外研版七年級(jí)上冊(cè)語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)

1、Module 1 動(dòng)詞 be 說(shuō)明身份、年齡、狀態(tài)等如果有人問(wèn)你的年齡、身份或者現(xiàn)在的身體狀況，你會(huì)怎么說(shuō)呢？你可以說(shuō)：§ I am twelve years old. 我 12 歲了。§ I am a student. 我是學(xué)生。§ I am very well. 我身體很好。這幾句談?wù)摰亩际乾F(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)，可以用 be 的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。注意系動(dòng)詞 be 的形式隨主語(yǔ)的不同而有所變化。變化形式為：IamHe/She/ItisWe/You/Theyare如果要詢問(wèn)對(duì)方或他人現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)，就要使用疑問(wèn)句。那么 be

2、 的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的疑問(wèn)、否定形式是怎樣的呢？請(qǐng)同學(xué)們看以下幾個(gè)句子：Are you from America? 你是美國(guó)人嗎？Yes, I am. 是的，我是。Is he Chinese? 他是中國(guó)人嗎？No, he isn't. 不，他不是。Are they in Class 1? 他們是一班的嗎？No, they aren't. They are not in Class 1. They are in Class 2. 不，他們不是一班的。他們是二班的。從以上的句子可以看出，be 的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)否定句式的構(gòu)成是在 be

3、 后直接加 not（可以縮寫(xiě)），其一般疑問(wèn)句式是把 be 提至句首。其變化形式可以歸納如下：肯定否定疑問(wèn)I· I am Chinese.· I am not Chinese.· Am I Chinese?He/She/It· He/She is an English boy/girl.· It is cheap.· He/She is not (isn't) an English boy/girl.· It is not (isn't) cheap.· Is he/she an English bo

4、y/girl?· Is it cheap?They/We/You· They are our friends.· We are from America.· You are a good boy.· They are not (aren't) our friends.· We are not (aren't) from America.· You are not (aren't) a good boy.· Are they our friends?· Are we from Ame

5、rica?· Are you a good boy?縮寫(xiě)形式：isn't = is not; aren't = are not注意：am not 一般不縮寫(xiě)。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的表達(dá)中，be 可以用于以下幾種情況：1. be + 形容詞§ I am very happy. 我很幸福。§ He is very kind. 他人非常好。§ The fruit is very fresh. 這水果很新鮮。2. be + 名詞§ Mr Wang is our English teacher. 

6、王先生是我們的英語(yǔ)老師。§ They are our friends. 他們是我們的朋友。§ He is a very clever boy. 他是個(gè)非常聰明的男孩。3. be + 介詞短語(yǔ)§ The book is on the desk. 書(shū)在桌子上。§ She is at home. 她現(xiàn)在在家。§ Are they from America? 他們是美國(guó)人嗎？4. be + 副詞§ Class is over. 下課了。Module 2 this, thes

7、e, that, those 的用法我們把 this, these, that, those 這四個(gè)詞稱為“指示代詞”，用來(lái)指示或標(biāo)識(shí)人或事物。其中，this 和 that 為單數(shù)指示代詞，these 和 those 為復(fù)數(shù)指示代詞。例如：§ This is my mother. 這是我的媽媽。§ That's my dad. 那是我的爸爸。§ These are my parents. 這是我的父母。§ Those are Paul's son and daughter. 那是保羅的兒子

8、和女兒。通常，我們談?wù)撾x自己近的人或物時(shí)用 this / these，離自己遠(yuǎn)的人或物時(shí)用that / those 。例如：§ I like these books, but I don't like those books. 我喜歡這些書(shū)，但是我不喜歡那些書(shū)。§ This girl is Mary. 這個(gè)女孩是瑪麗。§ That boy is in Class 5. 那個(gè)男孩在五班。下面我們來(lái)看一下這些指示代詞作主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成一般疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，答句所使用的主語(yǔ)會(huì)有什么變化。§ Is this your bike?

