人教版英語必修五課文電子版

1、UnitGREATSCIENTISTSJOHNSNOWDEFEATS“KINGCHOLERA”JohnSnowwasafamousdoctorinLondonsoexpert,indeed,thatheattendedQueenVictoriaasherpersonalphysician.Buthebecameinspiredwhenhethoughtabouthelpingordinarypeopleexposedtocholera.Thiswasthedeadlydiseaseofitsday.Neitheritscausenoritscurewasunderstood.Somanytho

2、usandsofterrifiedpeoplediedeverytimetherewasanoutbreak.JohnSnowwantedtofacethechallengeandsolvethisproblem.Heknewthatcholerawouldneverbecontrolleduntilitscausewasfound.Hebecameinterestedintwotheoriesthatpossiblyexplainedhowcholerakilledpeople.Thefirstsuggestedthatcholeramultipliedintheair,acloudofda

3、ngerousgasfloatedarounduntilitfounditsvictims.Fromthestomachthediseasequicklyattackedthebodyandsoontheaffectedpersondied.JohnSnowsuspectedthatthesecondtheorywascorrectbutheneededevidence.SowhenanotheroutbreakhitLondonin1854,hewasreadytobeginhisenquiry.Asthediseasespreadquicklythroughpoorneighbourhoo

4、ds,hebegantogatherinformation.Intwoparticularstreets,thecholeraoutbreakwassoseverethatmorethan500peoplediedintendays.Hewasdeterminedtofindoutwhy.Firsthemarkedonamaptheexactplaceswhereallthedeadpeoplehavelived.Thisgavehimavaluableclueaboutthecauseofthedisease.ManyofthedeathswerenearthewaterpumpinBroa

5、dStreet(especiallynumbers163738and40).Healsonoticedthatsomehouses(suchas20and21BroadStreetand8and9CambridgeStreet)hadhadnodeaths.Hehadnotforeseenthis,sohemadefurtherinvestigations.Hediscoveredthatthesepeopleworkedinthepubat7CambridgeStreet.Theyhadbeengivenfreebeerandsohadnotdrunkthewaterfromthepump.

6、Itseemedthatthewaterwastoblame,Next,JohnSnowlookedintothesourceofthewaterforthesetwostreets.HefoundthatitcamefromtheriverpollutedbythedirtywaterfromLondon.HeimmediatelytoldtheastonishedpeopleinBroadStreettoremovethehandlefromthepumpsothatitcouldnotbeused.Soonafterwardsthediseasesloweddown.Hehadshown

7、thatcholerawasspreadbygermsandnotinacloudofgas.InanotherpartofLondon,hefoundsupportingevidencefromtwootherdeathsthatwerelinkedtotheBroadStreetoutbreak.Awoman,whohadmovedawayfromBroadStreet,likedthewaterfromthepumpsomuchthatshehaditdeliveredtoherhouseeveryday.Bothsheandherdaughterdiedofcholeraafterdr

8、inkingthewater.WiththisextraevidenceJohnSnowwasabletoannouncewithcertaintythatpollutedwatercarriedthevirus.Topreventthisfromhappeningagain,JohnSnowsuggestedthatthesourceofallthewatersuppliesbeexamined.Thewatercompanieswereinstructednottoexposepeopletopollutedwateranymore.Finally“KingCholera”wasdefea

9、ted.COPERNICUSREVOLUTIONAYTHEORYNicolausCopernicuswasfrightenedandhismindwasconfused.Althoughhehadtriedtoignorethem,allhismathematicalcalculationsledtothesameconclusion:thattheearthwasnotthecentreofthesolarsystem.Onlyifyouputthesuntheredidthemovementsoftheotherplanetsintheskymakesense.Yethecouldnott

10、ellanyoneabouthistheoryasthepowerfulChristianChurchwouldhavepunishedhimforevensuggestingsuchanidea.TheybelievedGodhadmadetheworldandforthatreasontheearthwasspecialandmustbethecentreofthesolarsystem.Theproblemarosebecauseastronomershadnoticedthatsomeplanetsintheskyseemedtostop,movebackwardandthengofo

