《社會(huì)研究方法》（課堂PPT）

1、.1The Practice ofSocial Research社會(huì)研究方法 Earl Babbie（艾爾巴比）Chapman University.2Part 1An Introduction to Inquiry研究概論.3Chapter 1Human Inquiry and Science人類研究與科學(xué).4Chapter OutlineLooking for Reality 尋求真實(shí)The Foundations of Social Science社會(huì)研究的基礎(chǔ)Some Dialectics of Social Research社會(huì)研究中的一些辯證關(guān)系The Ethics of Soci

2、al Research社會(huì)研究的倫理.5How We Know What We Know（我們?nèi)绾涡纬蓪?duì)世界的認(rèn)知）Direct Experience and Observation個(gè)人體驗(yàn)與觀察Personal Inquiry 個(gè)人研究Tradition 傳統(tǒng)（約定俗成的知識(shí)）Authority 權(quán)威.6Looking for Reality 尋求真實(shí)Our attempts to learn about the world are only partly linked to direct, personal inquiry or experience.我們對(duì)世界的認(rèn)識(shí)和了解，只有部分來(lái)自于

3、個(gè)人研究或經(jīng)驗(yàn)。A larger part comes from agreed-on knowledge that others give us, things “everyone knows.” 大部分來(lái)自于別人告知的約定俗成的知識(shí)。This agreement reality both assists and hinders our attempts to find out for ourselves.這些約定俗成的真實(shí)，既可能幫助也可能阻礙我們親手去發(fā)掘真實(shí)。.7Sources of Secondhand KnowledgeBoth provide a starting point fo

4、r inquiry, but can lead us to start at the wrong point and push us in the wrong direction.二手知識(shí)既給我們提供了研究的起點(diǎn)（站在巨人的肩上），但也可能誤導(dǎo)我們（錯(cuò)誤的起點(diǎn)、錯(cuò)誤的方向）Tradition 傳統(tǒng)1.Authority 權(quán)威.8Science and Inquiry科學(xué)與研究Epistemology is the science of knowing.認(rèn)識(shí)論是認(rèn)識(shí)的科學(xué)Methodology (a subfield of epistemology) might be called the sc

5、ience of finding out. 方法論（認(rèn)識(shí)論的一支）或許可以稱為尋找解答的科學(xué).9QuestionHow do individuals learn all they need to know?personal experience 個(gè)人體驗(yàn)Discovery 探究發(fā)現(xiàn)from what others tell us 別人說(shuō)的A.all of these choices 以上都是.10Answer: DIndividuals learn all they need to know from personal experience, discovery and from what o

6、thers tell us.個(gè)體通過(guò)個(gè)人體驗(yàn)、主動(dòng)探究發(fā)現(xiàn)和別人告知的，來(lái)獲取所需的知識(shí).11Ordinary Human Inquiry一般的人類研究Humans recognize that future circumstances are caused by present ones.首先，人們認(rèn)識(shí)到，未來(lái)的環(huán)境多少是由現(xiàn)在的狀況造成的。Humans learn that patterns of cause and effect are probabilistic in nature. 其次，人類知道因果關(guān)系牽涉到概率問(wèn)題Humans aim to answer “what” and “

7、why” questions, and pursue these goals by observing and figuring out. 人類研究的目的在于回答“是什么”和“為什么”，通過(guò)觀察和推理來(lái)達(dá)到目標(biāo)。.12Inquiry: Errors and Solutions研究中常見(jiàn)的錯(cuò)誤及解決辦法Inaccurate observations 不確切觀察Measurement devices add precision.測(cè)量手段增加了準(zhǔn)確性O(shè)vergeneralization 過(guò)度概括化Enough cases 足夠樣本觀察Repeat a study to make sure the s

8、ame results are produced each time.重復(fù)進(jìn)行同一項(xiàng)研究，看是否每次都得到同樣結(jié)果.13Selective observation 選擇性觀察Make an effort to find cases that do not fit the general pattern.找出不符合一般情形的異常案例Illogical Reasoning 非邏輯推理Use systems of logic explicitly.有意識(shí)地運(yùn)用邏輯體系來(lái)避免這樣的情形Inquiry: Errors and Solutions研究中常見(jiàn)的錯(cuò)誤及解決辦法.14Views of Reali

