北師大版高中英語知識概要與語法總結(jié)必修18

1、高中課本知識分布必修一1. 共有三個單元2. 各單元知識點 第一單元：一般現(xiàn)在時，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時，be going to 第二單元：一般過去時，過去進(jìn)行時，現(xiàn)在完成時 第三單元：被動語態(tài)，情態(tài)動詞 3. 全書單詞數(shù)量為：204個 詞組數(shù)量為：44個必修二1. 共有三個單元2. 各單元知識點 第四單元：一般將來時will和be going to的區(qū)別，真實條件句和虛擬條件句，讓步狀語從句 第五單元：原因、結(jié)果、目的狀語從句 第六單元：表示時間、地點、動作的介詞，定語從句，冠詞3. 全書單詞數(shù)量為：229個 詞組數(shù)量為：23個必修三1. 共有三個單元2. 各單元知識點 第七單元：關(guān)系副詞，介詞+whi

2、ch引導(dǎo)的定語從句，形容詞的比較級 第八單元：限制性和非限制性定語從句，靜態(tài)動詞和動態(tài)動詞 第九單元：現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時態(tài)，現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時態(tài)3. 全書單詞數(shù)量為：262個 詞組數(shù)量為：40個必修四1. 共有三個單元2. 各單元知識點 第十單元：不定代詞和動詞不定式 第十一單元：被動語態(tài)，動名詞作主語，賓語，表語，定語 第十二單元：跟動名詞或不定式作賓語的動詞，現(xiàn)在分詞作副詞，作表語，定語，賓語補足語3. 全書單詞數(shù)量為：330個 詞組數(shù)量為：24個 高一共計單詞1025，詞組131必修五1. 共有三個單元2. 各單元知識點 第十三單元：過去分詞在句中可作形容詞或副詞用，修飾名詞，在句

3、中作定語，賓語補足語或表語 第十四單元：情態(tài)動詞表示推測 第十五單元：虛擬語氣3. 全書單詞數(shù)量為：313個 詞組數(shù)量為：25個 高二共計單詞1273，詞組130個 高中共計單詞2298，詞組261北師大版高中英語語法總結(jié)（必修一 選修八）必修一一、present simple and present continuous 一般現(xiàn)在是和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時1，present simple: 反復(fù)進(jìn)行的，經(jīng)常性的動作（慣例習(xí)慣）Eg, He watches soap operas.及狀態(tài) I live in Budapest.一般現(xiàn)在時常和下列時間狀語連用：always, usually, from, t

4、ime to time, twice a week, rarely, seldom, once a month, never.2,現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時：說話時正在進(jìn)行的動作（現(xiàn)在，此刻）一定時間段內(nèi)經(jīng)常進(jìn)行的動作和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時連用的時間狀語有just, now, at the moment, at present.二、future：arrangements and intentions 將來的安排和打算1、be going to 表示打算要做的事情。2、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時表示已經(jīng)確定或安排好事情。Eg, Im getting married in June.3、一般現(xiàn)在是表示不可改變的官方活動或時間表The su

5、mmer term begins on the 15th of February.三、past simple and past continues1,psat simple ：一般過去時，表示過去完成的動作或過去的情境和習(xí)慣。Eg: She climb the stairs and went to her room.用一般過去時要在規(guī)則動詞詞尾加-ed，或用不規(guī)則動詞的過去式，一般過去式的疑問句和否定句用did 和didnt 加動詞原形。2、past continuous過去進(jìn)行時：過去某段時間正在進(jìn)行的動作形成某些事件發(fā)生的情境動作。Eg, It was raining during the

6、 whole match.當(dāng)過去進(jìn)行時和一般過去時出現(xiàn)在同一個句子中時，過去進(jìn)行時描述故事發(fā)生的背景，兒一般過去時則報道該事件。Eg， We driving along a country lane when, suddenly a car drove past us.Form: 過去進(jìn)行時的結(jié)構(gòu)是：主語+was /were +動詞-ing形式。Eg， The driver was sitting behind the wheel.四、present perfect and past simple?，F(xiàn)在完成時和一般過去式，現(xiàn)在完成時表示發(fā)生在過去的事情對現(xiàn)在依然有明顯的影響發(fā)生在過去的動作但是

