語流中音的變化

1、語流中音的變化英語單詞由一個或幾個音節(jié)構成。音節(jié)通常由一個元音加上一個或幾個輔音構成，但是單獨一個元音也可以構成音節(jié)。輔音一般不能單獨構成音節(jié)，但有些發(fā)音較響亮的輔音，如l m n，在后面沒有元音的情況下可與前面的輔音構成音節(jié)(如lesson lesn)。音節(jié)分為開音節(jié)和閉音節(jié)/重讀開音節(jié)和重讀閉音節(jié)。下面兩種情況為開音節(jié)：1) 以發(fā)音的元音字母結尾的音節(jié)，如focus一詞中的fo-;2) 以輔音字母(r除外)+不發(fā)音的元音字母e結尾的音節(jié)，如dine.以一個或幾個輔音字母(r除外)結尾而中間只有一個元音字母的音節(jié)為閉音節(jié)，如sink. 元音字母+r構成的音節(jié)為r音節(jié)，如carbon一詞中的c

2、ar-。元音字母+re構成的音節(jié)為re音節(jié)，如aware中的-ware. 在雙音節(jié)和多音節(jié)詞中，有一個音節(jié)讀得比較重而清楚，其余的則讀得比較輕而弱，前者稱為重讀音節(jié)，后者稱為非重讀音節(jié)。單音節(jié)詞的讀音看作與重讀音節(jié)相同。由于元音是音節(jié)的核心，而重讀音節(jié)又是多音節(jié)詞的核心，所以熟悉元音在各種重讀音節(jié)中的讀音規(guī)則是正確把握英語單詞讀音的關鍵。1) 在重讀開音節(jié)中，元音字母一般是按其字母名稱讀音：aename, tale, equator, favoriteeieve, theme, secret, convenienti(y)alike, type, recite, denyonote, clos

3、e, moment, explodeuj u:use, fume, amusement, future 2) 在重讀閉音節(jié)中，元音字母一般讀作短元音aæbat, lamp, understand, abandoneebet, letter, rescue, correcti(y)limb, bit, mystery, submitostock, frost, conduct, atomiculuck, nut, disgust, abundant3)在非重讀音節(jié)中(不管是開音節(jié)還是閉音節(jié))，元音字母的讀音通常弱化，一般讀作、或aabout, breakfastpalace, vill

4、ageeopen, silentbegin, entirei(y)acid, cityholiday, possibleoobserve, seldomuautumn, suggest(在l, r, j后)influence, instrument4)在重讀r音節(jié)和re音節(jié)中，元音字母的讀音通常如下：1)在重讀r音節(jié)中的讀音：ar:charm, alarm, departure, remarkableer:term, clerk, nervous, determineir:first, virtue, thirsty, circumstanceor:corn, according, propo

5、rtion, reportur:curve, church, further, surface注：元音字母在飛重讀r音節(jié)中，一般讀作，如：sugar perform doctor murmur, circumstance2)在重讀re音節(jié)中的讀音areebarely, spare, compare, prepareereethere, wheremere, here, sincere, interfereireafire, desire, entire, inquireore:store, shore, explore, ignoreure(j) u: pure, cure, ensure,

6、surely重讀音節(jié)單音節(jié)詞都有一個重讀音節(jié)，但不標出重音符號；雙音節(jié)詞或多音節(jié)詞有一個或一個以上的重讀音節(jié)。(重音符號標在重讀音節(jié)的左上角，次重音符號標在左下角)重讀開音節(jié)：單音節(jié)詞的最后一個字母是元音字母，這個元音字母處于重讀開音節(jié)中，讀元音字母的長音。例如：單詞a, she, i, so, my等。a, e, i, o, y是最后一個字母，它們相應的讀音是e、 i、 a、 、 a。雙音節(jié)或多音節(jié)詞的重讀音節(jié)中的元音字母若是這個重讀音節(jié)中最后一個字母，該元音字母也讀其長音，因為緊跟在后面的字母屬于另一個音節(jié)。例如：basic人們在講英語時，并不是把一個一個的音簡單連接起來，而是遵從一定的規(guī)