11、rwardinaloop.Othersappearedbrighterattimesandlessbrightatothers.Thiswasverystrangeiftheearthwasthecentreofthesolarsystemandallplanetswentaroundit.Copernicushadthoughtlongandhardabouttheseproblemsandtriedtofindananswer.Hehadcollectedobservationsofthestarsandusedallhismathematicalknowledgetoexplainthe

12、m.Butonlynewtheorycoulddothat.Sobetween1510and1514heworkedonit,graduallyimprovinghistheoryuntilhefeltitwascomplete.In1514heshoweditprivatelytohisfriends.Thechangeshemadetotheoldtheorywererevolutionary.Heplacedafixedsunatthecentreofthesolarsystemwiththeplanetsgoingrounditandonlythemoonstillgoingaroun

13、dtheearth.Healsosuggestedthattheearthwasspinningasitwentaroundthesunandthisexplainedchangesinthemovementoftheplanetsandinthebrightnessofthestars.Hisfriendswereenthusiasticandencouragedhimtopublishhisideas,butCopernicuswascautious.HedidnotwanttobeattackedbytheChristianChurch,soheonlypublisheditashela

14、ydyingin1543.Certainlyhewasrighttobecareful.TheChristianChurchrejectedhistheory,sayingitwasagainstGodsideaandpeoplewhosupporteditwouldbeattacked.YetCopernicustheoryisnowthebasisonwhichallourideasoftheuniversearebuilt.HistheoryreplacedtheChristianideaofgravity,whichsaidthingsfelltoearthbecauseGodcrea

15、tedtheearthasthecentreoftheuniverse.Copernicusshowedthiswasobviouslywrong.NowpeoplecanseethatthereisadirectlinkbetweenhistheoryandtheworkofIsaacNewton,AlbertEinsteinandStephenHawking.Unit2TheUnitedKingdomPUZZLESINGEOGRAPHYPeoplemaywonderwhydifferentwordsareusedtodescribethesefourcountries:England,Wa

16、les,ScotlandandNorthernIreland.YoucanclarifythisquestionifyoustudyBritishhistory.FirsttherewasEngland.Waleswaslinkedtoitinthethirteenthcentury.NowwhenpeoplerefertoEnglandyoufindWalesincludedaswell.NextEnglandandWaleswerejoinedtoScotlandintheseventeenthcenturyandthenamewaschangedto"GreatBritain&

17、quot;.HappilythiswasaccomplishedwithoutconflictwhenKingJamesofScotlandbecameKingofEnglandandWalesaswell.FinallytheEnglishgovernmenttriedintheearlytwentiethcenturytoformtheUnitedKingdombygettingIrelandconnectedinthesamepeacefulway.However,thesouthernpartofIrelandwasunwillingandbrokeawaytoformitsowngo

18、vernment.SoonlyNorthernIrelandjoinedwithEngland,WalesandScotlandtobecometheUnitedKingdomandthiswasshowntotheworldinanewflagcalledtheUnionJack.Totheircreditthefourcountriesdoworktogetherinsomeareas(eg,thecurrencyandinternationalrelations),buttheywillhaveverydifferentinstitutions.Forexample,NorthernIr

19、eland,EnglandandScotlandhavedifferenteducationalandlegalsystemaswellasdifferentfootballtermsforcompetitionsliketheWorldCup!Englandisthelargestofthefourcountries,andforconvenienceitisdividedroughlyintothreezones.ThezonenearestFranceiscalledtheSouthofEngland,themiddlezoneiscalledtheMidlandsandtheonene

20、aresttoScotlandisknownastheNorth.Youfindmostofthepopulationsettledinthesouth,butmostoftheindustrialcitiesintheMidlandsandtheNorthofEngland.Although,nationwide,thesecitiesarenotaslargeasthoseinChina,theyhaveworld-famousfootballteamsandsomeofthemevenhavetwo!Itisapitythattheindustrialcitiesbuiltintheni