9、Yes, it is. 這是你的自行車嗎？是的，是我的自行車。§ Are these your grandparents? Yes, they are. 這是你的祖父母嗎？是的，他們是。由此可以看出，當(dāng)指示代詞所指的事物已確定時(shí)，后面的指示代詞指人時(shí)用 he、she 和 they 來(lái)代替，指物時(shí)用 it 和 they 來(lái)代替。再如：§ Is that a bird or a plane? It's a plane. 那是鳥(niǎo)還是飛機(jī)？是飛機(jī)。§ Is this your friend Tony? Yes, he is. 

10、;這是你的朋友托尼嗎？是的，他是。Module 3 there be 句型的用法如果要表達(dá)“地方有”該用什么句型呢？一般應(yīng)采用 there be 句型。試看下面的例子：§ There is an apple on the desk. 桌子上有個(gè)蘋果。§ There are many students on the playground. 操場(chǎng)上有很多學(xué)生。§ There is still some water in the cup. 杯子里還有一些水。從以上句子可以看出，there be 句型的結(jié)構(gòu)一般為“

11、0;there is/are + 某物人 + 地點(diǎn)”，表示某地方有某物，也可以表示某地方有某人。如果要表達(dá)某地沒(méi)有某物或某人，或者詢問(wèn)什么地方是否有某物或某人時(shí)，就要用到 there be 句型的否定和疑問(wèn)形式。在 there be 句型中，從句法結(jié)構(gòu)上講 there 為主語(yǔ)，所以其疑問(wèn)形式是將 be 提至 there 之前，構(gòu)成 is there/are there 的句式，而否定形式仍是在 be 后面加 not ?？隙ǚ穸ㄒ蓡?wèn)回答There is a computer on the desk.There isn't a computer on the desk.Is there a

12、 computer on the desk?Yes, there is. (No, there isn't.)There is some food on the table.There isn't any food on the table.Is there any food on the table?Yes, there is. (No, there isn't.)There are some students on the playground.There aren't any students on the playground.Are there any

13、 students on the playground?Yes, there are. (No, there aren't.)可以看出，there be 句型的變化形式與第一模塊中 be 的變化形式相似，只是要注意系動(dòng)詞 be 的形式變化一般視其后面名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。注意：there is/are 用于表示現(xiàn)在某個(gè)地方有某物或某人時(shí)，所表示的物或人都是泛指，而非特指。§ There is some water in the bottle. 瓶子里有水。§ There are many students in the classroom. 教室里有

14、很多學(xué)生。Module 4 have got 的用法上一模塊我們學(xué)習(xí)的是“某地方有某物或某人”，如果要表示“某人有某物”，該如何表達(dá)呢？一般可以用 have got 的表達(dá)形式。例如：§ I have got a brother and a sister. 我有一個(gè)哥哥弟弟和一個(gè)姐姐妹妹。§ I have got a lovely cat. 我有一只可愛(ài)的貓。§ I have got a lot of friends. 我有很多朋友。如果表達(dá)“他，她”有，則要用 has got，而“我們，你（們），他們”等與“我”

15、一樣，用 have got 。例如：§ He has got two sisters. 他有兩個(gè)姐姐妹妹。§ She has got a very nice bike. 她有一輛很棒的自行車。§ They have got many friends. 他們有很多朋友。§ We have got a computer. 我們有一臺(tái)電腦。如果要表達(dá)“沒(méi)有”，則要用 have not (haven't) got, has not (hasn't) got，要問(wèn)“有沒(méi)有”則要把 have/has 提至句首，

16、變成疑問(wèn)句。例如：§ Have you got a cat? 你（們）有貓嗎？§ Has he got a brother? 他有哥哥弟弟嗎？§ Have they got any fruit? 他們有水果嗎？下面我們一起來(lái)總結(jié)一下 have/has got 的變化形式?？隙ǚ穸ㄒ蓡?wèn)回答I have got a dog.I have not (haven't) got a dog.Have you got a dog?Yes, I have. (No, I haven't.)He/She has got a lot o

17、f friends.He/She has not (hasn't) got many friends.Has he/she got many friends?Yes, he/she has. (No, he/she hasn't.)We have got a computer room.We have not (haven't) got a computer room.Have we got a computer room?Yes, we have. (No, we haven't.)They have got a new English teacher.The

