英語寫作過程性詞匯表

1、Similarity Relationslikelook*likeresembl*approximate*similar toidentical withidentical toparallel toparallel withanalogous tothe same ascomparable toshar*akin toa kind ofcounterpart*ofcorrespond*tomatch*proportional toan equivalent ofequal to1 / 23equivalent toindistinguishable frosynonymous withcon

2、sist*ofconstitut*represent*considered asinterpreted asregarded asthought of asapproachDifference Relationsas opposed todifferent fromdissimilardistinct fromdistinguished fromoppositeunlikediffer*fromconflict*polarcontradictoryInclusion Relationsa kind ofa sort ofa member ofa type ofbelong*tofall*int

3、ofell intoa case ofa class ofa form ofa variant ofa family ofcontain*embody*cover*encompass*include*as illustrated byexemplified byrepresented byan example ofprototype ofrepresentative ofoccur*asrang*fromvar*fromcategor*famil*variet*classification*coverage*group*a component ofan ingredient ofan elem

4、ent ofa part ofa section ofa segment ofcomposed ofcomprised ofdivided intosubdivided intopartitioned intoequipped withfilled withformed bymade frommade up ofprovided withcompris*consist*ofcomponent*member*the remainingportion*subunit*unit*system*a fragment ofa piece ofa portion ofappear*incharacteri

5、stic*oftrait*offeature*ofpart*ofcharacterized bypossess*form*the*feature ofExclusion Relationsabsent fromexcluded fromto the exclusion ofdevoid offree oflack*missingChange of Statearis*fromarose fromaris*out ofarose out ofa derivative ofa product ofcom*fromcame fromderiv*fromdevelop*fromoriginat*fro

6、mgiv*rise togave rise togiv*away togave away toyield*follow*caus*produc*belong*todue toproduced byproduced fromthe result ofresult*fromresult*inthe reason whythe finding ofconverted tobecom*becamebranch*intoevolv*intotransform*intorender*turn*intoswitch*chang*intogrow*grewshift*develop*process ofFun

7、ctioningact*as act*to behav*likefunction asha*a role inplay*the role ofplay*a part inprovid*serv*asuseful forused forused to dochosen asemploy*asmethod*meansSpatial Relationsadjacent tocontained incontained withincoated withcovered withembedded inequidistantparallel toinserted intopositioned atsepar

8、atedsurrounded byfac*situat*sit*satstand*stoodresid*surroundfound inexist*inthere*arrangeddistributedlocatedplacedextend*lielaylainlyingoppositeTemporal Relationsprevious*current*presentat oncesoonformerlaterpastfollowingtemporal*permanent*last*gradual*sudden*eternal*immediate*timelyearlylateduratio

9、nalreadyyetpre-*post-*urgent*thereuponhithertohenceforwardhenceforthfirst*second*third*forth*fifth*sixth*at firstfirst of allin the endat lastfinal*next*annual*yearlymonthlyweeklydailyalwaysoftensometimesseldomhardlynevereveroncetwicefrequent*constant*simultaneous*no longerno morenot any morenot any

10、 longercontinual*continuous*averageregular*futurewith*frequencyPhysical Characteristicsextend*measur*maintain*weigh*-colored*-sized*-formed*-part*-shapedha*a*-like appearancein the form ofin the shape ofin shades ofdimensionbeisarewaswerebeingbeenin shapewith a*cwith*coshapelookQuantity Modification

11、a high percentage ofa small percentage ofa percentage ofrate ofpercentproportioa variety ofa quantity ofvolume*ofamount*ofnumber*ofpart*ofa class ofa family ofa series oa set of1. It 作先行主語和先行賓語的一些句型 She had said what it was necessary to say. 2. 強(qiáng)調(diào)句型 It is not who rules us that is important, but how

12、he rules us. 3. "All+抽象名詞"或"抽象名詞+itself"(very+形容詞) He was all gentleness to her. 4. 利用詞匯重復(fù)表示強(qiáng)調(diào) A crime is a crime a crime. 5. "something(much)of"和"nothing(little)of" "something of"相當(dāng)于"to some extent"， 表示程度。 在疑問句或條件從句中， 則為"anything of&q

