人教版選修七第一單元語法學(xué)案

1、.選修七Unit 1語法：動詞不定式動詞不定式的根本形式是“不定式符號to+動詞原形，有時可以不帶to。動詞不定式?jīng)]有人稱和數(shù)的變化。在句中不能單獨作謂語，但仍保存動詞的特性，可以有自己的賓語、狀語等。動詞不定式同它的賓語和狀語一起構(gòu)成不定式短語。例如：to sell flowers in the street 在街上賣花 to speak in the classroom 在教室里講話不定式省to有四種情況：1、使役動詞let, make, have等后接不定式。例如：Let him go! The boss made the child labors work the whole nigh

2、t.2、would rather, had better后。例如：You had better stay at home.3、Why/Why not后。例如：Why not have a good rest on Sunday?4.感官動詞see, watch, look at, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find，notice等后作賓語補(bǔ)足語，省to。例如：I saw him dance.注意：這些情況在被動語態(tài)中，不可省to.例如：The child labors were made to work the whole night.不定式的主要用法：1.不

3、定式作主語，往往用it作形式主語，真正的主語不定式放至句子的后面。例如：It's so nice to hear your voice. 聽到你的聲音真快樂。It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 不用車的時候，鎖車是有必要的。 It's very kind of you to help us.他幫助我們，他真好。 It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.他不給他們?nèi)魏螙|西，這顯得太自私了。但是，用不定式作主語的句子中還有一

4、個不定式作表語時，不能用It is to的句型。另外，這樣的句子，不能用動名詞作表語。2.不定式作表語 不定式可放在be動詞后面，形成表語。例如：My work is to clean the room every day. 我的工作是每天清掃房間。His dream is to be a doctor. 他的夢想是成為一名醫(yī)生。3. 不定式作定語 不定式做定語通常要放在被修飾的詞后，往往表示未發(fā)生的動作。例如：I have a lot of work to do.我有許多事要做。There was nothing to bring home that morning. 那天早上他回家時兩手空

5、空。 4. 不定式作狀語 1目的狀語常用構(gòu)造為to do , only to do僅僅為了, in order to do,so as to do,sosuch as to如此以便。例如：He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.他飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車。I come here only to say good-bye to you.我來僅僅是向你辭別。2作結(jié)果狀語，可以表示沒有意料到的或事與愿違的結(jié)果，不定式要放在句子后面。例如： I awoke to find my truck gone. 我醒來發(fā)現(xiàn)箱子不見了。He searched the ro

6、om only to find nothing. 他搜索了房間，沒發(fā)現(xiàn)什么。3 表原因 例如：I'm glad to see you. 見到你很快樂。She wept to see the sight. 她一看到這情形就哭了。4表示理由和條件 例如：He must be a fool to say so.You will do well to speak more carefully. 5. 不定式作補(bǔ)語 1有些有動詞+賓語+不定式的構(gòu)造。例如：adviseallowcausechallenge commandcompel drive 驅(qū)使enable encourageforbidf

7、orceimpel induce instructinvitelike/love order permit makelethave want get warn persuaderequestsend telltrain urge例如；Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父親不讓我們在街上玩耍。The officer ordered his men to fire. 長官命令士兵開火。注意：有些動詞如make，have，get，want等可用不定式作做賓補(bǔ)，也可用分詞作賓補(bǔ)。如今分詞表達(dá)主動，也表達(dá)正在進(jìn)展，過去分詞表達(dá)被動。2 有些有

8、動詞+賓語+不定式的構(gòu)造，不定式的動詞往往是be，不定式一般可以省去。例如：consider find believe think declare聲稱appoint guessfancy設(shè)想guess judge imagine know 例如：We believe him to be guilty. 我們相信他是有罪的。We know him to be a fool. 我們知道他是個笨蛋。to be 不能省去典型例題Charles Babbage is generally considered_ the first computer.A. to inventB. inventing C.

9、to have invented D. having invented 答案：C. 一般沒有consider+賓語+be以外不定式的構(gòu)造，也沒有consider+賓語+doing的構(gòu)造，排除A、B、D。consider用動詞be以外的不定式作賓補(bǔ)時，一般要求用不定式的完成式，應(yīng)選C。3 有些動詞可以跟there +to be的構(gòu)造。例如：believe expectintendlike love mean prefer want wish understand 例如：We didn't expect there to be so many people there. 我們沒料到會有那么

10、多人在那里。 You wouldnt want there to be another war. 你不至于想讓另外一場戰(zhàn)爭發(fā)生吧。6. It's for sb.和 It's of sb.這樣的句子中，由于表語形容詞性質(zhì)的不同，導(dǎo)致了不定式邏輯主語標(biāo)志用for或of的區(qū)別。 1for sb. 句型中的形容詞一般為表示事物的特征特點，表示客觀形式的形容詞，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等：例如：It's very hard for him to study two languages. 對他來說學(xué)兩門外語是很難