18、y have not (haven't) got a new English teacher.Have they got a new English teacher?Yes, they have. (No, they haven't.)You have got a brother.You have not (haven't) got a brother.Have you got a brother?Yes, I have. (No, I haven't.)have not 可以縮寫(xiě)為 haven't，has not 可以縮寫(xiě)為 hasn't 。在

19、使用 have/has got 時(shí)要注意：have got 表示“有”，指的是“某人有”，注意與上一模塊中 there be 的區(qū)別。there be 句型表示某個(gè)地方有某物或某人，表示的是“存在”，而 have got 表示的是“所有”。試比較：§ I have got a new book. 我有一本新書(shū)。§ There is a new book on the desk. 桌子上放著一本新書(shū)。§ We have got a computer room. 我們有間計(jì)算機(jī)房。§ There is a computer ro

20、om next to our classroom. 我們教室的隔壁是計(jì)算機(jī)房。§ She has got a lot of friends. 她有很多朋友。§ There are a lot of friends in the meeting room. 會(huì)議室里有很多朋友。have got 和 there be 有時(shí)表達(dá)的意思有些相近，但句型和側(cè)重點(diǎn)還是不同。例如：§ We haven't got any meat in the fridge. 我們冰箱里沒(méi)肉了。§ There isn't any

21、 meat in the fridge. 冰箱里沒(méi)有肉了。兩句都表示冰箱里沒(méi)有肉，但是第一句強(qiáng)調(diào)“我們沒(méi)有肉了”，冰箱是次要的；而第二句則強(qiáng)調(diào)“冰箱里沒(méi)有肉了”，至于其他地方有沒(méi)有，就無(wú)從知曉了。因此，使用時(shí)要注意表達(dá)的側(cè)重點(diǎn)。some, any 的用法在 there be 和 have got 句型的肯定、否定和疑問(wèn)形式中，我們注意到有時(shí)用 some 有時(shí)用 any 。那么 some 和 any 是如何區(qū)別使用的呢？首先來(lái)看以下幾個(gè)例子：§ There is some milk in the cup. 杯子里有一些牛奶。§ There are

22、 some students in the classroom. 教室里有一些學(xué)生。§ I have got some nice stamps. 我有一些很好的郵票。§ We haven't got any English classmates. 我們沒(méi)有任何英國(guó)同學(xué)。§ Have you got any brothers? 你有兄弟嗎？§ Has he got any fruit? 他有水果嗎？§ Is there any good news today? 今天有什么好消息嗎

23、？從以上的句子可以看出，some 用于肯定句中，any 用于疑問(wèn)和否定句中。some 和 any 既可以用于可數(shù)名詞之前，也可以用于不可數(shù)名詞之前。再看下面的例子：§ I like rice. 我喜歡吃米飯。在這里 rice 表示的是一類的概念，不是特指哪一些米飯，所以不用 some 。而在下面的句子中，rice 表示具體的碗里的米飯，自然是有一定的量，所以要用 some 。§ There is some rice in the bowl. 碗里有一些米飯。注意：some 用在可數(shù)名詞之前時(shí)，可數(shù)名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。下面我們一起來(lái)回顧一下可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式

24、變化：條件變化形式例詞一般情況下加 -sshops, desks, bags以 s, x, ch, sh結(jié)尾加 -esbuses, boxes, watches, brushes以輔音字母 +y 結(jié)尾去掉 y，加 -iesbabies, cities, stories以 o 結(jié)尾加 -es 或者 -stomatoes, heroes, radios, photos, zoos, pianos以 f/fe 結(jié)尾（多數(shù)）將 f/f

25、e 變成v，再加 -eslifelives, knifeknives同時(shí)，還應(yīng)注意一些不規(guī)則變化，如：manmen，womanwomen，footfeet，toothteeth，childchildren 等。有些單詞單復(fù)數(shù)同形，如：fish, deer, sheep, Chinese, Japanese 等。Module 5 行為動(dòng)詞的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)（1）請(qǐng)看下面幾個(gè)與同學(xué)們的日常生活相關(guān)的句子：§ We go to school every day. 我們每天去上學(xué)。§ We clean our classroom after cla

