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1、一、 主 要 句 式 (一) 知識(shí)概要初中所學(xué)的句型一般要分為陳述句、疑問(wèn)句、祈使句和感嘆句。陳述句中有肯定句與否定句之分。其中可以分為以下五種: 主語(yǔ)+不及物動(dòng)詞。如:I arrived at six last night. 主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ),如:I bought a good EnglishChinese Dictionary yesterday. 主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ),如:Please tell me a story before I go to bed. 這樣可加雙賓語(yǔ)的句子有buy,tell, give, ask, pass, teach. 主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+賓

2、語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),如:I found it impossible to do it. Please keep the classroom clean and tidy. 主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ),如:Tom is an American boy. The grass turned green in spring.在初中常見(jiàn)的句型中有There be句型,表示存在某種事物,如:There is a map on the wall其be動(dòng)詞的形式要與其后面相近的那個(gè)名詞相一致。要注意的是這種句型加入助動(dòng)詞后,也要保持be動(dòng)詞,不要換用have,如:There is going to be a meeting t

3、omorrow.在句子結(jié)構(gòu)中要注意主謂一致的問(wèn)題,即句子的主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要相呼應(yīng)。要注意的有如下幾點(diǎn): 用and連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí)一般應(yīng)視為復(fù)數(shù),但如一人身兼兩職時(shí)則要用單數(shù)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式,如:A singer and dancer is coming to our party. a singer and dancer 既歌唱又可舞的演員。而 a singer and a dancer 則要譯為:一位歌唱家和一位舞蹈家。有些以 s 結(jié)尾的名詞謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù),如: The news is good (news 為不可數(shù)名詞)。 有量詞時(shí)應(yīng)按量詞的數(shù)量計(jì)算;如: This pair of glasse

4、s is good My glasses are broken. 有些形單卻意為復(fù)數(shù)的名詞,如: People are coming here 這樣的詞還有 Police, 如果要講一個(gè)警察時(shí),應(yīng)講 a policeman。 兩個(gè)警察為 two policemen。 又如 a policewoman, two policewomen 所有不定代詞 each, either, neither, one, the other, nobody, nothing, anyone, anything, someone, something 要作為單數(shù)如: Someone is waiting for y

5、ou在并列句中表示聯(lián)合關(guān)系的連詞有: and not only but also,neither nor,either or 如: My sister and my parents are going to the cinema。 表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的并列連詞有: but 和 yet, 如: She is a good student, but she didn't pass the final exam. 又如: I think the news is strange, yet it is true 表示選擇關(guān)系的連詞有:or, either or,如: Hurry up, or you

6、will be late for school 表示因果關(guān)系的并列連詞有: for, so 如: They studied very hard, so they all passed the exam在初中范圍復(fù)合句中主要有狀語(yǔ)從句和賓語(yǔ)從句(名詞性從句)兩種,而定語(yǔ)從句(形容詞性從句)要在高中講述,為了使同學(xué)閱讀文章方便,我們將在下面另一章予以介紹。我們首先來(lái)看賓語(yǔ)從句。在及物動(dòng)詞的后面可以接一個(gè)名詞來(lái)充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ),如: I knew the man, 而這時(shí)也可以用一個(gè)句子來(lái)充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ),如: I knew that he was a good man 這時(shí)賓語(yǔ)從句的連接詞有 that, (tha

7、t 只在從句中起聯(lián)接作用,不在句中充當(dāng)語(yǔ)法成分,既不是主語(yǔ)也不是賓語(yǔ),所以在口語(yǔ)中常常被省略。如: I am sure (that) she has passed the exam if, whether 它們?cè)谫e語(yǔ)從句中只起連接作用,不起語(yǔ)法作用,當(dāng)作是否講。從句中有 or not 結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),要用 whether, 如: I ask him if (whether) he has had his lunch I asks him whether he has had his lunch or not what 它在賓語(yǔ)從句中除了作連接詞外,還要作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)成份,如: I don't u

8、nderstand what you said (what 作 said 的賓語(yǔ))。又如: I asked him what made him sick (what 在賓語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ))。who,它也和what一樣,在句中除作連接詞外,可以充當(dāng)句中的成份,如:I know who she is looking for? whose 如: I want to know whose book this is? which 如: Do you know which book is mine?在連接詞中還有4個(gè)常用的連接副詞,how 它的應(yīng)用最廣,如: how much, how many, how

