人教版選修七第一單元語(yǔ)法學(xué)案

1、.選修七Unit 1語(yǔ)法：動(dòng)詞不定式動(dòng)詞不定式的根本形式是“不定式符號(hào)to+動(dòng)詞原形，有時(shí)可以不帶to。動(dòng)詞不定式?jīng)]有人稱和數(shù)的變化。在句中不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)，但仍保存動(dòng)詞的特性，可以有自己的賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等。動(dòng)詞不定式同它的賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成不定式短語(yǔ)。例如：to sell flowers in the street 在街上賣花 to speak in the classroom 在教室里講話不定式省to有四種情況：1、使役動(dòng)詞let, make, have等后接不定式。例如：Let him go! The boss made the child labors work the whole nigh

2、t.2、would rather, had better后。例如：You had better stay at home.3、Why/Why not后。例如：Why not have a good rest on Sunday?4.感官動(dòng)詞see, watch, look at, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find，notice等后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，省to。例如：I saw him dance.注意：這些情況在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中，不可省to.例如：The child labors were made to work the whole night.不定式的主要用法：1.不

3、定式作主語(yǔ)，往往用it作形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)不定式放至句子的后面。例如：It's so nice to hear your voice. 聽(tīng)到你的聲音真快樂(lè)。It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 不用車的時(shí)候，鎖車是有必要的。 It's very kind of you to help us.他幫助我們，他真好。 It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.他不給他們?nèi)魏螙|西，這顯得太自私了。但是，用不定式作主語(yǔ)的句子中還有一

4、個(gè)不定式作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，不能用It is to的句型。另外，這樣的句子，不能用動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)。2.不定式作表語(yǔ) 不定式可放在be動(dòng)詞后面，形成表語(yǔ)。例如：My work is to clean the room every day. 我的工作是每天清掃房間。His dream is to be a doctor. 他的夢(mèng)想是成為一名醫(yī)生。3. 不定式作定語(yǔ) 不定式做定語(yǔ)通常要放在被修飾的詞后，往往表示未發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例如：I have a lot of work to do.我有許多事要做。There was nothing to bring home that morning. 那天早上他回家時(shí)兩手空

5、空。 4. 不定式作狀語(yǔ) 1目的狀語(yǔ)常用構(gòu)造為to do , only to do僅僅為了, in order to do,so as to do,sosuch as to如此以便。例如：He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.他飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車。I come here only to say good-bye to you.我來(lái)僅僅是向你辭別。2作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，可以表示沒(méi)有意料到的或事與愿違的結(jié)果，不定式要放在句子后面。例如： I awoke to find my truck gone. 我醒來(lái)發(fā)現(xiàn)箱子不見(jiàn)了。He searched the ro

6、om only to find nothing. 他搜索了房間，沒(méi)發(fā)現(xiàn)什么。3 表原因 例如：I'm glad to see you. 見(jiàn)到你很快樂(lè)。She wept to see the sight. 她一看到這情形就哭了。4表示理由和條件 例如：He must be a fool to say so.You will do well to speak more carefully. 5. 不定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ) 1有些有動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不定式的構(gòu)造。例如：adviseallowcausechallenge commandcompel drive 驅(qū)使enable encourageforbidf

7、orceimpel induce instructinvitelike/love order permit makelethave want get warn persuaderequestsend telltrain urge例如；Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父親不讓我們?cè)诮稚贤嫠?。The officer ordered his men to fire. 長(zhǎng)官命令士兵開(kāi)火。注意：有些動(dòng)詞如make，have，get，want等可用不定式作做賓補(bǔ)，也可用分詞作賓補(bǔ)。如今分詞表達(dá)主動(dòng)，也表達(dá)正在進(jìn)展，過(guò)去分詞表達(dá)被動(dòng)。2 有些有

8、動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不定式的構(gòu)造，不定式的動(dòng)詞往往是be，不定式一般可以省去。例如：consider find believe think declare聲稱appoint guessfancy設(shè)想guess judge imagine know 例如：We believe him to be guilty. 我們相信他是有罪的。We know him to be a fool. 我們知道他是個(gè)笨蛋。to be 不能省去典型例題Charles Babbage is generally considered_ the first computer.A. to inventB. inventing C.

9、to have invented D. having invented 答案：C. 一般沒(méi)有consider+賓語(yǔ)+be以外不定式的構(gòu)造，也沒(méi)有consider+賓語(yǔ)+doing的構(gòu)造，排除A、B、D。consider用動(dòng)詞be以外的不定式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，一般要求用不定式的完成式，應(yīng)選C。3 有些動(dòng)詞可以跟there +to be的構(gòu)造。例如：believe expectintendlike love mean prefer want wish understand 例如：We didn't expect there to be so many people there. 我們沒(méi)料到會(huì)有那么

10、多人在那里。 You wouldnt want there to be another war. 你不至于想讓另外一場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)發(fā)生吧。6. It's for sb.和 It's of sb.這樣的句子中，由于表語(yǔ)形容詞性質(zhì)的不同，導(dǎo)致了不定式邏輯主語(yǔ)標(biāo)志用for或of的區(qū)別。 1for sb. 句型中的形容詞一般為表示事物的特征特點(diǎn)，表示客觀形式的形容詞，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等：例如：It's very hard for him to study two languages. 對(duì)他來(lái)說(shuō)學(xué)兩門(mén)外語(yǔ)是很難