13、uot;，可譯為"有點(diǎn)"，"略微等。""譯為毫無"，"全無"。"much of"譯為"大有"，"not much of" 可譯為"算不上"，"稱不上"，"little of"可譯為"幾乎無"。something like 譯為"有點(diǎn)像，略似。 " They say that he had no university education, but he see

14、ms to be something of a scholar. 6. 同格名詞修飾是指 of 前后的兩個(gè)名詞都指同一個(gè)人或物，"of"以及它前面的名詞構(gòu) 一個(gè)形容詞短語，以修飾"of"后面的那個(gè)名詞。如"her old sharper of a father"，可譯為："她 那騙子般的父親"。 Those pigs of girls eat so much. 7. asascan(may)be It is as plain as plain can be. 8. "It is in(with)as in

15、(with)" It is in life as in a journey. 9. "as good as"相等于，就像，幾乎如;實(shí)際上，其實(shí)，實(shí)在。 The merchant as good as promised the orphan boy, that he would adopt him. 10."many as wellas"和"might as well as" "many as wellas"可譯為"與其，不如，更好"，"以這樣做為宜"，"如

16、同， 也可以"等等。"might as wellas"表示不可能的事，可譯為"猶如"，"可與一樣 荒唐"，"與其那樣不如這樣的好"等等。 One may as well not know a thing at all as know it imperfectly. 11."to makeof"的譯法(使成為，把當(dāng)作) I will make a scientist of my son. 12. oo+不定式"，not(never)too+不定式"，"too

17、not+不定式 She is too angry to speak. 13. only(not, all, but, never) too to do so 和"too ready (apt) + to do"結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式也沒 有否定意義，凡是"not"，"all""but 等字后+"tooto，"不定式都失去了否定意義，在"too ready(apt) +to do"結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式也沒有否定意義。 You know but too yell to hold your tongue.

18、 14. "no more than"句型 A home without love is no more a home than a body without a soul is a man. 15. "not so muchas"和"not so much as "結(jié)構(gòu)，"not so muchas"="not so much as "， 其中 as 有進(jìn)可換用 but rather，可譯為："與其說是毋須說是"。而"not so much as"=&q

19、uot;without(not)even，"可譯為"甚至還沒有"。 The oceans do not so much divide the world as unite it. 16. "Nothing is morethan"和"Nothing is so as"結(jié)構(gòu)，"Nothing is morethan"和"Nothing is so as"都具有最高級比較的意思， "Nothing I"可換用"no"， "nobody&qu

20、ot;， "nowhere"， "little"，"few"，"hardly"，"scarcely"等等，可譯為"沒有比更為"，"像 再?zèng)]有了 "，"最"等。 Nothing is more precious than time. 17. "cannottoo"結(jié)構(gòu),"cannottoo"意為"It is impossible to overdo"或者，即"無論 怎樣

21、也不算過分"。 "not"可換用"hardly"， "scarcely"等， "too"可換用"enough"， "sufficient" 等。 You cannot be too careful. 18. "否定+but "結(jié)構(gòu)，在否定詞后面的"but"，具有"which not"，"who not"，"that not"， 等等否定意義，構(gòu)成前后的雙重否定?？勺g成

22、"沒有不是"或"都"等。 Nothing is so bad but it might have been worse. 19. "否定+until (till)"結(jié)構(gòu)，在否定詞"no"，"not"，"never"，"little"，"few"，"seldom"等 的后邊所接用的 "until/ till"，多數(shù)情況下譯為"直到才"，"要才"，把否定 譯為肯

23、定。 Nobody knows what he can do till he has tried. 20. "not sobut"和"not such a but"結(jié)構(gòu)，這兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)和"否定+but"的結(jié)構(gòu)差不多，不 同之點(diǎn)是這兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中的"but"是含有"thatnot"意味的連續(xù)詞，表示程度?？勺g為"還沒 有到不能做的程度"，"并不是不"，"無論怎樣也不是不能"等。 He is not so sick but he can come