7、不知道動作發(fā)生的時間或?qū)幼靼l(fā)生的確切時間不感興趣?，F(xiàn)在完成時經(jīng)常和下列時間狀語連用：Before, ever, never, already, and , yet. already 用于肯定句，yet 用于疑問句和否定句。Venus and Serena have played each other before.(重要的事他們過去進(jìn)行了比賽，但是何時比賽并不重要現(xiàn)在完成時) Venus and Serena have played each other in June 1999.( 我們知道此事發(fā)生的確切時間一般過去時)五、The passive 被動語態(tài)在下列情況下使用被動語態(tài)：1、不知

8、道耶不需要知道誰做的這件事。2、動作的執(zhí)行者“顯而易見”3、動作本身比動作執(zhí)行者更重要或不想指出誰做的這件事。4、在書面語特別是在科技報告、報刊文章中被動語態(tài)比主動語態(tài)更正式。Form：Tense時態(tài) form 形式 +past一般現(xiàn)在時 am/is/are +past participle 過去分詞現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時 am/is/are being +pp現(xiàn)在完成時 have/has been +pp一般過去時 was/were +pp過去進(jìn)行時 was/were being +pp六、have to/not have to, can/cant, ought to/ought not to uses

9、 用法：have to 用來表示義務(wù)責(zé)任，You have to pass your test before you can drive.Dont have to 表達(dá)不必：We dont have to wear uniforms at our school.Can 用來表示允許或請求許可或者表示某事可能發(fā)生。You can buy CDs at the market.Cant 表示禁止或不可能：You cant go out tonight.Ought to 表示應(yīng)該做某事。You ought to visit your grandparents this weekend.Ought no

10、t to 表示不應(yīng)該做某事You ought not to walk alone at night.Form 形式can/cant, have to/not have to 及ought to/ought not to 后用動詞原形?，F(xiàn)在完成時，一般現(xiàn)在時，一般過去時很多語言都有現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)，因此常將它和一般現(xiàn)在時混淆，在英語中，用現(xiàn)在完成時描述發(fā)生在過去但對現(xiàn)在又影響的事件。如果涉及到過去某時間，則要用一般過去時。如果過去事件的確切時間或日期不重要，也可以用現(xiàn)在完成時。必修二一、will 和be going to 表示推測揣想1、Will+動詞原形表示依據(jù)直覺知識經(jīng)驗等做出的揣測。二、fir

11、st conditional 真實條件句A表示依據(jù)其他將來事件將來有可能發(fā)生的事件。If the rain stops, the match will begin.句型是：if clause main clause if +present simple will/wont +infinitive/without to也可能用其他句型，特別是使用情態(tài)動詞時：If you have time, we can go for a walk this evening.B建議或命令某人做某事，提出建議或請求：If you feel sleepy, go to bed.句型是If clause main c

12、lause If +present simple imperative(祈使句)三.second conditional 虛擬條件句A虛擬條件句（1）表示想象的將來不可能發(fā)生的事If I become an MP, Id fight for animals rights.2)現(xiàn)在不可能存在的狀態(tài)If I lived closer to school, I wouldnt have to get up so early.句型是If clause main clause If +past simple would /could /might +infinitive/without to 虛擬語氣用

13、法詳解 英語中的語氣分為陳述語氣、祈使語氣、虛擬語氣三類。在表示虛假的、與事實相反的或難以實現(xiàn)的情況時用虛擬語氣，表示主觀愿望或某種強烈情感時，也用虛擬語氣。即當(dāng)一個人說話時欲強調(diào)其所說的話是基于自己的主觀想法，愿望，假想，猜測，懷疑或建議，而不是根據(jù)客觀實際，就用虛擬語氣一、 條件句中的虛擬語氣1. 條件句中虛擬語氣的形式從句中提出一種與客觀現(xiàn)實不相符或根本不可能存在的條件，主句會產(chǎn)生的一種不可能獲得的結(jié)果。條件句中的虛擬語氣根據(jù)不同的時間有三種不同的形式。時間 從句謂語形式 主句謂語形式將來動詞過去式(be用were)should + 動詞原形were to + 動詞原形would / s