11、的。 2of sb句型中的形容詞一般為表示性格，品德，心智才能，表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。例如：It's very nice of you to help me. 你來(lái)幫助我，你真是太好了。用for還是用of 的另一種區(qū)分方法：用介詞for或of后面的邏輯主語(yǔ)作句子的主語(yǔ)，用介詞前邊的形容詞作表語(yǔ)，造個(gè)句子。假如通順用of，不通那么用for。例如： You are nice.通順，所以應(yīng)用of。 He is hard. 非所表達(dá)的意思，不通，因此用for。7.做獨(dú)立成分。常用的這類短語(yǔ)有：to be

12、frank坦白地說(shuō), to begin with首先等 例如：To be frank, I dont agree with you.8. 動(dòng)詞不定式的主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義 1 動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)與被修飾詞之間構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，同時(shí)與主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，動(dòng)詞不定式應(yīng)用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義。例如：He has a lot of questions to ask.他有很多問(wèn)題要問(wèn) 2 在be+性質(zhì)形容詞+不定式,此時(shí)不定式用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。常見(jiàn)此類形容詞：easy, hard, difficult, interesting, heavy, pleasant, good, fit, comfortab

13、le, impossible等 例如：The water is not fit to drink.這水不合適飲用。 The sentence is hard to understand.這句子很難理解。3 在with+賓語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞不定式構(gòu)造中，假設(shè)動(dòng)詞不定式與賓語(yǔ)之間為邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，動(dòng)詞不定式一般用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義。 例如：With a lot of homework to do, I have to stay at home all day.由于很多作業(yè)要做，我不得不整天待在家里。9.動(dòng)詞不定式的否認(rèn)式在不定式標(biāo)志to前加上not。例如： Tell him not to shut the

14、 window。讓他別關(guān)窗。 She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走過(guò)的時(shí)候，她假裝沒(méi)看見(jiàn)。10.帶疑問(wèn)詞的不定式短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不定式前面可以帶疑問(wèn)代詞what, which, who或疑問(wèn)副詞how, when, where, why等。這種構(gòu)造起名詞的作用，在句子里用作賓語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等，或者單獨(dú)使用。要注意的是，why后面的不定式不帶to。例如：I dont know what to try next. 作賓語(yǔ)Where to go is not decided yet.作主語(yǔ)注意：?jiǎn)为?dú)使用時(shí)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)特殊疑問(wèn)句。What to do

15、next?=What will we / you do next?Why go there?=Why do we / you go there?11.不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài) 不定式主動(dòng)被動(dòng)一般式to doto be done進(jìn)展式to be doing-完成式to have doneto have been done完成進(jìn)展式to have been doing-1一般式表示的動(dòng)詞，有時(shí)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，有時(shí)發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之后，例如 He seems to know this. 他似乎知道這事。 I hope to see you again. = I hope that I&#

16、39;ll see you again.我希望再見(jiàn)到你。2完成式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前。例如： I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble. 很抱歉，給你添了那么多的費(fèi)事。 He seems to have caught a cold. 他好似已經(jīng)得了感冒。3進(jìn)展式表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)展，與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。例如： He seems to be eating something. 他好似正在吃什么東西。4完成進(jìn)展式表示動(dòng)作從過(guò)去開(kāi)場(chǎng)并延續(xù)至說(shuō)話的時(shí)候。例如： She is known to have been workin

17、g on the problem for many years. 我們知道她研究這問(wèn)題有好幾年了。練習(xí)、單項(xiàng)選擇選擇1. My teacher was made _ his teaching because of poor health.A. giving up B. to give up C. give up D. given up2. The sentence wants _ once more.A. explained B. to explain C. being explained D. explaining3. The Arctic is considered _ the north

18、ern part of the Atlantic.A. having been B. to have been C. to be D. being4.The light in the office is still on. - Oh, I forgot _.A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off5. We find it impossible for us _ the work ahead of time.A. to be finished B. finishing C. being

19、finished D. to finish6.-I usually go to Shanghai by train. -Why not _ there by boat for a change?A. to try to go B. try going C. to try going D. try to go 7._ a living, she had to work from morning till night.A. To make B. Made C. Making D. To have made8. I would rather starve to death than _ for fo

20、od.A. beg B. begging C. begged D. to beg9. The boy pretended _ when his teacher entered.A. reading B. to read C. to be reading D. being read10. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _.A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to二、用所給的動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。1. I cant stand

21、_ work with Jane in the same office, she just refuses _ stop talking while she works.2. After he became conscious, he remember _ attack and _ hit on the head with a rod.3. It took a long time for the connection between body temperature and illness _ make.4. _ make this cake, youll need 2 eggs, 175g

22、sugar and 175g flour.5. AID is said_ be the biggest health challenge to both men and women in that area over the past few years.6. Mr Green stood up in defense of the 16-year-old boy, saying that he was not the one _ blame.7. He hurried to the booking office only _ tell that all the tickets had been sold out.8. It remains _see whether Jimll be fit enough to play in the finals hold.9. The Chinese are proud of the 29th Olympic Games _ hold in Beijing in 2019.10. Polic