24、to school. 21. "疑問詞+shouldbut"結(jié)構(gòu)，這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)表示過去的意外的事，意為"nonebut"，可譯 為"除了還有誰會(huì)"，"豈料"，"想不到竟是"等。 Who should write it but himself? 22. "who knows but (that)"和"who could shouldbut"結(jié)構(gòu)， 這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)是反問形式， 一般 意譯為"多半"，"亦未可知"等等，有時(shí)也可直譯。

25、 Who knows but (that) he may go? 23. "祈使句+and"和"祈使句+or"結(jié)構(gòu)，"祈使句+and"表示"Ifyou"，"祈使名+or"表示 "ifnot，you。 24. "名詞+and"結(jié)構(gòu)，在這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中，名詞等于狀語從句，或表示條件，或表示時(shí)間。 A word, and he would lose his temper 25. "as,so"結(jié)構(gòu)， 這里的"so"的意思是"in

26、 the same way"(也是如此)。 此結(jié)構(gòu)表明兩個(gè)概念 在程度上和關(guān)系上相似。 As rust eats iron, so care eats the heart. 26. "if any"結(jié)構(gòu)，"if any"和"if ever"，意思是"果真有"，"即使有"，表示加強(qiáng)語 氣。與此類似的還有："if anything"(如有不同的話，如果稍有區(qū)別)，"if a day"(=at least，至 少)。 There is little,

27、if any, hope. 27. "be it ever(never)so"和"let it be ever(never)so"結(jié)構(gòu)，這里，"be it"中的"be"是古英語假 設(shè)語氣的遺留形式，現(xiàn)代英語則使用"let it be"。"ever so"和"never so"都表示同一意思，都表 示"very"。 Be it ever so humble (let it be ever so humble), home is home.

28、 28. "the last+不定式"和"the last +定語從詞"結(jié)構(gòu)，這種結(jié)構(gòu)中的"last"意思是"the least likely"，用于否定性推論?？勺g為"最不大可能的"，"最不合適的"，由原意的"最后一個(gè)" 變成"最不可能的一個(gè)"。 He is the last man to accept a bride.29. "sotha t"句型，這個(gè)句型的意思是"如此，以致于"，但在翻譯成

29、漢語時(shí)， 許多情況下，并不是一定要譯成"如此以致于"，而是變通表達(dá)其含義。 He ran so fast that nobody could catch him up. 30. "more + than+原級形容詞(副詞)"結(jié)構(gòu)，這是將不同性質(zhì)加以比較，其中的"more"有 "rather"的意思。 It is more than probable that he will fall. 31. "more than +動(dòng)詞"結(jié)構(gòu)，這種結(jié)構(gòu)表示動(dòng)詞的程度，可譯為"異常"，&qu

30、ot;豈止"，"十二 分地"等。 This more than satisfied me. 32. "good and "的副詞用法， 譯為"非常"， "很"等。 類似還有"nice and ", "fine and ," "lovely and ", "bright and ", "rare and ", "big and "等，均表示程度。 The apples are good a

31、nd ripe. 33. "and that"結(jié)構(gòu)，這個(gè)"and that"應(yīng)譯為"而且"，表示對它前面陳述部分的語氣加 強(qiáng)，"that"代表前面的整個(gè)陳述部分。 Return to your work , and that at once. 34. "at onceand"結(jié)構(gòu)，這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)譯為"既又"，起相關(guān)連接的作用，相當(dāng)于 "bothand"。 The novel is at once pleasing and instructive. 35. &qu

32、ot;in that"結(jié)構(gòu)，這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)的意思是"在那一點(diǎn)上(方面)"，可譯為"因?yàn)?quot;。類似的結(jié) 構(gòu)還有"in this"。 The budget is unrealistic in that it disregards increased costs. 36. "the name notwithstanding"結(jié)構(gòu)，這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中"notwithstanding"是介詞，這個(gè)介詞可以 置前，可以置后，比如也可寫成："notwithstanding the name"。起讓步狀語的作用。 Some people think of the storage battery as a sort of condenser where electricity is stored. But this is an entirely wrong conception, the name notwithstanding. 37. "Everynot" 和 "Allnot" 結(jié) 構(gòu) ， &q