9、ty 對(duì)真實(shí)的看法Premodern - Things are as they seem to be. 前現(xiàn)代觀點(diǎn)：眼見(jiàn)為實(shí)Modern - Acknowledgment of human subjectivity.現(xiàn)代觀點(diǎn)：仁者見(jiàn)仁智者見(jiàn)智Postmodern -There is no objective reality to be observed. 后現(xiàn)代觀點(diǎn)：沒(méi)什么真實(shí)的世界可供觀察。所有的真實(shí)，都源于自我觀點(diǎn)中的想象。.15A Book 一本書All of these are the same book, but it looks different when viewed from

10、 different locations, perspectives, or “points of view.” 這些都是同一本書。但放置的位置、視角不同或人們觀點(diǎn)不同，他看起來(lái)就不一樣。.16Point of ViewWifes Point of View. There is no question in the wifes mind as to who is right and rational and who is out of control. 在妻子看來(lái)，誰(shuí)是正確、理智的，以及誰(shuí)失去了理智，是顯而易見(jiàn)的。.17Point of ViewHusbands Point of View.

11、The husband has a very different perception of the same set of events, of course.丈夫的視角。對(duì)同一件事，他的看法截然不同。.18QuestionIn your discussion of measurement with a friend, she argues that what you are trying to measure does not exist and your own point of view will determine what you perceive in measuring. Sh

12、e has which view of reality? correctpremodernmodernpostmodernA.Scientific.19Answer: DIn your discussion of measurement with a friend, she argues that what you are trying to measure does not exist and your own point of view will determine what you perceive in measuring. She has the postmodern view of

13、 reality. 后現(xiàn)代的觀點(diǎn).20QuestionYouve gotten As on the last three tests. You have a research project due the last day of class and youre sure youre going to flunk because something has to break this streak of good luck. Youve fallen prey to:illogical reasoning.inaccurate observation.selective observation

14、.over-emphasis on tradition.A.overgeneralization.21Answer: AYouve gotten As on the last three tests. You have a research project due the last day of class and youre sure youre going to flunk because something has to break this streak of good luck. Youve fallen prey to illogical reasoning.22Foundatio

15、ns of Social Science 社會(huì)科學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)The foundations of social science are logic and observation. 社會(huì)科學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)是邏輯和觀察A scientific understanding of the world must make sense and correspond to what we observe.科學(xué)對(duì)世界的理解，必須言之成理，并且符合我們的觀察。Both are essential to science and relate to the three major aspects of social scie

16、ntific enterprise: theory, data collection, and data analysis.這兩者對(duì)科學(xué)都不可或缺，而且與科學(xué)研究的三大層面密切相關(guān)，理論、資料收集和資料分析。.23Foundations of Social Science 社會(huì)科學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)Theory - Systematic explanation for the observations that relate to a particular aspect of life. 理論旨在系統(tǒng)地解釋對(duì)生活中某一方面的觀察Data collection - observation 資料搜集旨在整理觀

17、察的結(jié)果Data Analysis - the comparison of what is logically expected with what is actually observed. 資料分析，是比較邏輯預(yù)期和實(shí)際觀察，尋找可能的模式。.24Social Regularities 社會(huì)規(guī)律Examples of Patterns in social life:社會(huì)生活的規(guī)范Only people 18 and older can vote.只有18歲以上的人的可以投票O(jiān)nly people with a license can drive.只有18歲以上且有執(zhí)照的人可以開(kāi)車.25Ag

18、gregates 總體而非個(gè)體The collective actions and situations of many individuals. 集體行為和許多個(gè)人的狀況 社會(huì)科學(xué)處理的是集體而非個(gè)體的行為Focus of social science is to explain why aggregated patterns of behavior are regular even when individuals change over time 社會(huì)科學(xué)的目的在于解釋為什么即使個(gè)體行為隨著時(shí)間改變，集體行為的模式卻有規(guī)律可循。.26Birthrates,United States: 1