21、neteenthcenturydonotattractvisitors.ForhistoricalarchitectureyouhavetogotoolderbutsmallertownsbuiltbytheRomans.ThereyouwillfindoutmoreaboutBritishhistoryandculture.ThegreatesthistoricaltreasureofallisLondonwithitsmuseums,artcollections,theatres,parksandbuildings.Itisthecentreofnationalgovernmentandi

22、tsadministration.IthastheoldestportbuiltbytheRomansinthefirstcenturyAD,theoldestbuildingbegunbytheAnglo-Saxonsinthe1060sandtheoldestcastleconstructedbylaterNormanrulersin1066.TherehavebeenfoursetsofinvadersofEngland.Thefirstinvaders,theRomans,lefttheirtownsandroads.Thesecond,theAnglo-Saxons,leftthei

23、rlanguageandtheirgovernment.Thethird,theVikings,influencedthevocabularyandplace-namesoftheNorthofEngland,andthefourth,theNormans,leftcastlesandintroducednewwordsforfood.IfyoulookaroundtheBritishcountrysideyouwillfindevidenceofalltheseinvaders.YoumustkeepyoureyesopenifyouaregoingtomakeyourtriptotheUn

24、itedKingdomenjoyableandworthwhile.SIGHTSEEINGINLONDONWorriedaboutthetimeavailable,ZhangPingyuhadmadealistofthesitesshewantedtoseeinLondon.HerfirstdelightwasgoingtotheTower.ItwasbuiltlongagobytheNormaninvadersofAD1066.Thissolidstone,squaretowerhadremainedstandingforonethousandyears.Althoughthebuildin

25、gshadexpandedaroundit,itremainedpartofaroyalpalaceandprisoncombined.Tohergreatsurprise,ZhangPingyufoundtheQueen'sjewelsguardedbyspecialroyalsoldierswho,onspecialoccasions,stillworethefour-hundred-year-olduniformofthetimeofQueenElizabethI.TherefollowedStPaul'sCathedralbuiltaftertheterriblefir

26、eofLondonin1666.Itlookedsplendidwhenfirstbuilt!WestminsterAbbey,too,wasveryinteresting.Itcontainedstatuesinmemoryofdeadpoetsandwriters,suchasShakespeare.Thenjustasshecameoutoftheabbey,Pingyuheardthefamoussoundoftheclock,BigBen,ringingoutthehour.ShefinishedthedaybylookingattheoutsideofBuckinghamPalac

27、e,theQueen'shouseinLondon.Oh,shehadsomuchtotellherfriends!TheseconddaythegirlvisitedGreenwichandsawitsoldshipsandfamousclockthatsetstheworldtime.Whatinterestedhermostwasthelongitudeline.Itisanimaginarylinedividingtheeasternandwesternhalvesoftheworldandisveryusefulfornavigation.ItpassesthroughGre

28、enwich,soPingyuhadaphototakenstandingoneithersideoftheline.ThelastdayshevisitedKarlMarx'sstatueinHighgateCemetery.ItseemedstrangethatthemanwhohaddevelopedcommunismshouldhavelivedanddiedinLondon.Notonlythat,buthehadworkedinthefamousreadingroomoftheLibraryoftheBritishMuseum.Sadlythelibraryhadmoved

29、fromitsoriginalplaceintoanotherbuildingandtheoldreadingroomwasgone.Butshewasthrilledbysomanywonderfultreasuresfromdifferentculturesdisplayedinthemuseum.WhenshesawmanyvisitorsenjoyinglookingatthebeautifuloldChinesepotsandotherobjectsonshow,shefeltveryproudofhercountry.ThenextdayPingyuwasleavingLondon

30、forWindsorCastle."PerhapsIwillseetheQueen"shewonderedasshefellasleep.Unit3LIFEINTHEFUTUREFIRSTIMPRESSIONSSpacemail:liqiang15/11/3008(earthtime)DearMumandDad,IstillcannotbelievethatIamtakinguptheprizethatIwonlastyear.IhavetoremindmyselfconstantlythatIamreallyinAD3008.Worriedaboutthejourney,

