般過去式 should + V.原形were to dowould / could / might / should V.原形a. If they were here, they would help you. If she had time, she would go with you.b. If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded.C. If you succeeded, everything would be all right.If you shoul

3、d succeed, everything would be all right.If you were to succeed, everything would be all right. 三、混合條件句主句與從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在不同的時(shí)間，這時(shí)主，從句謂語動(dòng)詞的虛擬語氣形式因時(shí)間不同而不同，這叫做混合條件句。If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now.（從句與過去事實(shí)相反，主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反。）If it had rained last night (過去), it would be very cold today

4、 (現(xiàn)在). 四、.虛擬條件句的倒裝虛擬條件句的從句部分如果含有were, should, 或 had, 可將 if 省略，再把 were, should 或 had 移到從句句首，實(shí)行倒裝。1）Were they here now, they could help us.=If they were here now, they could help us.2）Had you come earlier, you would have met him=If you had come earlier, you would have met him.3）Should it rain, the cro

5、ps would be saved.=Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.五、特殊的虛擬語氣詞： should11 1) ) 在在在主主主語語語從從從句句句中中中的的的應(yīng)應(yīng)應(yīng)用用用 It is insisted/ ordered/command/ suggested /advised/ proposedrequired/demanded/requested/asked that+ (should) doIt is suggested that we (should) hold a meeting next week It is important

6、 /necessary/ natural/strange that+ (should) doIt is necessary that he (should) come to our meeting tomorrowIt is a pity/ a shame/no wonder that+ (should) doIt is a great pity that he should be so selfish。真遺憾，他竟然那么自私。22 2）在在在賓賓賓語語語從從從句句句中中中的的的應(yīng)應(yīng)應(yīng)用用用 ：在表示命令、建議、要求等一類動(dòng)詞后面的從句中一個(gè)堅(jiān)持： insist 兩個(gè)命令： order, co

7、mmand三個(gè)建議： suggest, advise, propose 四個(gè)要求： demand, require, ask, desireThe examination instructor asked that the students (should) not use a calculator. 考官要求學(xué)生不要使用計(jì)算器。The workers demanded that their wages (should) be raised by 10 percent. 工人們要求增加百分之十的工資。They requested that he (should) sing a song. 他們

8、要求他唱一首歌。2注意：動(dòng)詞 suggest 和 insist 后面的賓語從句，應(yīng)根據(jù)不同情況選用陳述語氣或虛擬語氣。1）suggest 作“建議”解時(shí)，用虛擬語氣，作 “使想起、暗示 ”解時(shí)，用陳述語氣。His silence suggested that he agreed with my decision.他的沉默暗示他贊同我的決定。He suggested that I (should) stick to my decision.他建議我堅(jiān)持自己的決定。2）insist 作“堅(jiān)決要求，堅(jiān)持要某人做某事時(shí) ”解時(shí)，用虛擬語氣，作 “堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為”解時(shí)，用陳述語氣。He insists tha

9、t doing morning exercises does good to their health. 他堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為做早操對(duì)健康有益。（強(qiáng)調(diào)）He insists that he (should) do morning exercises every day.他堅(jiān)持每天都要做早操。（要求）33 3）在在在表表表語語語從從從句句句，同同同位位位語語語從從從句句句中中中的的的應(yīng)應(yīng)應(yīng)用用用在 suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice 等名詞后面的表語從句、同位語從句中要用虛擬語氣，即（should）+動(dòng)詞原形。My idea is that we

10、 (should) get more people to attend the conference.I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week. 六、虛擬語氣特殊句型： 1.wish 的賓語從句 2. If only ”要是就好了” 意思等同 wish3. as if /though + Clause4. Would rather that5.Its (about/high) time +that -用過去式或用 should 加動(dòng)詞原形，但 should 不可省略 It is time that the child

11、ren went to bed. It is high time that the children should go to bed.6.without 和 but for 構(gòu)成虛擬。 but for“要不是” Without sunlight, peoples life would be different from today. But for your help, I wouldnt have finished the work.十、帶有 even if/ even though 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句的主從復(fù)合句中，主句和從句都用虛擬語氣，動(dòng)詞形式與含有非真實(shí)條件句的虛擬語氣相同。如 :

