高中英語語法總結(jié)大全之定語從句

1、高中英語語法總結(jié)大全之定語從句定語從句 定語從句在句中做定語，修飾一個名詞或代詞，被修飾的名詞,詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后，由關(guān)系詞（關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞）引出。關(guān)系代詞有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。關(guān)系副詞有：when, where, why等。 w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m 關(guān)系代詞引導的定語從句 關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞，并在句中充當主語、賓語、定語等成分。關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時，從句謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。1）who, whom, that這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞，在從句中

2、所起作用如下：Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是你想見的人嗎？（who/that在從句中作主語）He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天見的那個人。（whom/that在從句中作賓語）2) Whose 用來指人或物，(只用作定語, 若指物，它還可以同of which互換）, 例如：They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那人車壞了，大家都跑過去幫忙。Please pass me the book whose (o

3、f which) cover is green.請遞給我那本綠皮的書。3）which, that它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語、賓語等，例如：A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 農(nóng)村出現(xiàn)了前所未有的繁榮。（which / that在句中作賓語）The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作賓語） w.

4、w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m 關(guān)系副詞引導的定語從句 關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時間、地點或理由的名詞，在從句中作狀語。1）when, where, why關(guān)系副詞when, where, why的含義相當于"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)，因此常常和"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用，例如：There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的時候。Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.北京是我的出生地。Is this the

5、 reason why (for which) he refused our offer?這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎？2）that代替關(guān)系副詞that可以用于表示時間、地點、方式、理由的名詞后取代when, where, why和"介詞+ which"引導的定語從句，在口語中that常被省略，例如：His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.他父親在他出生那年逝世了。He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he l

6、ived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住過的地方。 w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m 判斷關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞 方法一： 用關(guān)系代詞，還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動詞。及物動詞后面無賓語，就必須要求用關(guān)系代詞；而不及物動詞則要求用關(guān)系副詞。例如：This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.判斷改錯（注：先顯示題，再顯示答案，橫線；用不同的顏色表示出。）（錯） Thi

7、s is the mountain village where I visited last year.（錯） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.（對） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.（對） I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.習慣上總把表地點或時間的名詞與關(guān)系副詞 where, when聯(lián)系在一起。此兩題錯在關(guān)系詞的誤用上。方法

8、二： 準確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀)，也能正確選擇出關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞。例1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days age?A. Where B. That C. on which D. the one例2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held.A. Where B. That C. on which D. the one答案：例1 D，例2 A例1變?yōu)榭隙ň洌?This museum is _ you visited a few days ago.例2變?yōu)榭隙ň洌?Thi

9、s is the museum _ the exhibition was held. 在句1中，所缺部分為賓語，而where, that, on which都不能起到賓語的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表語，又可做從句的賓語，可以省略關(guān)系代詞，所以應選D。 而句2中, 主、謂、賓俱全，從句部分為句子的狀語表地點，既可用副詞where，又因 in the museum詞組，可用介詞in + which 引導地點狀語。而此題中，介詞on 用的不對，所以選A。關(guān)系詞的選擇依據(jù)在從句中所做的成分，先行詞在從句中作主、定、賓語時，選擇關(guān)系代詞 (who, whom, that, which, wh

10、ose)； 先行詞在從句中做狀語時，應選擇關(guān)系副詞 ( where 地點狀語，when 時間狀語，why 原因狀語) 。 w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m 限制性和非限制性定語從句 1) 定語從句有限制性和非限制性兩種。限制性定語從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明確；非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明，去掉了也不會影響主句的意思，它與主句之間通常用逗號分開，例如：This is the house which we bought last month.這是我們上個月買的那幢房子。（限制性）The house, which we bought last month, is

11、very nice.這幢房子很漂亮，是我們上個月買的。（非限制性）2) 當先行詞是專有名詞或物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時，其后的定語從句通常是非限制性的，例如：Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾經(jīng)是我的老師。My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.我去年買的的那幢房子帶著個漂亮的花園。This novel, which I have read three times, is very touc

12、hing. 這本小說很動人，我已經(jīng)讀了三遍。3) 非限制性定語從句還能將整個主句作為先行詞, 對其進行修飾, 這時從句謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)，例如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎沒抓住我的意思，這使我心煩。Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液態(tài)水變?yōu)檎羝?，這就叫做蒸發(fā)。說明：關(guān)系代詞that和關(guān)系副詞why不能引導非限制性定語從句。 w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m 介詞+關(guān)系詞 1）介詞后