7、律有變化地形成音的流動，即語流。語流中音的變化稱為變音現(xiàn)象。變音現(xiàn)象是正常交流中隨處可見的語音現(xiàn)象。它主要表現(xiàn)在幾個方面：同化省音連讀弱讀等BBC Radio four. Its six Oclock, the news with Christles Rich. British Petroleum is to merge with the American oil giant Amoco to form the biggest company in Britain. New concerns about the Asian financial Crisis has provoked the s

8、harp falls on the stock market across the world. Theres been more gloomy news about jobs at home with another thousand of redundancies. A leading supermarket chain is changing the way it treats its milk after concerns about the possible links between pasteurized milk and bowel disease. A chief petty

9、 officer of the Royal Navy has been convicted breaching the British Official Secrets Act by selling information to a Tabloy Newspaper. And from Poland, theres news of the archbishop who told his flock to confess the breaking the speed limit.一 音的同化Assimilation(同化):In connected speech two neighboring

10、sounds within a word or at the junction(交接處) of words often influence each other in such a way that the articulation(發(fā)音) of one sound becomes similar to or even identical （同樣的）with the articulation of the other one. Sometimes two neighboring sounds influence each other and are replaced by a new soun

11、d which is different from either of the two original sounds. This process is called assimilation The cause of the process is to save effort and to make the pronunciation of two different sounds easier since the change of manner of pronunciation and the shift of position of the speech organs can hard

12、ly take place in an instant in fast reading or speaking.同化是指在單詞或句子中由于受鄰近音的影響從而使音發(fā)生變化的現(xiàn)象。這種變化有兩種，一種是一個音變成另一個音；一種是兩個音融合成一個(新)音。同化主要分為兩類：一類是歷史同化，一類是臨時同化。歷史同化是指在語言的發(fā)展過程中所發(fā)生的同化，是指一個曾經(jīng)以某種方式發(fā)的音最終變成了以另一種方式發(fā)的音。例如：在14世紀的時候，antæ n t的發(fā)音是æ m t，拼寫也是amte, 但到了15世紀發(fā)音就已經(jīng)變成了現(xiàn)在的發(fā)音æ n t，拼寫當然也成了ant, 其中的原因就

13、是m 受 t的影響，發(fā)音方式發(fā)生了變化，m 就變成了n ；幾百年前，picture的發(fā)音是p k t ju:r,隨著歷史的演進，輔音連綴tj變成了一個破擦音t ，所有picture的發(fā)音也就變成了p k t 。臨時同化是指在句子中兩個單詞碰在一起時，或在形成復合詞時，其中的一個單詞所發(fā)的音和它單獨讀時所發(fā)的音不同。例如，當horseh : s在遇見shoe u: 形成復合詞horse-shoe時就經(jīng)常被說成h : u:；當dont d n t在遇見youju:時，就時常被說成d n t u:；當didd d在遇見youju:時也時常被說成d d u:。按照同化的順序，同化可以分為順同化和逆同化

14、。順同化是指后音受前音的影響而形成的同化，如舌尖背摩擦音的鼻輔音化-在in the old name中ð受前面n的影響而變成n。逆同化是指前音受后音的影響而形成的同化，如清音濁化-在better中t受后面元音的影響而變成d，以及失去爆破-在Dad wont let her中由于分別受w和l的影響，Dad中的d和l e t中的 t都只有發(fā)音的時間而不發(fā)音，在is there中z受ð的影響而變成ð并進而合并成一個ð。按照同化的結果，同化可以分為替代同化和融合同化，其中替代同化更普遍。替代同化就是在相鄰音的影響下，一個音被相鄰的音甚至被第三個音所代替，如前面所