26、ss. 下課后我們打掃教室。§ Sometimes we play football on the playground. 有時(shí)我們?cè)诓賵?chǎng)上踢足球。這幾個(gè)句子所談?wù)摰亩际瞧綍r(shí)經(jīng)常發(fā)生的事情。表達(dá)這種經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，就要使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例如：§ I do my homework in the evening. 我在晚上做作業(yè)。§ We have lunch at school. 我們?cè)趯W(xué)校吃午飯。如果表示的是現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)，也可以用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例如：§ I know him very well. 我和他很

27、熟。§ I like English very much. 我非常喜歡英語(yǔ)。第一人稱和第二人稱的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有形式的變化，否定形式一般是在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞前加 don't 。例如：§ We go to school from Monday to Friday. We do not (don't) go to school at the weekend. 我們周一到周五上學(xué)，周末不上學(xué)。§ I don't go to school on Sunday. I go to the park on Sunday. 我

28、周日不去學(xué)校，去公園。一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)形式列表如下：肯定形式否定形式I live far away from school.I do not (don't) live far away from school.We go to the park on Sunday.We do not (don't) go to the park on Sunday.You sing very well.You do not (don't) sing very well.They come to China every year.They do not (don't) come to

29、China every year.表達(dá)日常行為時(shí)會(huì)用到時(shí)間，要注意英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)時(shí)間的不同方式，試比較：§ at half past six (6:30) 在六點(diǎn)半§ at ten past five (5:10) 在五點(diǎn)十分§ at twenty to seven (6:40) 在六點(diǎn)四十分注意：如果是半小時(shí)以內(nèi)的時(shí)間，一般用“幾點(diǎn)過(guò)幾分”的表達(dá)方式，即 . past.，如 5:25 可以表達(dá)為 twenty-five past five 。如果超過(guò)了半小時(shí)，則多用“還差幾分不到幾點(diǎn)”的表達(dá)方式，即 . to.，如 5:45 就可以

30、表達(dá)為 a quarter to six.Module 6 行為動(dòng)詞的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)（2）請(qǐng)看下面的句子：§ He does not speak Chinese. 他不說(shuō)漢語(yǔ)。§ She doesn't speak English. 她不說(shuō)英語(yǔ)。§ It doesn't eat meat. 它不吃肉。從以上各例可以看出，單數(shù)第三人稱行為動(dòng)詞一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的否定形式是在行為動(dòng)詞前加 doesn't (does not)。這時(shí)，要注意單數(shù)第三人稱否定形式中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要還原為原形。試比較其肯定與否定形式中行為動(dòng)詞形式

31、的變化：肯定：§ He gets up very early. 他起床很早。否定：§ He doesn't get up very early. 他起床不是很早。如果要問(wèn)某人是否經(jīng)常做某事，我們要采用下列表達(dá)方式：Does he play the piano every day? 他每天都練鋼琴嗎？No, he doesn't. 不，他不是。Does she go to school by bike? 她騎自行車上學(xué)嗎？Yes, she does. 是的，她是。Does it eat meat?&#

32、160;它吃肉嗎？No, it doesn't. 不，它不吃。從以上的例子可以看出，單數(shù)第三人稱行為動(dòng)詞一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的疑問(wèn)形式是在句首加助動(dòng)詞 does，后面的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用動(dòng)詞原形。試比較：肯定：§ He gets up very early. 他起床很早。疑問(wèn)：§ Does he get up very early? 他起床很早嗎？行為動(dòng)詞一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的各種句式變化總結(jié)如下：肯定否定疑問(wèn)回答He speaks good English.He does not (doesn't) speak good English.Does he

33、speak good English?Yes, he does. (No, he doesn't.)She lives in the city.She does not (doesn't) live in the city.Does she live in the city?Yes, she does. (No, she doesn't.)The panda comes from China.The panda does not (doesn't) come from China.Does the panda come from China?Yes, it do