12、 Even if he had been ill, he would have gone to his office. 即使生了病，他都去辦公室。Even if he were here, he could not solve the problem at once, too. 即使他在這里，他也不能立即解決這個(gè)問題。 （事實(shí)上他沒有在這里。 ） Even though she had been very busy, she would have helped us.即使當(dāng)時(shí)她很忙，她還是會(huì)幫助我們的。 （事實(shí)上她當(dāng)時(shí)并不十分忙，故幫助了我們） 。十一、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+have done(一)表示虛

13、擬1.could+ have done 表示過去沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性，意為“本來可以（可能） ”。如：You could have done better, but you didnt try your best.現(xiàn)在：過去時(shí)（ were) I wish I were a bird. I wish I knew the answer. 過去：過去完成時(shí) I wish she had taken my advice.未來：would/could/might+V. I wish you would stay an hour longer 現(xiàn)在/未來：過去時(shí) I would rather she set

14、 out to do the work now. I would rather she paid me the money tomorrow. 過去：過去完成時(shí) I would rather you hadnt told him the news that day.現(xiàn)在：過去時(shí)（ were) She loves the students as if / though they were her own children 過去：過去完成時(shí) It seems as if he had met her before.未來：would/could/might+V. It looks as if he

15、would not marry her.If only we knew where to look for him. 如果我們知道上哪里找找他就好了。If only the alarm clock had rung.當(dāng)時(shí)鬧鐘響了，就好了。If only it would stop raining this afternoon. 但愿下午雨能停。32. should/ought to + have done 表示“本該做某事而沒做” You failed again. You should have done it much better.shouldnt/ ought not to + hav

16、e done”表示“本不該做的事情卻做了”。 You should not climbed that hill. You might have killed yourself.3. would rather +have done 意為“當(dāng)時(shí)寧愿做了某事”。 would rather not have done 表示“當(dāng)時(shí)寧愿沒做了某事”，兩者都有“后悔”之意。如：a. I raised objections at the meeting, but now I would rather not have done that.b. I would rather have refused his o

17、ffer.4. had better + have done 用于事后的建議，含有輕微責(zé)備的口吻，意為“當(dāng)時(shí)最好做了某事”。其否定形式 “had better not have done”表示相反的含義。如：a. Youd better have started earlier. b. Youd better not have scolded her.(二) 過去情況的推測(cè)1. must + have done 表示對(duì)過去情況的肯定推測(cè)，意為“想必，準(zhǔn)是，一定”。如：It must have rained last night, for the road is quite muddy.3may

18、/might + have done 一般只用于肯定句或否定句，不用于疑問句，表示對(duì)過去情況不肯定的推測(cè)，意為“也許已經(jīng)”。 a. Its too late. I think he may have gone to bed.b. They might not have considered me as their friend.主謂一致主謂一致 Subject-Subject- VerbVerb AgreementAgreement主謂一致指”人稱”和”數(shù)方面的一致關(guān)系.如: He is going abroad. They are playing football.可分為:語法一致, 內(nèi)容一

19、致, 就近一致.(一) 語法一致原則:即主語為單數(shù),謂語用單數(shù),主語為復(fù)數(shù),謂語也用復(fù)數(shù). 以下為注意事項(xiàng):1.單數(shù)主語即使后面帶有 with , along with, together with, like(象), but (除了),except, besides, as well as, no less than, rather than(而不是), including, in addition to 引導(dǎo)的短語, 謂語動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù). 如: Air as well as water is matter. 空氣和水都是物質(zhì). No one except two servants was l

20、ate for the dinner. 除了 兩個(gè)仆人外, 沒有一個(gè)人遲來用餐2.用 and 連接的并列主語,如果主語是同一個(gè)人,同一事,同一概念, 謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù), 否則用復(fù)數(shù). 如: The poet and writer has come. 那位詩人兼作家來了.(一個(gè)人)A hammer and a saw are useful tools. 錘子和鋸都是有用的工具. (兩樣物)用 and 連接的成對(duì)名詞習(xí)慣上被看成是一個(gè)整體, 如:bread and butter(黃油抹面包), knife and fork(刀叉)等作主語時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).3.不定式(短語), 動(dòng)名詞(短語),