31、Iwasunsettledforthefirstfewdays.Asaresult,Isufferedfrom“timeflag”.Thisissimilartothe“jetlagflying,butitseemsyoukeepgettingflashbacksfromyourprevioustimeperiod.SoIwasverynervousanduncertainatfirst,however,myfriendandguide,Wangping,wasveryunderstandingandgavesomegreentabletswhichhelpedalot.Well-knowfo

32、rtheirexpertise,hisparentscompany,called“FutureTours”a,fteralynisnptortheedfmuteurseinatimecapsule.Icanstillrememberthemomentwhenthespacestewardesscalledusalltothecapsuleandweclimbedinthroughasmallopening.Theseatswerecomfortableandafteracalmingdrink,wefeltsleepyandclosedoureyes.Thecapsulebeganswingi

33、nggentlysidewaysaswelayrelaxedanddreaming.Afewminuteslater,thejourneywascompletedandwehadarrived.Iwasstillontheearthbutonethousandyearsinthefuture.WhatwouldIfindAtfirstmysurroundingsweredifficulttotolerate.Theairseemedthin,asthoughitscombinationofgashadlittleoxygenleft.Hitbyalackoffreshair,myheadach

34、ed.JustasItriedtomakethenecessaryadjustmenttothisnewsituation,Wangpingappeared.“Pmask,”headvised.“itllmakeyoufeelmuchbetter.”Hehandedittomeandimmediatelyhurriedmethroughtoasmallroomnearbyforarest.Ifeltbetterinnotime.SoonIwasbackonmyfeetagainandfollowinghimtocollectahoveringcarriagedrivenbycomputer.T

35、hesecarriagesfloatabovethegroundandbybendingorpressingdowninyourseat,youcanmoveswiftly.Wangpingfastenedmysafetybeltandshowedmehowtouseit.SoonIcouldflyasfastashim.However,IlostsightofWangpingwhenwereachedwhatlookedlikealargemarketbecauseoftoomanycarriagesflyingbyinalldirections.Hewassweptupintothecen

36、treofthem.JustatthatmomentIhada“timelag”flashbackandsawtheareaagainasihadbeenintheyearAD2008.IrealizedthatIhadbeentransportedintothefutureofwhatwasstillmyhometown!ThenIcaughtsightofWangpingagainandflewafterhim.Arrivingatastrange-lookinghouse,heshowedmeintoalarge,brightcleanroom.Ithadagreenwall,abrow

37、nfloorandsoftlighting.Suddenlythewallmoved-itwasmadeoftrees!Ifoundlaterthattheirleavesprovidedtheroomwithmuch-neededoxygen.ThenWangpingflashedaswitchonacomputerscreen,andatableandsomechairsrosefromunderthefloorasifbymagic.“Whynotsitdownandeatalittle”hesaid.“Youmayfoundthisdifficultasitisyourfirsttim

38、etraveltrip.Justrelax,sincethereisnothingplannedonthetimetabletoday.Tomorrowyoullbereadyforsomevisits.”Havingmsaeidthis,hespreadsofoodonthetable,andproducedabedfromthefloor.Afterheleft,Ihadabriefmealandahotbath.Exhausted,Islidintobedandfellfastasleep.Morenewslaterfromyourlovingson,LiQiangIHAVESEENAM

39、AZINGTHINGSs grMyfirstvisitwastoaspacestationconsideredthemostmoderninspace.Describedasanenormousroundplate,itspinsslowlyinspacetoimitatethepulloftheearthwasanexhibitionfthemostup-to-dateinventionsofthe31stcentury.Aguide(G)showedusaroundalongamoveablepath.G:Goodmorningtoallourvisitorsfrom2008.Firstw

40、eregoingtoexamineoneofthelatestformsofcommunicationamongourspacecitizens.Nomoretypistsworkingonatypewriterorcomputer!Nomorepostageorpostcodes!Messagescannowbesentusinga“thoughtpad”.Youplacethemetalbandoveryourhead,clearyourmind,pressthesendingbutton,thinkyourmessageandthenextinstantitssent.Itsstored