11、的。 2of sb句型中的形容詞一般為表示性格，品德，心智才能，表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。例如：It's very nice of you to help me. 你來幫助我，你真是太好了。用for還是用of 的另一種區(qū)分方法：用介詞for或of后面的邏輯主語作句子的主語，用介詞前邊的形容詞作表語，造個句子。假如通順用of，不通那么用for。例如： You are nice.通順，所以應(yīng)用of。 He is hard. 非所表達(dá)的意思，不通，因此用for。7.做獨立成分。常用的這類短語有：to be

12、frank坦白地說, to begin with首先等 例如：To be frank, I dont agree with you.8. 動詞不定式的主動形式表被動意義 1 動詞不定式作定語與被修飾詞之間構(gòu)成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系，同時與主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，動詞不定式應(yīng)用主動形式表被動意義。例如：He has a lot of questions to ask.他有很多問題要問 2 在be+性質(zhì)形容詞+不定式,此時不定式用主動表被動。常見此類形容詞：easy, hard, difficult, interesting, heavy, pleasant, good, fit, comfortab

13、le, impossible等 例如：The water is not fit to drink.這水不合適飲用。 The sentence is hard to understand.這句子很難理解。3 在with+賓語+動詞不定式構(gòu)造中，假設(shè)動詞不定式與賓語之間為邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系，動詞不定式一般用主動形式表被動意義。 例如：With a lot of homework to do, I have to stay at home all day.由于很多作業(yè)要做，我不得不整天待在家里。9.動詞不定式的否認(rèn)式在不定式標(biāo)志to前加上not。例如： Tell him not to shut the

14、 window。讓他別關(guān)窗。 She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走過的時候，她假裝沒看見。10.帶疑問詞的不定式短語動詞不定式前面可以帶疑問代詞what, which, who或疑問副詞how, when, where, why等。這種構(gòu)造起名詞的作用，在句子里用作賓語、主語、表語等，或者單獨使用。要注意的是，why后面的不定式不帶to。例如：I dont know what to try next. 作賓語Where to go is not decided yet.作主語注意：單獨使用時相當(dāng)于一個特殊疑問句。What to do

15、next?=What will we / you do next?Why go there?=Why do we / you go there?11.不定式的時態(tài)和語態(tài) 不定式主動被動一般式to doto be done進(jìn)展式to be doing-完成式to have doneto have been done完成進(jìn)展式to have been doing-1一般式表示的動詞，有時與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發(fā)生，有時發(fā)生在謂語動詞的動作之后，例如 He seems to know this. 他似乎知道這事。 I hope to see you again. = I hope that I&#

16、39;ll see you again.我希望再見到你。2完成式表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前。例如： I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble. 很抱歉，給你添了那么多的費事。 He seems to have caught a cold. 他好似已經(jīng)得了感冒。3進(jìn)展式表示動作正在進(jìn)展，與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發(fā)生。例如： He seems to be eating something. 他好似正在吃什么東西。4完成進(jìn)展式表示動作從過去開場并延續(xù)至說話的時候。例如： She is known to have been workin

17、g on the problem for many years. 我們知道她研究這問題有好幾年了。練習(xí)、單項選擇選擇1. My teacher was made _ his teaching because of poor health.A. giving up B. to give up C. give up D. given up2. The sentence wants _ once more.A. explained B. to explain C. being explained D. explaining3. The Arctic is considered _ the north

18、ern part of the Atlantic.A. having been B. to have been C. to be D. being4.The light in the office is still on. - Oh, I forgot _.A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off5. We find it impossible for us _ the work ahead of time.A. to be finished B. finishing C. being

19、finished D. to finish6.-I usually go to Shanghai by train. -Why not _ there by boat for a change?A. to try to go B. try going C. to try going D. try to go 7._ a living, she had to work from morning till night.A. To make B. Made C. Making D. To have made8. I would rather starve to death than _ for fo

20、od.A. beg B. begging C. begged D. to beg9. The boy pretended _ when his teacher entered.A. reading B. to read C. to be reading D. being read10. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _.A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to二、用所給的動詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。1. I cant stand

21、_ work with Jane in the same office, she just refuses _ stop talking while she works.2. After he became conscious, he remember _ attack and _ hit on the head with a rod.3. It took a long time for the connection between body temperature and illness _ make.4. _ make this cake, youll need 2 eggs, 175g

22、sugar and 175g flour.5. AID is said_ be the biggest health challenge to both men and women in that area over the past few years.6. Mr Green stood up in defense of the 16-year-old boy, saying that he was not the one _ blame.7. He hurried to the booking office only _ tell that all the tickets had been sold out.8. It remains _see whether Jimll be fit enough to play in the finals hold.9. The Chinese are proud of the 29th Olympic Games _ hold in Beijing in 2019.10. Polic