15、舉例子中m受t的影響而變成n，s受 的影響而變成 。融合同化就是相鄰的音互相影響從而融合成一個新的音，如前面所舉例中的t和j互相影響而變成一個音t j，d和j互相影響而變成一個音d j。歷史性同化對我們來說不是很大的問題，因為我們在學習單詞時直接學的就是已經(jīng)同化過的發(fā)音，而且詞典中一般也是按現(xiàn)成的發(fā)育注音的。我們的問題主要在臨時性同化，包括替代同化和融合同化，因為這在注音上一般沒有反映出來，而且我們也沒有養(yǎng)成習慣。我們從聽者的角度，即同化的結果的角度，來觀察同化，可以吧同化再具體到幾個范疇上，即清音濁化，濁音清華，不完全爆破，舌尖齒背摩擦音的鼻輔音化，舌尖齒齦摩擦音的舌尖齒背摩擦音化等。 1.

16、 清音濁化清音濁化：發(fā)音時清輔音受到后面元音的影響從而改變了發(fā)音方式變成了濁輔音。由于所有的元音在發(fā)音時都需要振動聲帶，不振動聲帶的清輔音受后面元音的發(fā)音方法的影響變成振動聲帶的音，于是清輔音也變成了濁輔音。如：illustrate l s t r e t l s d r e t; frustratedf rs t r e t df rs d r e td; congratulate k ng r æ t r l e tg n g r æ d l e t；再比如inspection、suspicious、happen、later、scared、taken等。下面是一些不同錄

17、音材料中的例子。(1)A: Buy five CDs get one free. Great idea. Who thought this up?B: I did, Dad. The customer comes into the store. Picks up a CD. Listens to it. Wesay: If you like this CD, you can take it away free if you buy five more CDs.A: Great idea, tony. Youre showing a lot of initiative.這一段話中一共有42處清輔

18、音，被省略不讀出聲的有3處，沒有變化還按清輔音讀的有31處，被讀成濁輔音的8處。這8處被濁化的清輔音有3處出現(xiàn)在單詞內部。一個音節(jié)中清輔音的后面有元音，清輔音受元音影響讀成了濁輔音，所以：intoi n t u:i n d u:stores t :s d :initiativei n i t i ei t i vi n i t i ei d i v另有5處出現(xiàn)在單詞與單詞之間，即前一個單詞以清輔音結尾，后一個單詞以元音開頭，前面的清輔音和后面的元音形成新的音節(jié)，清輔音受元音的影響讀成了濁輔音，所以：great ideag r e t a d gred a dtake it awayt e k

19、t w etegd welot ofl t v ld v (2) President Clinton is signaling (暗示，發(fā)信號) his support for welfare reform legislation proposed by the Republican-led congress after law makers dropped the provision that he has long opposed. Mr. Clinton said in his Saturday radio address that welfare reforms could becom

20、e a reality soon. VOA White House correspondent Debra Tate reports: President Clinton has threatened to veto welfare reform legislation if it contained changes to the federal health insurance programs for the poor and elderly known as “Medicaid”. In recent days Republican congressional leaders agree

21、d to drop the provision on Medicaid reform. Mr. Clinton clearly pleased by the move indicated he could now support welfare plans proposed in both the House and Senate bills he called good and strong. “We are very close to replacing a broken welfare system with one that requires work, offers opportun

22、ity and demands responsibility. If we work hard and work together we should now be able to pass real welfare reform and do it very soon.” The president called on congress to drop provision he opposes in two other legislators proposals, immigration reform and health insurance reform. Mr. Clintons pre

23、sumptive (假定的，推測的) Republican challenger Bob Dole used his partys Saturday radio address to pledge to simplify the tax code and reduce Americans taxes if he is elected president. Debra Tate, VOA News, at the White House “Presumed Republican presidential nominee Bob Dole went on the attack against pr

24、esident Clinton today. Mr. Dole criticized President Clinton on the issue of capital gains taxes.” “In order to create more jobs, and more opportunity, Republicans reduce capital gains tax rate. Why arent you receiving the benefits of these tax cuts? Why arent these tax cuts the law of the land? One