9、long, how soon, how old 。如: How much does it cost? when 它只是連接時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),如: Please tell me when the meeting will begin? where 它連接地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ),如: Where are you from? why 它要連接的是原因狀語(yǔ)從句,如: The teacher asked why Tom didn't come to school. 在考試中常見(jiàn)到的考點(diǎn)是:賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)與主句時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)問(wèn)題。主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞如果是現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)?lái)時(shí),賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)可以是任何所需要的時(shí)態(tài), 如: I know

10、he didn't come. 我知道他沒(méi)來(lái)。 I know he will come tomorrow 我知道他明天來(lái)。I know he has gone to London 我知道他已去倫敦了。主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞若是過(guò)去時(shí),賓語(yǔ)從句也要用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)中的某一種。比如: 一般過(guò)去時(shí),過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí),過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí),過(guò)去完成時(shí)。除了在表達(dá)宇宙中的客觀真理時(shí),不能用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。如: I wanted to know when he would come The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun狀語(yǔ)從句主要有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,其連接詞有:after

11、, before, when, as, as soon as, until (till), while, since, by其中較難掌握的有以下幾點(diǎn):until (till) 直到,在用 until 表達(dá)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的句子中,主句中的動(dòng)詞是要十分小心去選擇。如動(dòng)詞是持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,它要用肯定句,如: I studied hard until 12 o'clock last night. 如果動(dòng)詞是瞬間截止性動(dòng)詞,則要用否定句,如: He didn't go to bed until his mother came back 由since, for, by, before 來(lái)引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀

12、語(yǔ)從句。 since 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的開(kāi)始時(shí)間,如: I have studied English since 而由 by 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)通常是動(dòng)作的結(jié)束時(shí)間,如: I had learned 25 English songs by the end of last term 而before 則多用于完成時(shí), ago 則多用于一般過(guò)去時(shí),如: He had finished his work before twelve yesterday I left my hometown two years ago 在狀語(yǔ)從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示將來(lái)。它們可能是主句用一般將來(lái)時(shí),從句用一般現(xiàn)

13、在時(shí),如: If it rains, they won't go to the parkon Sunday 也可以主句是一般過(guò)去時(shí),從句用一般過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí),如: He said if it rained the next day he would not go to the park 考試中常見(jiàn)的考點(diǎn)有:要學(xué)生區(qū)別是條件、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句還是賓語(yǔ)從句,因在賓語(yǔ)從句中該用什么時(shí)態(tài)用什么時(shí)態(tài),如: I want to know if he will come here tomorrow 在賓語(yǔ)從句中的條件狀語(yǔ)從句與主句的關(guān)系,如: I want to know if it rains he wi

14、ll come here tomorrow在原因狀語(yǔ)從句中主要是because, 應(yīng)譯為"因?yàn)?quot;。它表達(dá)的因果關(guān)系最強(qiáng),如: He didn't pass the exam because he didn't study hard since 應(yīng)譯為"既然",如: Since you were ill yesterday I left some notes on your desk as 應(yīng)譯為"由于",如: As it is too hot we'd better go swimming since 與 as

15、 所表達(dá)的因果關(guān)系遠(yuǎn)比 because 弱得多。而 for 表達(dá)的因果關(guān)系最弱。它不能用于句首,如: He studies hard, for he wants to go to college在比較狀語(yǔ)從句中有同級(jí)比較 as as, 如: This book is as good as that one 要注意的有兩點(diǎn):as as 中間要用原級(jí)而不是比較級(jí)。用形容詞還是副詞,如: Mary writes as carefully as Tom 而其否定句為 not as (so) as, 如: They didn't work so hard as we did, 而不同級(jí)比較用比較

16、級(jí)加 than, 如: He is younger than I am 要注意的是表示"越來(lái)越"這一概念時(shí)有兩個(gè)句型:比較級(jí)and比較級(jí),如: The days are getting longer and longer The little girl is becoming more and more beautiful 定冠詞 the 比較級(jí) the 比較級(jí),如: The harder you study, the more you can learn方式狀語(yǔ)中要注意的是as (連詞)與 like (介詞)的區(qū)別。 as 作為連詞其后接從句,如: Please do i

17、t as I did it 但后面的句子常作省略,如: Please do it as I 而 like 是介詞,其后要接的是賓語(yǔ),如: Please do it like me結(jié)果和目的狀語(yǔ)從句主要有 so that, so that, in order that等幾種用法。so that用在單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前,so 形容詞 a 名詞 that,如: She is so beautiful a girl that everyone likes her 或用 such a 形容詞 名詞 that, 如: She is such a beautiful girl that everyone likes her 在不可數(shù)名詞或可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)前只能用 such, 如: It is such good weather we want to go for a picnic 又如: T

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