41、onthe“thoughtpad”ofthequick,efficientandenvironmentallyfriendly.Theonlylimitationisiftheuserdoesnotthinkhisorhermessageclearly,anunclearmessagemaybesent.Butwecannotblamethetoolsforthefaultsoftheuser,canweDuringtheexplanationIlookedatthepairofsmallobjectscalled“thoughtpads”onatable.Theyjustlookedlike

42、metalribbons.Soordinarybutsopowerful!WhileIwasobservingthem,thepathmoveduson.G:Andnowladiesandgentlemen,weareinthe“environmentarea”.Peopleusedtocollectwasteindustbins.Thentherubbishwassenttobeburiedorburned,amIright(Wenodded.)Well,nowtheresasystemwherethewasteisdisposedofusingtheprinciplesofecology.

43、Agiantmachine,alwaysgreedyformore,swallowsallthewasteavailable.Therubbishisturnedintoseveralgradesofusefulmaterial,suchas“fertilizer”forthefieldsanddeserts.Nothingiswasted,andeverything,evenplasticbags,isrecycled.Agreatidea,isnIstaredatthemovingmodelofthewastemachine,absorbedbyitsefficiency.Butagain

44、wemovedon.G:Ourthirdstopshowsthechangesthathavehappenedtoworkpractices.Manufacturingnolongertakesplaceontheearthbutonspacestationlikethisone.Agroupofengineersprogrammerobotstoperformtasksinspace.Therobotsproducegoodssuchasdrugs,clothes,furniture,hoveringcarriages,etc.Thereisnowaste,nopollutionandnoe

45、nvironmentaldamage!However,thecompanieshavetotraintheirrepresentativestoliveandworkinspacesettlements.Theyhavetomonitortherobotsandtheproduction.Whenthegoodsarereadytheyretransportedbyindustrialspaceshipbacktoearth.Mymindbegantowander.WhatjobwouldIdoMymotivationincreasedasIthoughtofthewonderfulworld

46、ofthefuture.Unit4MAKINGTHENEWSMYFIRSTWORKASSIGNMENT“Unforgettable”,saysnewjournalistNeverwillZhouYang(ZY)forgethisfirstassignmentattheofficeofapopularEnglishnewspaper.Hisdiscussionwithhisnewboss,HuXin(HX),wastostronglyinfluencehislifeasajournalist.HX:Welcome.Weredelightedyourecomingtoworkwithus.Your

47、firstjobherewillbeanassistantjournalist.DoyouhaveanyquestionsZY:CanIgetoutonastoryimmediatelyHX：(laughing)Thatsadmirable,butImafraiditwouldbeunusual!Waittillyoureexperienced.Firstwellputyouasanassistanttoanexperiencedjournalist.Lateryoucancoverastoryandsubmitthearticleyourself.ZY:Wonderful!WhatdoIne

48、edtotakewithmeIalreadyhaveanotebookandcamera.HX:Noneedforacamera.Youllhaveaprofessionalphotographerwithyoutotakephotographs.Youllfindyourcolleaguesveryeagertoassistyou,soyoumaybeabletoconcentrateonphotographylaterifyou.reinterestedZY:Thankyou.NotonlyamIinterestedinphotography,butItookanamateurcourse

49、atuniversitytoupdatemyskills.HX:Good.ZY:WhatdoIneedtorememberwhenIgoouttocoverastoryHX:Youneedtobecurious.Onlyifyouaskmanydifferentquestionswillyouadmirealltheinformationyouneedtoknow.Wesayagoodjournalistmusthaveagood“nose”foraThatmeansyoumustbeabletoassesswhenpeoplearenottellingthewholetruthandthen