14、hould / might / could + 動詞原形現(xiàn)在動詞過去式(be 用 were)would / should / might / could + 動詞原形過去had +動詞過去分詞would / should / might / could have + 動詞過去分詞2. 條件中的虛擬語氣的舉例(1) 將來時的條件句中的虛擬語氣。如：If he should go to Qing Hua University, he would make full use of his time. 如果他要上清華大學(xué)的話，他就會充分利用他的時間了。If he were to come here,

15、he would tell us about it. 如果他要來的話，他會通知我們一聲。(2) 現(xiàn)在時的條件句中的虛擬語氣。如：If he were free, he would help us. 要是他有空的話，它會幫助我們的。If he studied at this school, he would know you well. 如果他在這所學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)的話，它會對你很熟悉。(3) 過去時的條件句中的虛擬語氣。如：If I had seen the film, I would have told you about it. 我如果看過這場電影，我會把電影內(nèi)容告訴你了。If I had got

16、 there earlier, I would have met Mr. Li. 如果我早點到那兒，我就會會到了李先生。3. 運用條件句中的虛擬語氣時，須注意的幾個問題(1) 當(dāng)從句的主語為第三人稱單數(shù)時，謂語動詞若是系動詞be時，可用was代替were。但在倒裝虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)及if I were you, as it were中，只能用were。如：Were I ten years younger, I would study abroad. 要是我還年輕十歲的話，我會去國外學(xué)習(xí)。If I were you, I would try my best to grasp the chance. 要是我

17、是你的話，我要盡力抓住這次機會。(2) 有時，虛擬條件句中，主、從句的動作若不是同時發(fā)生時，須區(qū)別對待。從句的動作與過去事實相反，而主句的動作與現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生的事實不符。如：If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too. 如果我在學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)刻苦的話，我現(xiàn)在也會使工程師了If they had informed us, we would not come here now. 如果他們通知過我們的話，我們現(xiàn)在就不會來這里了。從句的動作與現(xiàn)在事實相反，而主句的動作與過去事實不符。如：If he were free today

18、, we would have sent him to Beijing. 如果他今天有空的話，我們會已經(jīng)派他去北京了。If he knew her, he would have greeted her. 要是他認(rèn)識她的話，他肯定會去問候她了。從句的動作與過去發(fā)生的情況相反，而主句的動作與現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生的情況相反。如：If it had not been raining too much, the crops would be growing much better. 如果天不下太多的雨的話，莊家會長得更好。If he had been working hard, he would be work

19、ing in the office now. 要是他工作一直努力的話，他現(xiàn)在已進(jìn)了辦公室了。(3) 當(dāng)虛擬條件句的謂語動詞含有were, should, had時，if可省略，而將were, should, had等詞置于句首。如：Should he agree to go there, we would send him there. 要是他答應(yīng)去的話，我們就派他去。Were she here, she would agree with us. 如果她在這兒的話，她會同意我們的。Had he learnt about computers, we would have hired him to

20、 work here. 如果她懂一些電腦知識的話，我們會已經(jīng)聘用他來這里工作了。(4) 有時，句子沒有直接給出假設(shè)情況的條件，而須通過上下文或其他方式來判斷。如：I would have come to see you, but I was too busy. 我本該來看你了，然而我太忙了。But for his help, we would be working now. 要不是他的幫助，我們還會在工作呢。Without your instruction, I would not have made such great progress. 要是沒有你的指導(dǎo)，我不會取得如此大的進(jìn)步。(5)

21、有時，虛擬條件句中，主、從句可以省略其中的一個，來表示說話人的一種強烈的感情。省略從句He would have finished it. 他本該完成了。You could have passed this exam. 你應(yīng)該會通過這次考試了。省略主句If I were at home now. 要是我現(xiàn)在在家里該多好啊。If only I had got it. 要是我得到它了該多好啊。二、其他狀語從句的虛擬語氣1. 目的狀語從句中的虛擬語氣(1) 在for fear that, in case, lest引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句中，若用虛擬語氣時，從句謂語為： should + 動詞原形。并且