25、 simple reason-because President Clinton vetoed each and every one of them.” 這一段話中有4人在說話，一個播音員，一個事VOA的前方記者，一個事美國總統(tǒng)克林頓，一個事共和黨被提名的候選人，這4個人的話語中都有明顯的清音濁化的地方。Clinton k l i n t nk l n d nSaturday s æ t d ei s æ d d ei reality r iæ l t ir iæ l d iwent on w e n t nwendntoday t d eid d ec

26、riticized kr i t i s a i z dkr d s a z dcapital k æ p i t lk æ b t lsystem s i s d ms i s d mresponsibility r i s bn s ib i l i d r i s bn s ib i l i d to td create k ri e tk ri e dRepublicans ri pb l i k n zri pb l i g n zcapital k æ p i t lk æ b i t lbecause b i k zb i g z(3)So

27、. Thats our view of the market position. In particular, weve noted our trading strengths as well as our weaknesses.Moving on, now Id like to take a look at our organization and at our company culture. First of all, let me say it has given me great personal satisfactions to read in the press that Ros

28、somon is considered one of the husband best companies to work for in the UK. And, in this short presentation, Id like to focus on what we have been trying to do here at Rossomon over the last decade and outline our goals for the next one. To do this, I shall consider five main headings, namely remun

29、eration(報酬), promotion, training, the environment and communications.Lets start with remuneration. Obviously this includes both financial and non-financial compensation. Turning first to pay, our goal is to be in the top ten percent in terms of salary paid. This means that we prefer to pay our peopl

30、e a bit more money. As a result, we cant afford to take on as many employees as our competitors. But those who do join us are assured of individual attention, as well as a good pay package. In addition, our single-status profit-sharing scheme means that everyone gets the same amount, irrespective of

31、 position. 這一段話中出現(xiàn)了19處清音濁化：noted ntd nddstrengths strezsdrez tr dr a look at l k æ t l g æ tat our æt a æ d afirst of f : s t vf : s d vit has t h æ z d z satisfaction s æ t z f æ k ns æ d z f æ k nstart s t: ts d: tto t u:d competitors k m p e t t zk m p

32、 e d d zstatus s t e t ss d e d sscheme s k i ms g i mirrespective r s p e k t v r s b e k t vposition p z nb z n從以上的典型材料中可以看出，經(jīng)常有清音濁化現(xiàn)象的音主要是爆破音和破擦音，即p k t 和t s t r ，其他的清輔音也有濁化的時候，如摩擦音 f 被濁化成 v 。美國英語中清音濁化現(xiàn)象更為普遍，而且無聊在哪種英語中基本上都是語速越快，清音濁化現(xiàn)象越多。2. 濁音清化濁音清化是指：濁輔音即振動聲帶的音受到后面發(fā)音部位相同或相似的清輔音即不振動聲帶的音的影響而變成振動聲帶的

33、音，即清輔音。例如：There is still something to do ð e (s) s t l sm d d u: , 在這個句子中系動詞is z 被縮略了，只剩下字母s的讀音：1) 濁輔音 z 受后面清輔音s 影響 變成 清輔音s 。兩個相同的s 出現(xiàn)在一起，第一個s 當然就不發(fā)音了。這是出現(xiàn)在語流中的現(xiàn)象。實際上，復數(shù)、動詞第三人稱單數(shù)、動詞過去式、動詞完成式的發(fā)音也是依據(jù)同樣的道理，只是它們的發(fā)音主要是受前面而非后面音的影響。A: May I help you?B: Yes. Id like to see Mr. Smith. I have an appointm

34、ent at six.A: I see. Just a moment. Hes still in conference, but he should be there before long. Would you mind waiting here for a moment?B: Not at all.在這段對話中Hes still in conference被讀成：h (s) s d l n k n f r n s 。 其中is ( z )被縮略成s, 而s的發(fā)音主要根據(jù)后面的音勢清輔音還是濁輔音來定。如果是清輔音，則發(fā)s ，反之則z 。在這段對話中，s后面的音是清輔音s ，所以s 被讀成了