34、es. (No, it doesn't.)Module 7 行為動(dòng)詞的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)（3）通過(guò)上一模塊的學(xué)習(xí)，我們了解了如何詢問(wèn)某人是否經(jīng)常做某事。那么，如果詢問(wèn)如何做某事、在什么地方做某事等應(yīng)如何表達(dá)呢？首先請(qǐng)看以下例句：§ How do I write my homework on the computer? 我如何在電腦上寫(xiě)作業(yè)？§ Where do I write the name? 我在什么地方寫(xiě)名字？§ When do you use a computer? 你什么時(shí)候使用電腦？從上面的句子我們可以看出，在詢

35、問(wèn)時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或方式等時(shí)，把表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或方式的疑問(wèn)詞置于句首，后面句子的結(jié)構(gòu)順序與一般疑問(wèn)句式的一致。再如：§ How many emails do you send to your friends every week? 你每個(gè)星期給朋友發(fā)多少封電子郵件？§ When do they have lunch? 他們什么時(shí)候吃午飯？§ Where does he do his homework? 他在哪里做作業(yè)？§ How many postcards do you send every year? 你每年寄多少?gòu)?/p>

36、明信片？對(duì)于特殊疑問(wèn)句，需要注意兩點(diǎn)：一是句子的語(yǔ)序與一般疑問(wèn)句是一致的；二是要根據(jù)所提問(wèn)的內(nèi)容選擇疑問(wèn)詞，疑問(wèn)詞總是放在句首。Module 8 行為動(dòng)詞的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)（4）首先請(qǐng)同學(xué)們觀察以下一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的例句：§ We sometimes give birthday cards. 有時(shí)我們也送生日卡片。§ My mother never makes a birthday cake. 我媽媽從來(lái)不做生日蛋糕。§ Do you usually sing Happy Birthday? 你（們）一般都唱生日歌嗎？從以上句

37、子可以看出，表示經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的行為時(shí)常使用頻度副詞。常用的頻度副詞有：always（總是），often（經(jīng)常），usually（通常），sometimes（有時(shí)），seldom（很少），never（從不）。頻度副詞一般放在行為動(dòng)詞的前面，助動(dòng)詞的后面。例如：§ I often get up at five past six. 我經(jīng)常六點(diǎn)五分起床。§ He usually plays basketball on Saturday morning. 他通常周六上午打籃球。§ They never play computer games. 

38、;他們從來(lái)不玩電腦游戲。§ We always play football in the afternoon. 我們總是下午踢足球。Module 9 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)（1）如果要表達(dá)現(xiàn)在正在做的事情該用什么句式呢？動(dòng)詞有沒(méi)有什么變化？首先讓我們來(lái)看幾個(gè)例子：§ Tony is eating a delicious ice cream. 托尼正在吃一個(gè)美味的冰激凌。§ Daming is having lunch. 大明正在吃午飯。§ Some people are going to the theatre. 有

39、些人正在去劇院。從以上例子可以看出，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)主要表現(xiàn)在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式上，一般采用 be + 動(dòng)詞 -ing 的形式。其中 be 的變化與第一模塊學(xué)過(guò)的 be 的人稱變化規(guī)律一樣，動(dòng)詞 -ing 形式的變化規(guī)律如下表所示：規(guī)則示例一般情況下，動(dòng)詞后直接加 -ingworking, buying, visiting, talking, saying以字母 e 結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，去掉 e，然后加 -ingtaking, having, leaving, driving, writing, making以輔音字母 + 元音字母 + 輔音字母的重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，如果末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母，雙寫(xiě)這個(gè)輔音字母

40、，然后加 -ingstopping, shopping, sitting, getting特殊變化lielying既然在謂語(yǔ)部分用了 be，結(jié)合前面的例句我們不難看出，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的否定和疑問(wèn)形式構(gòu)成與我們學(xué)過(guò)的 be 的相關(guān)句式構(gòu)成是一樣的，如下表所示：肯定否定疑問(wèn)I am writing a letter.I am not writing a letter.Am I writing a letter?He/She is listening to the music.He/She is not (isn't) listening to the music.Is he/she listening to the music?We are enjoying our trip.We are not (aren't) enjoying our trip.Are we enjo