英語中的就近原則24644

1、英語中就近一致的原則就近原則】也稱鄰近原則”就近一致原則”(Proximity,即：謂語與靠近的名詞、代詞(有 時不一定是主語)在 “人稱、數(shù) ”上一致。1. 由下列詞語連接的并列主語：there be+句型；or ; either; noor neithernorwhether qr not but; not only but a等ob;e.g. What he does or what he says does not con cer n me .他的行為或言談都與我無 關(guān)。 Neither you nor I am wrong .你和我都沒錯。 Not you but your fath

2、er is to blame .不是你，而是你父親該受責備。 Not only you but(also) he is wrong 不僅你錯了，他也錯了。2. 在倒裝句中：謂語可與后面第一個主語一致。e.g. In the dista nee was heard the clapp ing of hands and the shouts of the peopl在遠 處，能聽見鼓掌聲和人們的呼喊聲。 There is (are) a pen and some books on the des桌上有一支鋼筆和幾本書。 【就遠原則】謂語動詞與前面主語一致代表詞匯： as well as；( tog

3、ether/along)with ；rather than；except；besides；but； including ；in addition to；apart from;likeE.G： He rather than I is right.Nobody but two students is in the classroom.The teacher with his students is working in the fields. They have kept working for several hours. Nobody made them work for so long.主謂

4、一致1并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時謂語用復(fù)數(shù)Read ing and writi ng are very importa nt.注意：當主語由and連結(jié)時，如果它表示一個單一的概念，即指同一人或同一物時， 謂語動詞用單數(shù)，and此時連接的兩個詞前只有一個冠詞。The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.典型例題The League secretary and mon itorasked to make a speech at the meet ing.A. is B. was C. are D. were答案B.注：先從時態(tài)上考慮。這

5、是過去發(fā)生的事情應(yīng)用過去時，先排除A.，C.。本題易誤選D，因為TheLeague secretary and monitor 好象是兩個人，但仔細辨別，monitor 前沒有the,在英語中，當一人兼數(shù)職時只在第一個職務(wù)前加定冠詞。后面的職務(wù)用and相連。這樣本題主語為一個人，所以應(yīng)選 B。與后接名詞或代詞保持一致1）用half of, part of, most of, a portion of等詞引起主語時，動詞通常與 of后面的名 詞，代詞保持一致。Most of his money is spe nt on books.Most of the students are taking

6、an active part in sports.2） 在一些短語，如 many a或more than one所修飾的詞作主語時，謂語動詞多用 單數(shù)形式。但由more thano作主語時，動詞應(yīng)與其后的名詞或代詞保持一致。Many a person has read the no vel.許多人都讀過這本書。英語中，什么是就近原則？就近原則什么時候用？就近一致原則（1） 連詞 not only.but also/ neither.nor/ or/ eitheror/ not.butNeither he n or they are wholly right.他和他們，誰都不是完全對的。Eith

7、er he or I am right.或者他對，或者我對。就近一致原則（2）畐U詞 here/ thereHere comes the bus.瞧，公共汽車來了。主謂一致：andand的兩邊分別是不同的可數(shù)名詞。John and Mary are my friends.約翰和瑪麗都是我的朋友。and的兩邊分別是不同的不可數(shù)名詞。Both rice and wheat are grow n in Chi na.中國有種水稻也有種小麥。and的兩邊的單詞構(gòu)成一個統(tǒng)一的概念。Fish and chips is a popular supper here.炸魚土豆片在這里是一種很受歡迎的晚餐。（魚和

8、土豆片作為整體）The poet and writer has come.那位詩人兼作家來了。（同一個人既是詩人又是作家）I. 在正式文體中：1. 由下列詞語連接的并列主語： or ; either or; nor; neitheror; whetheror; not but; not onlybut also;等。e.g. What he does or what he says does n ot concern me他的行為或言談都與我無關(guān)。 Neither you nor I am wrong .你和我都沒錯。 Not you but your father is to blame .

9、不是你，而是你父親該受責備。英語句子中，主語的“人稱”和“數(shù)”要限制，決定謂語動詞的形式變化，這就叫“主謂一致”關(guān)系。它通常依據(jù)三項原則：1）語法一致；2）意義一致；3）就近一致【語法一致原則】I 主語的“人稱”決定謂語動詞的形式。e.g. I love / She loves music .我/ 她愛好音樂。 Are your mother a worker ?（誤）你母親是工人嗎？Is your mother a worker ?（正）（主語 your mother 是單數(shù)第三人稱）II .主語的“數(shù)”決定謂語動詞的形式。1“不可數(shù)名詞、可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)、單數(shù)代詞、不定式（短語）、動名詞（短語

10、）”或“從 句”等作主語，用單數(shù)謂語形式。e.g. The work is importa nt .這項工作重要。 To serve the cou ntry is our duty .為祖國服務(wù)是我們的義務(wù)。 How and why he left was a sad story .他離開的經(jīng)過和原因是一段傷心的經(jīng)歷。2. 復(fù)數(shù)的名詞、代詞一般接復(fù)數(shù)謂語形式。e.g. The childre n are taken good care of .孩子們得到很好的照料。 They have gone to Che ngdu .他們?nèi)コ啥剂恕I.以“and ”或“ bothanc”連接的并列主語