22、should不能省略She examined the door again for fear that a thief should come in. 她又把門檢查了一遍，以防盜賊的進(jìn)入。He started out earlier lest he should be late. 他很早就出發(fā)了以防遲到。(2) 在so that, in order that所引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句中，從句中的謂語為： can / may / could / might / will / would / should + 動詞原形。如(from )：He goes closer to the speaker so

23、that he can hear him clearer. 他走近說話的人以便能挺得更清楚。He read the letter carefully in order that he should not miss a word. 他把信讀得很仔細(xì)以便不漏掉一個單詞。2. 讓步狀語從句中的虛擬語氣(1) 在even if, even though 所引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中，可用虛擬語氣，主句、從句的結(jié)構(gòu)與if所引導(dǎo)的條件從句結(jié)構(gòu)相同。如：Even if he were here himself, he should not know what to do. 即是他親自來也不知該怎么辦。Nobod

24、y could save him even though Hua Tuo should come here. 及時華佗再世也就不了他。(2) 在whatever， whichever，whenever，whoever, wherever，however, no matter wh-word 等引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中，從句虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)為： may +動詞原形(指現(xiàn)在或?qū)?。如：We will finish it on time no matter what / whatever may happen. 不管發(fā)生什么事，我們都要按時完成。We will find him wherever / no

25、 matter where he may be. 無論他在哪里，我們都要找到他。I will wait for him no matter how late he may come. 不管他來的多么晚，我都會等他。 may +完成式(指過去) ，主句結(jié)構(gòu)不限。如：You mustnt be proud whatever / no matter what great progress you may have made. 不管你取得了多么大的進(jìn)步，你也不能驕傲。We must respect him no matter what / whatever mistakes he may have m

26、ade. 不管他翻過什么錯誤，我們必須尊敬他。(3) 在though, although等引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中，從句虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)為 should +動詞原形，主句結(jié)構(gòu)不限。如：Although / Though he should often be late, he is a good student. 盡管他經(jīng)常遲到，他還是個好學(xué)生。Although / Though he should be secretary, he must obey the rules. 盡管他是書記，他也必須遵守規(guī)定。3. 方式狀語從句中的虛擬語氣as if, as though引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句常用虛擬語氣。虛擬

27、語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為：表示所發(fā)生的時間虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生在主句動作之前had + 過去分詞與主句動作同時發(fā)生過去時(be 用were )發(fā)生在主句動作之后would / could / might / should+原形動詞例如：They began to talk warmly as if they had known each other for long. 他們開始熱烈的談?wù)撈饋砭秃孟袼麄円严嗷フJ(rèn)識很久了。He coughed twice as if someone should come. 他咳嗽兩聲就好像有人要來了。4. 原因狀語從句中的虛擬語氣amazed, angry, annoyed,

28、astonished, disappointed, frightened, happy, pleased, proud, sorry, surprised, upset等后面的狀語從句中常用虛擬語氣。其虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為： should + 原形動詞(指現(xiàn)在或?qū)?。如：He was angry that you should call him by name. 他很生氣，你竟然對他直呼其名。I was astonished that he should not answer such an easy question. 我很驚訝他竟答不出如此簡單的問題。 should + 完成式, 指過去。如

29、：Im very sorry that you should have failed the exam. 我很遺憾，你這次考試竟然失敗了。I was very surprised that Father should have known what I did yesterday. 我很吃驚，父親竟指導(dǎo)我昨天所作的事情。三、賓語從句中的虛擬語氣1英語中，如：advise, ask, demand, desire, decide, insist(堅決要求) , order, propose, request, suggest(建議) 表示請求、要求、命令或建議等意義的動詞所接的賓語從句一般用虛擬

30、語氣，起虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為：(should) + 原形動詞。如：The teacher advised that we should make good use of every minute here. 老師勸我們要好好地利用在這兒的每一分鐘。The Party asked that we should serve the people with our heart and soul. 黨要求我們要全心全意地為人民服務(wù)。但是，當(dāng)insist的意思為：堅決認(rèn)為，堅持說；suggest的意思為：表明，暗含，暗示等時，賓語從句一般不用虛擬語氣。如：Tom insisted that he hadnt