35、s ，并與后面的s 合并成了一個音s 。A: Is he really quitting?B: Yes, he is. It seems hes been offered a better job by another firm.A: Is there anyone to replace him?B: Well. I just cant think of anyone off-hand, but there should be someone wed like to promote. A: To take over for him?B: Yes, please. Let me think it

36、 over.在這一段對話中，It seems hes been offered a better job被讀成 t s i m z h z b i n .。其中has(h æ z )被縮略成了s, 由于后面是濁輔音b ，所以s被讀成了 z 。A: I wonder if theres any possibility of our setting up an overseas branch.B: Well, that is a very good question and my answer is yes. Ho, its almost noon. Would you like to

37、discuss it over lunch?A: Id be delighted.B: Lets go to the cafeteria downstairs before it gets crowded.在這段對話中，Theres any possibility 被讀成ð e z æ n p s b l d ，其中is ( z )被縮略成了s,而且后面是元音，元音是振動聲帶的音，因此s也被讀成了振動聲帶的音 z 。補充：1)復數(shù) (受前面音的影響) A: What are some of the problems we may face?B: Well, as for t

38、ariffs, we found out that our products would not be liable for duty.A: What about shipping facilities/B: That can be a problem. There are very few direct sailings. Well, Im afraid there isnt much time left for further discussion today. So may I suggest we discuss we it again at the next meeting?這段對話

39、中共有5處名詞的復數(shù)形式：元音和濁輔音后面讀成濁輔音problems p r b l m z ,facilities f s l t z savings s e v z nations n e n z millions m l n z officials f l z proportions p r p : n z 而在清輔音后面讀成清輔音(s受前面清音影響讀s)tariffs t æ r f s products p r d k t s 2) 動詞第三人稱單數(shù)says s e z (元音后面)continues k n t n j u: z (元音后面)calls k : z (濁輔

40、音后面)notes n ts (清輔音后面)stops s d p s(清輔音后面)3) 動詞過去式、動詞完成criticized k r t s a z d (濁輔音后面)saved s e v d (濁輔音后面)promisedp r m s t (清輔音后面)tied t a d (元音后面)3. 兩音合并1)一種情況是指在語流中如果一個詞的尾音和后面的詞的首音是相同或相似的音，則這兩個音合并成一個音，只是稍微拉長一些或者在第一個該出現(xiàn)的地方有短促的停頓。例如；a.前面一個音是 s ，后面一個是 s ，則合并成一個音 s b. 前面是z ，后面是 s ，前面z 濁音清化，兩個 s 合并成

41、一個 s 。例如：Hes still in conference。h (s) s d l n k n f r n s He has said it. h h æ(s) s e d t has so h æ(s) s c.前面是z ，后面是ð ， 合并成ð ，在ð 之前有短暫的停頓。例如：is this Tom?; .because the thieves told him to open the safe.d. 前面是s ，后面是ð ， 合并成ð ，在ð 之前有短暫的停頓。例如：books the table例1：

42、A: How soon would you like to have them done?B: Well, this one is pressing, but the other one can wait.A: When is this one due?B: Tomorrow afternoon.A: Oh, thats impossible.B: I understand, but could you please squeeze it in somewhere?is this中，z 受ð 的影響同化成ð ，且和ð 合并成一個ð ，在ð 之前

43、有短暫的停頓(聽起來只有ð 沒有z )。例2：We just wanted to create a company that embodied the four principles that we felt mattered in any kind of community, be it a business, church, village, or whatever principles that中，z 和ð 發(fā)音同樣如此。例3：What does the guard do when the man comes a second time?does the中，z 和&#