21、或從句作主語時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù). 如:Serving the people is my great happiness. 為人民服務(wù)是我最大的幸福.When well go out for an outing has been decided. 我們什么時(shí)候出去郊游已決定了.4.用連接的并列主語被 each, every 或 no 修飾時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming. 每個(gè)男孩和每個(gè)女孩都喜歡去游泳.No teacher and no student was absent from the meeting. 沒

22、有老師也沒有學(xué)生開會(huì)缺席.Each man and (each) woman is asked to help. 每個(gè)男人和每個(gè)女人都被請(qǐng)去幫忙.5.each of + 復(fù)數(shù)代詞, 謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù). 復(fù)數(shù)代詞+each, 謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).如:Each of us has something to say. 我們每個(gè)人都有話要說6.若主語中有 more than one 或 many a/an , 盡管從意義上看是復(fù)數(shù), 但它的謂語動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù). 但 more+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+than one 做主語時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞仍用復(fù)數(shù). 如:Many a boy likes playing basketball.

23、 許多男生都喜歡打籃球.More than one student was late. 不只一個(gè)學(xué)生遲到More persons than one come to help us. 不止一個(gè)人來幫助我們.7. none 做主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù), 也可用復(fù)數(shù); 但在代表不可數(shù)的東西時(shí)總是看作單數(shù),因而謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù). 如: None of us are (is) perfect. 人無完人. None of this worries me. 這事一點(diǎn)不使我著急.8. 名詞如: trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses 等作主語時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞必須

24、用復(fù)數(shù). 如:4His clothes are good. 但這些名詞前若出現(xiàn) a pair of , 謂語一般用單數(shù).如: A pair of glasses is on the desk. 桌上有一副眼鏡.9. 形復(fù)意單名詞如:news ; 以 ics 結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱如: physics, mathematics, economics; 國名如: the United States; 報(bào)紙名如: the New Times; 書名如: Arabian Night ; 以及 The United Nations 等作主語時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù). 10. “a +名詞+and a half “,

25、 “one and a half + 名詞”, “the number of + 名詞” 等作主語時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù). 如:Only one and a half apples is left on the table.注意: one or two + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語, 謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式, 如:One or two places have been visited. 參觀了一兩個(gè)地點(diǎn).(二) 內(nèi)容一致原則: 1.主語中有 all, half, most, the rest 等, 以及”分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞”做主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)取決于連用的名詞.如:The rest of the bik

26、es are on sale today. 剩下的自行車, 今天出售.60%of the apple was eaten by little boy. 這個(gè)蘋果的 60%都被這個(gè)小男孩吃了.Most of the apples were rotten. 大部分的蘋果都是爛的.Most of the apple was eaten by a rat. 這個(gè)蘋果的大部分被老鼠吃了.2. 不定數(shù)量的詞組, 如:part of , a lot of , lots of , one of , a number of , plenty of 等作主語時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于量詞后面名詞的數(shù).如:A p

27、art of the textbooks have arrived. 一小部分教科書已運(yùn)到.A part of the apple has been eaten up by the pig. 這個(gè)蘋果的一部分被豬吃光了.3. 加減乘除用單數(shù).如: Fifteen minus five is ten . 15 減去 5 等于 10.4. 表示時(shí)間, 金錢, 距離, 度量等的名詞做主語時(shí), 盡管是復(fù)數(shù)形式, 它們做為一個(gè)單一的概念時(shí), 其謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).如:Ten miles is a good distance. 十英里是一個(gè)相當(dāng)?shù)木嚯x.5. (1) 通常作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞. 包括 police , people, cattle 等, 這些集體名詞通常用作復(fù)數(shù).如: The British police have only very limited powers. (2)通常作不可數(shù)名詞的集體名詞. 包括 equipment, furniture, clothing, luggage 等