19、980 20021982 15.9198315.6198415.6198515.8198615.6198715.7198816.0198916.4199016.7199116.2199215.8199315.4199415.0199514.6199614.4199714.2199814.3199914.2200014.4200114.1200213.9.27QuestionSocial research aims to find _ in social life.answersknowledgepracticalityregularityA.truth.28Answer: DSocial re

20、search aims to find regularity in social life.社會(huì)研究旨在發(fā)現(xiàn)社會(huì)生活的規(guī)律。.29A Variable LanguageVariableLogical groupings of attributes.AttributeCharacteristics or qualities that describe an object. .30A Variable Language 變量語(yǔ)言Independent variable 自變量自變量A variable that is presumed to cause or determine a depende

21、nt variable. 被假定的影響或決定因變量的變量。Dependent variable 因變量因變量A variable that is assumed to depend on or is caused by another variable. 依賴于或被其他變量所決定的變量。.31Variable Language 變量語(yǔ)言.32Relationship Between Two Variables 兩個(gè)變量之間的關(guān)系.33Education and Racial Prejudice 教育與種族偏見(jiàn)Level of Education % saying African-America

22、ns have less inborn ability to learn Less than high school graduate26%High school graduate10%Junior college15%Bachelors degree6%Graduate degree3%.34QuestionProfessor Fremler examined the following categories of marital status: married, never married, widowed, separated, and divorced. These categorie

23、s are known asvariables. 變量attributes. 屬性variable categories. 變量類別units of analysis. 分析單元A.theoretical elements. 理論元素.35Answer: BProfessor Fremler examined the following categories of marital status: married, never married, widowed, separated, and divorced. These categories are known as attributes.（

24、屬性）.36Approaches to Social Research 社會(huì)研究的方法（1）Idiographic -Seeks to fully understand the causes of what happened in a single instance. 個(gè)案式解釋：試圖窮盡某個(gè)特定情形或是事件的所有原因NomotheticSeeks to explain a class of situations or events rather than a single one. 通則式解釋：尋求解釋某一類情形或者事件，而不僅是為了解釋個(gè)案。.37Idiographic and Nomot

25、hetic Reasoning in Everyday Life日常生活中的個(gè)案式和通則式推理Idiographic: “Hes like that because his father and mother kept giving him mixed signals. The fact that his family moved seven times by the time he was 12 years old didnt help. Moreover, his older brother is exactly the same and probably served as a role

26、 model.”Nomothetic:“Teenage boys are like that.” .38Approaches to Social Research 社會(huì)研究的方法（2）Induction From specific observations to the discovery of a pattern among all the given events. 歸納：從個(gè)別到一般Deduction - From a pattern that might be logically expected to observations that test whether the patter

27、n occurs. 演繹：從一般到個(gè)別，即從邏輯或理論上預(yù)期的模式，到觀察檢驗(yàn)預(yù)期的模式是否存在。.39The Wheel of Science 科學(xué)輪.40Approaches to Social Research 社會(huì)研究的方法（3）Qualitative Data Nonnumerical data.定性資料：非數(shù)據(jù)化資料Quantitative Data -Numerical data. Makes observations more explicit and makes it easier to aggregate, compare, and summarize data.定性資料：

28、數(shù)據(jù)化資料。定量化使得我們的觀察更加明確，也更容易將資料整合、對(duì)比或得出結(jié)論。.41Approaches to Social Research 社會(huì)研究的方法（4）Pure Research - Sometimes justified in terms of gaining “knowledge for knowledges sake.” 純粹研究：以尋求“純粹的知識(shí)”而獲得正當(dāng)性Applied Research Putting research into practice. 應(yīng)用研究：將研究應(yīng)用于實(shí)踐.42Ethical Guidelines of Social Research 社會(huì)研究中

29、的倫理Two Basic Guidelines: 兩條基本原則Participation should be voluntary. 參與者必須出于自愿。Social research must bring no harm to research subjects.社會(huì)研究必須對(duì)參與研究的人無(wú)害。.43Quick Quiz.441. The two foundations of science aretradition and observation.observation and logic.logic and theory.theory and observation.A.logic and generalization.45Answer: BThe two foundations of science are observation and logic.462. Science deals with what should be and not with what is.can settle debates on value.is exclusively descriptive.has to do with disprovi