44、240; 發(fā)音同樣如此。例4：It seems that theyve run into difficulties with the tooling for the machines-youll have to talk to Brain about that.seems that 中，z 和ð 發(fā)音同樣如此。2)另一種情況是：語流中前后兩個音相互影響從而合起來成為第三個音。例如；前面是t 或d，后面是j ，則t 和j 變成 ，d和j 變成d 。例如：Did you? d du: ，而不是d d ju: ；What you like? w u: l a k而不是w t ju: l a

45、 k。A: How soon would you like to have them done?B: Well, this one is pressing, but the other one can wait.A: when is this one due?B: Tomorrow afternoon.A: Oh, thats impossible.B: I understand, but could you please squeeze it in somewhere?這段話中有4處兩音合并現(xiàn)象：is this z 和ð 的合并，合并成ð would you/could

46、you d和j 合并A: whats the matter, Lisa? You look a bit depressed.B: I keep thinking of my parents. I dont get to see them as often as I should.A: Have they been complaining?B: Not really. I do call home regularly. But you know my mom. She has so many rules. Sometimes Im afraid to go home. Shell comment

47、 on my clothes, my life style.A: Parents are parents, Lisa. Theyre not parents just when were kids. Theyre parents forever.B: Ive decided, Michael. Im going to see them this weekend no matter what.get to 兩個t 合并成一個t has so z 濁音清化成s ，和后面的s 合并成s stops settlement兩個s 合并成一個s ，發(fā)s 之前p 失去爆破。4. 失去爆破“失去爆破”也叫做“

48、不完全爆破”?！笆ケ啤闭f法更通俗。如：empty e m t ，expected k s b e d d ，united nations j u: n a d 。它指：爆破音(p b t d k g )后面緊跟著輔音，即：1)爆破音 p b t d k g 2)摩擦音fvðszrh3)破擦音d t sd zt rd r4)鼻輔音mn 5)邊輔音l6)半元音jw 時，受到一定的影響，從而不發(fā)生爆破，即只有發(fā)音的時間而沒有發(fā)出這個音；或者，即使有爆破，也非常輕微，輕微到幾乎聽不見，所以在技術上經(jīng)常處理成不爆破。例如：Girl: Yes, Id like to report a mug

49、ging.Police Officer: Okay. Can you tell me exactly what happened?Girl: Well, I was walking home from work when this women knocked me right off my feet, seized my stuff, and ran off. I was so scared that I didnt go after her.Police Officer: Can you describe the woman for me?Girl: Yeah. He is quite ta

50、ll, about six foot three.Police Officer: Wait. You said a woman robbed you.Girl: Well, I am not really sure. Hmm You see, the person was wearing a white dress, a light read sweater over it, and she or he was wearing a pair of basketball shoes.Police Officer: Hmm What else can you remember?Girl; Well

51、, the person.had a beard.Police Officer: Ah! What was, uh, taken exactly?Girl: Well, just my left shoe. Strange, isnt it?Police Officer: Ah. The “Bearded Woman” has struck again!Girl: The “Bearded Woman”?Police Officer: Well, this “Bearded Woman” is a man. He dresses up like a woman and, for some un

52、known reasons, likes to take the left shoe from his victims. Hes really harmless and usually returns the shoe to the crime scene a couple of days later.Girl: Hey, he can keep my shoe, and Ill just take off my left shoe every time I walk through the park.這篇Dialogue里，有多處失去爆破現(xiàn)象。A: Im afraid the decisio

53、n does not rest with me.B: I see. Who am I supposed to contact for getting a final decision on this matter, then?A: Theoretically Mr. Collins, chairman of the board, but practically it seems that Mr. Shreider has the last say.B; Could you arrange a meeting with him?A: Yes, of course.這段對話中，共有11個詞尾爆破音，分別為afraid、 not、 rest、 supposed、 contact、 board、 but、 it、 that、 last、 could.其中，3處音有爆破，分別是rest、 contact和board. 原因：3處音處于音群的末尾，后面有停頓， 即與后面的音隔開了。其中board的后面由于停頓的時間更長一點，所以它的爆破也是最強的。A: I