31、 stolen the watch. 湯姆堅持說他沒有偷那塊手表。His smile suggested that he had succeeded in this exam. 他的微笑表明他在考試中成功了。2. believe, expect, suspect, think, imagine等動詞的否定句或疑問句中的賓語從句常用虛擬語氣。其虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為： should + 原形動詞。如：Can you believe that he should kill a tiger? 你能相信他竟殺死了一只老虎？Can you imagine that he should take the fir

32、st place in the long jump contest? 你能想象得到他在跳遠(yuǎn)比賽中竟獲得了第一名？3. 英語中，wish之后的賓語從句，表示一種沒有實現(xiàn)或根本不可能實現(xiàn)的愿望，常用虛擬語氣。其虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為表示所發(fā)生的時間虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生在主句動作之前(1)had + 過去分詞；(2)would / could / might / should + have + 過去分詞與主句動作同時發(fā)生過去時(be 用were )發(fā)生在主句動作之后would / could / might / should + 原形動詞例如：I wish I learnt English well. 我希望

33、我已學(xué)好了英語。I wish I had been there with them last week. 我希望上周跟他們一起在那兒。He wishes we could go and play games with him. 他希望我們能去跟他做游戲。4. 英語中，would rather, had rather, would sooner等之后的賓語從句常表示與客觀事實不相符的一種愿望，故使用虛擬語氣。起虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為：表示所發(fā)生的時間虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)過去had + 過去分詞； 現(xiàn)在過去時(be 用were ) 將來過去時(be 用were ) 例如：Id rather you had se

34、en the film yesterday. 我倒想你昨天看過了這場電影。Id rather you were here now. 我倒想你現(xiàn)在在這兒。Wed rather you went here tomorrow. 我么倒想你明天去那兒。四、主語從句中的虛擬語氣在表達(dá)驚異、惋惜、遺憾、理應(yīng)如此等意義的主語從句中常使用虛擬語氣，其虛擬語其的結(jié)構(gòu)為： should + 動詞原形，主句中的謂語動詞形式不限。句型：(1) It is admirable / dreadful / extraordinary / odd / remarkable / sad / advisable / annoyi

35、ng / disappointing / surprising / upsetting / frightening / better / best / curious / desirable / important / strange / peculiar / proper / necessary / natural that(2) It is a pity / a shame / no wonder. that(3) It is suggested / requested / desired / proposed /. that (4) It worries me that如：It is i

36、mportant that we should do well in our lessons first. 我們先把功課學(xué)好很重要。It is strange that he should not come. 很奇怪，他竟沒有來。It is a pity that we should not meet last night. 真遺憾我們昨天晚上沒有見過面。It worries me that we should be blamed for that. 我們竟要受責(zé)備真讓人煩惱。五、表語從句及同位語從句中虛擬語氣英語中，表示請求、要求、命令、建議等名詞advice, desire, decisi

37、on, idea, instruction, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion, wish充當(dāng)句子的主語而后面接表語從句或它們后面接同位語時，表語從表面上看幾屗及同位語從句都須用虛擬語氣。其虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為：(should) + 動詞原形。如：We followed his advice that we should ask our teacher for help. 我們接受了他的建議：我們應(yīng)該請求老師的幫助(from )。He told us his idea that he sh

38、ould go to university. 他告訴了我們他的想法：他想上大學(xué)。His suggestion is that we should do our work more carefully. 他的建議就是我們的工作要更細(xì)心些。Their plan is that they should build a new factory in their hometown. 他們的計劃就是在家鄉(xiāng)建一座新工廠。六、定語從句中的虛擬語氣英語中，表示：“早該做某事了”時，定語從句中的謂語動詞須用虛擬語氣，其虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為：It is (high / about) time that + 主語+ 動詞

39、的過去式/ should + 動詞原形。如：It is time that I went to pick up my daughter at school. 我該去學(xué)校接我的女兒了。It is high time you should go to work. 你早該上班了。七. 簡單句中的虛擬語氣1. 說話時，為了表示客氣、謙虛、委婉而有禮貌，言語常使用虛擬語氣。其虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)形式常為：would / could / might / should + 原形動詞。如：Would you mind my shutting the door? 我把門關(guān)起來你介意嗎？You should alway

