跨文化交際名詞解釋

1、Introduction1. Globalization is considered as a process of increasing involvment in international business operations.經(jīng)濟學視角中的 全球化 表現(xiàn)為不斷增加的國際商務往來過程。2. Macroculture :The term macroculture implies losing ethnic differences and forming one large society.宏觀文化 意味著種族差異的消失和一個大社會的形成。3. Melting pot means a so

2、ciocultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationlities.熔爐 : 不同背景和國籍的人們之間的社會文化的同化。4. Microcultures: cultures within cultures微觀文化： 文化中的文化5. Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose culture perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter

3、 the communication event.跨文化交際: 指擁有不同文化認知和符號體系的人文之間進行的交際。Chapter 16. Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs,values,and norms,which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.文化 是習得的一套關于信仰，價值觀，規(guī)范的公認的解釋，這些信仰，價值觀，規(guī)范對相當大人類群體的行為產(chǎn)生影響。7. Culture identity refers to o

4、ne s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.文化身份 ：指有意識地把自己歸為某一特定文化或種族群體。8. Subculture are formed by groups of people possessing characteristictraits thatset apart and distinguish them from others within a larger society or dominant culture.亞文化 : 具有能在更大的一個社會范圍內(nèi)或主流文化中使自己有別于他人的特點的人類

5、 群體所形成的文化。9. Subgroup are groups with the dominant culture does not agree and with which it has communication problems.亞群體 : 與主流文化不一致，并與主流文化有交際障礙的交際群體。10. Rules may refers to socially agreed-on behavior or to individual guidelines for behavior.規(guī)則 : 社會認同的行為或行為的個體原則。11. Norms are culturally ingrained

6、principles of correct and incorrect behaviors which, if broken carry a form of overt or covert penalty.規(guī)范指的是正確和不正確行為根深蒂固的文化原則， 這種不正確的行為一旦發(fā)生， 就意 味著一種顯性或隱性的處罰。Chapter 212. Enculturation is the socialization process you go through to adapt to your society.社會文化適應： 人們學習適應自己所在社會的文化的社會化過程。13. Acculturation

7、 refers to an individual s learning and adopting the norms andvalues of the new host culture.文化適應： 人們學習適應新文化的社會規(guī)范和價值觀的過程。14. 分隔和隔離separation and segregation refer to maintaining one s originalculture and not participating in the new culture.在文化適應過程中保留了原有文化，完全沒有接受和習得新文化。15. 融合 Integration takes place

8、 when individuals become an integral part of the new culture while maintaining their cultural integrity integration ensures a continuity of culture.在文化適應中人們成為新文化的一部分，同時又保留了自己文化的完整性。16. 同化 Assimilation is the degree to which an individual relinquishes an original culture for another .when individuals

9、 are assimilated into a mainstream culture,they lose their previous culture.人們放棄原有文化， 接受新文化的程度一旦被主流文化同化， 人們就失去了原有的文化。17. 邊緣化 Marginalization or deculturation, refers to losing one s culturalidentity and not having any psychological contact with the larger society.人們不僅失去自己原有的文化身份，而且與廣大社會失去了心理聯(lián)系。18. 文

10、化震蕩 Culture shock refers to the traumatic experience that an individual may encounter when entering a different culture.人們在進入一種新文化環(huán)境時，遭遇的痛苦和難忘的經(jīng)歷。Chapter 319. 信息源 source is the person with an idea he orshe desires to communicate.是具有交際需要和愿望的具體的人。20. 編碼 encoding is the process of putting an idea into

11、a symbol.是指將思想轉(zhuǎn)換成代碼的行為過程。21. 信息message is the resultingobject.是交流的內(nèi)容，編碼的結(jié)果。22. 渠道channel 是信息傳遞的手段。23. 干擾noise 指任何會曲解信息源所要表達的信息的事情。24. 解碼decoing 信息接收者在積極參與交流的過程中對所接收到的符號信息賦予意義的過程。25. 反饋feedback 指信息接收者的反應被信息源所了解的那一部分反應。26. 情境 context 交際發(fā)生的環(huán)境并且有助于解釋交際內(nèi)容的含義。Chapter 427. 人際交際 interpersonal communication

12、: a small number of individuals who are interacting exclusively with one another and who therefore have the ability to adapt their messages specifically for those others and to obtain immediate interpretaions from them. 指少數(shù)人之間的交往他們既能根據(jù)對方調(diào)整自己的信息，又能立即從對方那里獲得解釋。28. 內(nèi)文化交際intracultural communication is d

13、efined as communication between andamong members of the same culture . 指同一文化內(nèi)某成員之間的交際，總的來說，同一種族，政治傾向宗教，或者具有同樣興趣的人們之間的交際。29. 國家間交際internation communication 指國家和政府而非個人之間的交際，此種交際非常正式和儀式化。30. 跨民族交際interthnic communication ： refers to communication between peopleof the same race ,but different ethnic bac

14、kgrounds .指同一種族，不同民族背景的人們之間的交際。31. 跨種族交際interracial communication:occurs when the sender and the receiverexchanging messages are from differentraces that pertain to different physicalcharacteristics. 指信息源和信息來自不同的種族，種族具有不同的身體特征。32. 跨地區(qū)交際interregional communication :refers to the exchange of messagesb

15、etween members of the dominant culture within a country.指一個國家內(nèi)主流文化成員之間的信息交換過程。Chapter 533. 世界觀 worldview :is the belief that we hold explaining the cosmos God,the nature of humanityand nature. 指我們持有的對宇宙，神，人本質(zhì)及自然的最根本的看法。34. 宗教 religion refers to belief in and reverence for a supernatural power or pow