11、：1. 通常作復(fù)數(shù)用。e.g. Plastics and rubber never rot .塑料和橡膠從不腐爛。 What he says and what he does do not agree他 言行不一致。 Both Tom and I are fond of medici ne .我和湯姆都喜歡醫(yī)學。2. 如果并列主語指的是“同一個”人（事、物、抽象概念），作單數(shù)用。e.g. The worker and writer has come .這位工人作家來了 A cart and horse was see n in the dista nee 遠處能看見有一套馬車。 Truth a

12、nd hon esty is the best policy .真誠是最好的策略。3. “anc”前、后的單數(shù)詞語都有“ eaeh,every ,many ,a ,n0等修飾時，仍作單數(shù)用。e.g. Every boy and every girl enjoys equal rights here.這里每個男孩和每個女孩都享有平等權(quán)益。 No teacher and no stude nt is excused from tak ing part in the activity .沒有哪個教師或?qū)W生可以免于參加這項活動。IV .主語前、后加表“數(shù)、量”等的修飾語時：1. a) “many a

13、+單名”接單數(shù)謂語：“a good (great ) many +復(fù)名”接復(fù)數(shù)謂語。e.g. Many a fine man has died for it .許多優(yōu)秀戰(zhàn)士為此獻出了生命。 A great many pare nts were prese nt at the meeti ng 許多家長出席了會議。b) a / an +單名+ or two 大多接單數(shù)謂語：one or two +復(fù)名接復(fù)數(shù)謂語。e.g. Only a word or two is (are )n eeded.只需說一兩句。 One or two reasoms were suggested 提出一兩條理由。c)

14、 a / an +單名+ and a half常接單數(shù)謂語；“ one and a half +復(fù)名”多接復(fù)數(shù)謂語。e.g. A year and a half has passed 一 年半已過去了。 One and a half tons of rice are sold .已賣了一噸半大米。d) more than one +單名”大多接單數(shù)謂語。e.g. More tha n one person was (were )abse nt 不止一個人缺席。more + 復(fù)名+ tha n one，接復(fù)數(shù)謂語。e.g. More stude nts tha n one have bee n

15、there 不止一個學生去過那兒。more than two (three,)+復(fù)名接復(fù)數(shù)謂語。e.g. More tha n one hun dred stude nts have atte nded the con cert .不止一百名學生聽了這場音樂會2. 下列復(fù)合不定代詞一般作單數(shù)用：“ some one somebody ,somethi ng ,an ybody ,anyone anything everybody ,every one ,evey thing ,nobody ,no one ,nothig ”等。e.g. Is everybody here ?都到齊了嗎？ Th

16、ere was nothi ng special the n.那時沒什么特別情況。3. 下列不定代詞作復(fù)數(shù)用：“(a)few ,many several, both”等。e.g. Few (of the guests ) were familiar to us .沒幾個(客人)是我們熟識的。 Both / Both (of) these are in terest ing .兩部影片都有趣。4下列代詞須視其“具體所指”來決定單、復(fù)數(shù)：1) “what which ,who ,whose ”等。e.g. Who is your brother ?你兄弟是誰？ Who are League Mem

17、bers 哪些是團員？2) all , some ,more ,most ,any ,none ,a lot(of ), lots (of ),等。e.g. All (of the students ) are working hard .(所有的學生)都在用功。 All (of the paint) is fine .(這些油漆)都很好。3) half(of), ple nty (of), the rest(of), (a)part(of), the rema in der(of )余下的)，等。e.g. Half of the apples are bad蘋果中有一半是壞的。 Half o

18、f the apple is bad 這只蘋果壞了一半。皿.“數(shù)詞”、“數(shù)量、單位”等詞語作主語時：1. 表示“運算”的數(shù)詞通常作單數(shù)。e.g.Ten times four makes(make) forty .+ 乘以四得四十。2. 表“時間、距離、金額、度量衡”等的詞語，作“整體”看時作單數(shù)用，側(cè)重指“若 干單位”時作復(fù)數(shù)用。e.g. Twenty years is not a long time .二十年光陰，彈指一揮間。 Twenty years have passed si nee he left 他離開已二十個年頭了。3“分數(shù)、百分數(shù)”通常依其“具體所指”來決定單、復(fù)數(shù)。 e.g.

19、 About 40 percent / two-fifths of the books here are (is) worth reading . 這些書中百分 之四十/五分之二值得讀。 On ly sixty perce nt / three-fifths of the work was done yesterday .昨天只干完了百分之 六十/五分之三的工作。4. a number of (許多” a varlety of (各式各樣)+復(fù)數(shù)名詞，常作復(fù)數(shù)用。e.g. A nu mber of stude nts in this class are (is) from Sichua n . 這個班有不少同學來自四川。 There are a variety of toys in this shop這家商店有各種各樣的玩具。但是，“the number徼目” the variety(種類)” + of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞，作單數(shù)。e.g. The number of stude nts in this