40、s learn this lesson by heart. 你要把這個教訓(xùn)牢記于心。I should agree with you. 我應(yīng)該同意你的觀點。2. 表示“祝愿”時，常用“may + 主語 + 動詞原形 + 其他”。如：May you have a good journey! 祝你一路順風(fēng)。May your youth last for ever! 祝你青春永駐。3. 表示強烈的“愿望”、“祝愿”時，常用動詞原形。如：Long live the Communist Party of China. 中國共產(chǎn)黨萬歲。God bless us. 上帝保佑。4. 習(xí)慣表達(dá)中常用的虛擬語氣。(

41、1) 提出請求或邀請。如：Would you like to have a talk with us this evening? 今天晚上來跟我們聊天好嗎？Could I use your bike now? 我可以用一下你的單車嗎？(2) 陳述自己的觀點或看法。如：I should glad to meet you. 見到你我會很高興。I would try my best to help you. 我會盡力幫助你。 (3) 提出勸告或建議。如：Youd better ask your father first. 你最好先問一問你的父親。You should make a full inve

42、stigation of it first. 你應(yīng)該先全面調(diào)查一番。(4) 提出問題。如：Do you think he could get here on time? 你認(rèn)為他能按時來嗎？Do you expect he would tell us the truth? 你期望他會告訴我們真相嗎？(5) 表示對過去情況的責(zé)備時，常用虛擬語氣。其虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為：“情態(tài)動詞 + have + 過去分詞”。如You should have got here earlier. 你應(yīng)該早就到這里了。You should have returned it to him. 你應(yīng)該把他還給他了。四、sud

43、den decision, time clause referring to the future adverbial clause. 突然決定，表示將來的時間狀語；狀語從句；讓步狀語從句。說話瞬間突然做出決定，用will +動詞原形表示。表示將來的時間狀語從句，在when, as soon as, after, before 引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時表將來。Adverbial clause of concession 讓步狀語從句Although和though可以引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句Although she doesnt enjoy her job, she works hard.五、A

44、dverbial clause （2）cause, result and purpose 狀語從句二原因、結(jié)果、目的狀語從句1. as, since, because 等連詞可以引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句As I havent studied, I wont pass this exam2.so that 可以引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句He is studying hard so that he can become a doctor.3.so that 或such+(an) +名詞+that 可引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句。It is so cold that the lake has frozen over.4.在man

45、y, much, few, little 前用so 而不用such.Famous film stars earn so much money nowadays that they can choose who to work for.用so lovely a boy 可代替such a lovely boy.六、prepositions of time, place and movement 表示時間，地點和動作的介詞Time :時間after lunch, at midnight, at night, at the movement, before Christmas, during the

46、 break in 1999, in April, in the morning, on Sunday, on 1st April.Place 地點at home /the bank /the seaside /above the lake/ below the clouds, behind the tree, between the bank and the park., in Bake street, in the box, in the picture, on the table/bus/first floor, under the bridge, over the table.Move

47、ment 動作: across the park, along the river, in to the building, to/from Warsaw七、Relative Clause 定語從句1定語從句可用來修飾，限定正在談?wù)摰娜嘶蛭颯tudents who go to this school沒有定語從句就不知道所談的和人或何物。在定語從句中門要用下列關(guān)系代詞：Who （有時用that ）用來指人，that用來指代動物。Which (that)用來指代物地點等The park that is in the center of the town has beautiful big tree

48、s.Where 用來指代位置和地點，whose用來表示所屬關(guān)系。若關(guān)系代詞which，that或who在定語從句中作賓語，而不做主語時， 可以省略。The girl (who) you meet is Peters sister.八、language problem-solving ,a, an ,the在下列情況下用a/an1， 所談?wù)摰氖履莻€人或物并不重要時2），所談?wù)摰氖且活惾嘶蛭飼r，3，第一次談?wù)撃橙嘶蛭飼r，2，單詞首字母為輔音前用a ,而首字母為元音或以元音發(fā)音的名詞前用an 3, 在下列情況下用the 1）所談?wù)摰娜嘶蛭锸亲x者或聽者已知曉的且易于辨認(rèn)的。2）當(dāng)所談?wù)摰娜嘶蛭飼r世界上