16、ers regarded as creator and governor of the universe.對超自然力量宇宙創(chuàng)造者和控制者權(quán)力的相信與崇敬。35. 個人主義 individualism : 個人利益勝于集體利益， 集體主義 collectivism ：個人融入 集體。36. 對 不 確 定 因 素 的 回 避 態(tài) 度 ： uncertainty avoidance deals with a society s tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity ;it ultimately refers to man s search for trut

17、h. 是關于一個社會對不確定性和模棱兩可的容忍程度。37. 權(quán)利距離 power distance ： 組織或機構(gòu)里邊，沒有權(quán)力的成員對于權(quán)力不均等分配接受和期望的程度。Chapter 638. 感覺 sensation ： is the neurological process by which people become aware of their environmnent . 人們意識到周圍環(huán)境的神經(jīng)過程。39. 低語境low context ：交際過程中所產(chǎn)生的信息量的大部分由顯性的語碼負載，只有少量的信息蘊含在隱性的環(huán)境和情景中。40. 高語境high versus ： 在人們交際

18、時，有較多的信息量蘊含在社會文化環(huán)境和情景中，明顯的語碼負載較少的信息量。Chapter 741. 焦慮 Anxiety occurs because of not knowing what one is expected to do, and focusing on that feeling and not be totally present in the communication transaction. 在新環(huán)境下人們不知如何應對， 過多關注自己的情緒， 不能全身心投入到 交際中。42. 假定一致性： (1) To assume people know how someone els

19、e is thinking based on howthey see things is called projected cognitive similarity.從自己看待事物的角度來判斷別人的想法。(2)Assuming similarity instead of difference refers to the assumption thatpeople are more similar to you than they actually are or that another person's situation is more similar to you own situ

20、ation than it in fact is.43. 定勢 stereotypes ： refers to negative or positive judgment madeabout individuals based on any observable or believed group membership.針對目標群體成員所特有的正面或方面的判斷。44. 偏 見 Prejudice refers to the irrational dislike,suspicion,or hatred of a particular group,race,religion,or sexual o

21、rientation.偏見 是指對于某一特定群體，種類，宗教或性取向的無端的憎惡和懷疑。attitude that把性45. 種 族 主 義 是 基 于 種 族 Racism isany policy,practice,belief,or attributes characteristics or status to individuals based on their race. 格特點或地位歸因于個人的任意政策、做法、信仰或態(tài)度。46. 語言絕對論 ： Linguistic determinist is that language structure controls thought an

22、d cultural norms. 語言結(jié)構(gòu)控制思維和文化。47. 語言相對論 ： Linguistic relativity holds that culture is controlled by and controls language. 文化由語言來決定，同時也決定語言。Chapter 848. 言語交際 Verbal intercultural communications happens whenpeople from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language. 當來自不

23、 同文化背景的人們用語言進行交流時言語交際 就發(fā)生了。49. 禁忌語 ： Taboo refers to some words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people ， or in certain for religious or social reasons.在特定文化中出于宗教或社會原因被一特定群體所避免使用的一些詞語或行為。50. 委婉語 ： Euphemism means the act of substituting a mild,indirect,or vague term for one consi

24、dered harsh,blunt,or offensive. 指用溫和的，間接的方式來代替嚴厲的，生硬的或冒犯的言語。Chapter 1051. 非言語信號 ： （狹義） noverbal communicate refers to intertional use of nonspoken symbol to communicate a specific message . 運用非言語符號傳達特定信息的交際行為。 （廣義） refers to elements of the environment that communicate by virtue of people s use of t

25、hem. 人們交際時運用的環(huán)境因素。52. 副語言： Paralanguage refers to the rate ,pitch and volume qualities of the voice,which interrupt or temporarily take the place of speech and affect the meaning of a message 是與口語交際有關，指說的速度，音高，和質(zhì)量，這些要素會打斷或臨時取代語言并影響信息的語意表達.53. 時間行為： Chronemics is the study of how people perceive and

26、use time.是指研究人們?nèi)绾慰创褪褂脮r間。54. 時 空 行 為 ： proxemicsrefers to the perception and use of space includingterritoriality and personal space. 指對空間的認知和使用時空進行溝通，包括地盤性和個人空間。55. 目光語： The study of communications sent by the eyes is termed oculesics.研究目光傳遞的交流信息。56. 氣味行為 Olfactics ： The study of communication via

27、smell is called Olfactics 對通過味道進行交流的研究。57. 觸覺行為 Haptics :refers to communicating through the use of bodily context . 通過身體接觸來進行交流。58. 身勢語行為 Kinesics ： is the term used for communicating through various typesof body movements including facial expressions,gestures,posture and stance ,and other manneris

28、ms that may accompany or replace oral messages.指交際時所使用的不同類型的動作， 包括表情，手勢，姿勢， 和其他代替語言傳達信息 的行為舉止。59. 色彩學 Chromatics:r efers to the study of color use in affecting people s指影響你的情緒，情感和對他人的印象的mood,emotions,and impression of others.顏色的研究。Chapter 1160. 禮節(jié) Etiquette:refers to manners and behaviors considered

29、 acceptable in social and business situation . 在社會或商務往來中被認為可接受的行為舉止。Chapter 1261. 良 好 的 交 際 Competent communication ： as interaction that is perceived as effective in fulfillingcertain rewarding objectives in a way that is also appropriate to the context in which the interaction occurs.指的是以一種適合交際發(fā)生場景的方式來完成一定的有回報的目標的有效交際。62. 跨文化能力 intercultural competence :refers to the ability to understand andadapt to the target culture;in another word,it refers to the sensitivity to cultural diversity,the ablity to behave in an appropriate way