50、trytodiscoverit.Theymustuseresearchtoinformthemselvesofthemissingpartsofthestory.ZY:WhatshouldIkeepinmindHX:Herecomesmylistofdosanddonts:dontsmissyourdeadline,dontberude,dtalktoomuch,butmakesureyoulistentotheintervieweecarefully.ZY:WhyislisteningsoimportantHX:Well,youhavetolistenfordetailedfacts.Mea

51、nwhileyouhavetopreparethenextquestiondependingonwhatthepersonsays.ZY:ButhowcanIlistencarefullywhiletakingnotesHX:Thisisatrickofthetrade.Iftheintervieweeagrees,youcanusearecordertogetthefactsstraight.Itsalsousefulifapersonwantstochallengeyou.Youhavetheevidencetosupportyourstory.ZY:Isee!Haveyoueverhad

52、acasewheresomeoneaccusedyourjournalistsofgettingthewrongendofthestickHX:Yes,butitwasalongtimeago.Thisishowthestorygoes.Afootballwasaccusedoftakingmoneyfordeliberatelynotscoringgoalssoastolettheotherteamwin.Wewenttointerviewhim.Hedeniedtakingmoneybutweweresceptical.Sowearrangedaninterviewbetweenthefo

53、otballerandthemansupposedtobridehim.Whenwesawhimtogetherweguessedfromthefootballersbodylanguagethathewasnottellingthetruth.Sowewroteanarticlesuggestinghewasguilty.Itwasadilemmabecausethefootballercouldhavedemandeddamagesifwewerewrong.Hetriedtostopuspublishingitbutlaterwewereprovedright.ZY:Wow!Thatwa

54、sareal“scoop”.Imlookingforwardtomyfirstassignmentnow.PerhapsIllgetasocoptoo！HX:Perhapsyouwill.Youneverknow.GETTINHTHE“SCOOP”“Quick,”saidtheeditor.“Getthatstoryready.Weneeditinthiseditiontobeaheadoftheothernewspapers.Thisisascoop.”ZhouYanghadjustcomebackintotheofficeafteraninterviewwithafamousfilmsta

55、r.“Didhereallydothat”askedsomeonefromtheInternationalNewsDepartment.“Yes,Imafraidhedid,”ZhouYanganswered.Hesettowork.Hisfirsttaskwastowritehisstory,buthehadtodoitcarefully.Althoughherealizedthemanhadbeenlying,ZhouYangknewhemustnotaccusehimdirectly.Hewouldhavetobeaccurate.Concisetoo!Heknewhowtodothat

56、.Monthsoftraininghadtaughthimtowritewithnowastedwordsorphrases.Hesatdownathiscomputerandbegantowork.Thefirstpersonwhosawhisarticlewasasenioreditorfromhisdepartment.Hecheckedtheevidence,readthearticleandpasseditontothecopy-editor.Shebegantoeditthepieceanddesignthemainheadlineandsmallerheading,llookve

57、ryg“ooTdhoisnwthilepage,”shesaid.“Whereisagoodpictureofthisman”ThenasthearticlewasgoingtobewritteninEnglishZhouYangalsotookacopytothenativespeakeremployedbythenewspapertopolishthestyle.ShewasalsoveryhappywithZhouYangsstory.“Youarereallyabletowriteagoodfrontpagearticle,”shesaid,ZhouYangsmiledwithhapp

58、iness.Lastofall,thechiefeditorreaditandapprovedit.“Welldone,”hesaidtoZhouYanpleaseshowmeyourevidencesoweresurewevegotourfactsstraight.”“Illbrimmediately,”saidZhouYangexcitedly.Thenewsdeskeditortookthestoryandbegantoworkonallthestoriesandphotosuntilallthepageswereset.Alltheinformationwasthenreadytobe

59、processedintofilmnegatives.Thiswasthefirststageoftheprintingprocess.Theyneededfournegatives,asseveralcoloursweregoingtobeusedonthestory.Eachofthemaincolourshadonenegativesheetandwhentheywerecombinedtheymadeacolouredageforthenewspaper.Afteronelastcheckthepagewasreadytobeprinted.ZhouYangwaitedexcitedlyforthefirstcopiestobeready.“Waittilltonigh