49、獨一無二的用或不用冠詞的短語英語有許多短語中冠詞的使用很難解釋清楚，所以需要牢記No article：零冠詞at home, at school, go to work, go to bed, have breakfast /lunch, in hospital,和the 連用的短語：at the station, to the cinema, play the piano, in the morning/ evening .和a 連用的短語：have a bath /shower, have a rest, have a cake, have a drink.在國家和城鎮(zhèn)名稱前不用the 但

50、在河流，海洋和山脈名稱前要用the。必修三一、Relative Clause with where, when and why, where, when, why 引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系副詞where, when 引導(dǎo)的定語從句可提供時間和地點的信息，在reason后可用why 引導(dǎo)的定語從句。介詞+ which /whom 引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系代詞可做介詞的賓語，通常在which和whom前加介詞即介詞+which/whom 結(jié)構(gòu)This is the book for which he is looking.可以根據(jù)定語從句所修飾的名詞或代詞來選介詞，也可以依據(jù)從句的相關(guān)動詞來選用。但在日常英語

51、中，通常是吧介詞放在從句句末，省略關(guān)系代詞which 和whomThe train(which /that) Im travelling on is for Shanghai.二、形容詞和副詞的比較More and more 越來越Less /the least 不如/最不The the 越就越 The less I worried, the better I worked.三、修飾形容詞比較級Much, a lot, slightly, a little, almost, a bit, far, even, still, twice/ three times more than/twice

52、as much/many as/twice the +n +of 比多/是 的兩倍/三倍。四、狀態(tài)或動作動詞英語中動詞分為兩類：動作動詞和狀態(tài)動詞。動作動詞描述動作，可用于一般時態(tài)和進(jìn)行時態(tài)；狀態(tài)動詞描述狀態(tài)，一般不用于進(jìn)行時態(tài)。狀態(tài)動詞表達(dá)思維活動的動詞：admit, believe, know, mean, prefer, realize, remember, think, understand, want, 表達(dá)情感的動詞：adore，care, like, dislike, love, hate, hope表達(dá)擁有和存在的動詞：appear, be, belong, contain,

53、have, include, need, seem, possess, own.感官動詞feel, hear, look, see, smell, sound, taste,有些狀態(tài)動詞也可以表示動作，在此意義上，這些動詞可用于現(xiàn)在時。 How are you feeling?感官動詞后用形容詞修飾二不用副詞。The roses look and smell beautiful.四、定語從句：defining and non-defining 限制性和非限制性定語從句. 概念：(1) 定語從句：在主從復(fù)合句中用作定語的從句叫定語從句。定語從句一般緊接在先行詞(antecedent)后面。(2)

54、 先行詞：被定語從句修飾的成份。先行詞可以為一個詞，短語，或整個主句。(3) 引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞，分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系詞的作用：1) 引導(dǎo)定語從句，連接主句和從句，相當(dāng)于一個連詞；2) 必在從句中作某個句子成份（可以做主語，賓語，表語，定語，狀語）常用的關(guān)系代詞: that、 which、 who、whom、whose、as 、but (文語, 置于否定詞之后=that/whonot, 沒有不, 在從句中作主語，賓語)常用的關(guān)系副詞（在從句中只作狀語）: when、why、 whereThe student who answered the question was John.

55、I know the reason why he was so angry.The boy (whom) you are talking to is my brother. Id like a room whose window looks out over the sea. 定語從句三步：第一找出先行詞；第二看先行詞在定語從句中的語法功能（做主語、賓語或狀語）；第三選擇合適的關(guān)系詞。. 幾個關(guān)系代詞的基本用法：that: 可指人或物；在定語從句中作主語，賓語，表語。(指人時，相當(dāng)于who或 whom；指物時，相當(dāng)于which)(一般不用于非限制性定語從句; 不可置于介詞后作賓語) 如：1. A letter that/which is written in pencil is difficult to read. (主語)2. Do you know the gentleman that/who spoke just now?3. You can t