13、面的關(guān)系詞不能省略。2）that前不能有介詞。3） 某些在從句中充當時間，地點或原因狀語的"介詞+關(guān)系詞"結(jié)構(gòu)可以同關(guān)系副詞when 和where 互換。This is the house in which I lived two years ago.This is the house where I lived two years ago.Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?Do you remember the day when you joined our club? w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c

14、.o.m as, which非限定性定語從句 由as, which 引導的非限定性定語從句，as和which可代整個主句，相當于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.典型例題1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, _came as a surprise.A. It B. That C. Which D

15、. he答案C. 此為非限定性從句，不能用 that修飾，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成為句子，兩個獨立的句子不能單以逗號連接。況且選he句意不通。2）The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect. A. What B. Which C. That D. it答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定語從句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定語從句，it不為連詞，使由逗號連接的兩個句子并在一起在英語語法上行不通。3）It rained hard yesterday, _ p

16、revented me from going to the park.A. That B. Which C. As D. it答案B. as 和which在引導非限制性定語從句時，這兩個關(guān)系代詞都指主句所表達的整個意思，且在定語從句中都可以作主語和賓語。但不同之處主要有兩點：(1） as 引導的定語從句可置于句首，而which不可。(2） as 代表前面的整個主句并在從句中作主語時，從句中的謂語必須是系動詞；若為行為動詞，則從句中的關(guān)系代詞只能用which.。在本題中，prevent由于是行為動詞，所以正確選項應為B。As 的用法例1. the same as；suchas 中的as 是一種固

17、定結(jié)構(gòu), 和一樣。 I have got into the same trouble as he (has).例2. as可引導非限制性從句，常帶有'正如'。As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health.As是關(guān)系代詞。例1中的as作know的賓語；例2中，它充當從句的主語，謂語動詞know要用被動式。 w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m 先行詞和關(guān)系詞二合一 1)Whoever spits in public wil

18、l be punished here. (Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school. (what 可以用all that代替) w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m what/whatever/that. 1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here. (Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)2)The parents will use what they have t

19、o send their son to technical school. (what 可以用all that代替) w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m 關(guān)系代詞that的用法1）不用that的情況a) 在引導非限定性定語從句時。(錯)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.b) 介詞后不能用。 We depend on the land from which we get our food. We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.2)

20、只能用that作為定語從句的關(guān)系代詞的情況a)在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。b)在不定代詞，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞時，只用that，不用which。c)先行詞有the only, the very修飾時，只用that。d)先行詞為序數(shù)詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級時，只用that。.e)先行詞既有人，又有物時。舉例：All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油問題。Finally, the thief handed every

21、thing that he had stolen to the police.那賊最終把偷的全部東西交給了警察2012年高考英語定語從句考點典型陷阱題分析1. The factory was built in a secret place, around _ high mountains.A. which was B. it was C. which were D. them were【陷阱】容易誤選A或B，將A、B中的 which 和 it 誤認為是其后句子的主語。【分析】最佳答案是C，around which were high mountains 是一個由“介詞+which”引出的非限制

22、性定語從句，而在該從句中，主語是 high mountains，around which 是表語，所以句子謂語應用復數(shù)were，而不是用單數(shù) was。請做以下類例題目（答案均為C）：(1) Yesterday we visited a modern hospital, around _ some fruit shops.A. which is B. it is C. which are D. them are(2) The murder happened in an old building, beside _ the city police station.A. which are B. i

23、t is C. which is D. them are(3) Next month well move to a new building, next to _ a nice restaurants where we can have Chinese food.A. which are B. it is C. which is D. them are2. A man with a bleeding hand hurried in and asked, “Is there a hospital around _ I can get some medicine for my wounded ha

24、nd?”A. that B. whichC. where D. what【陷阱】容易誤選 B，認為 around 是介詞，選 which 用以代替前面的名詞 hospital，在此用作介詞 around 的賓語。【分析】最佳答案為C。以上語法分析并不算錯，但問題是，照此分析，此句的意思即為：有沒有這樣一個醫(yī)院，我在它的附近可以買藥治我的手傷？這樣的語境顯然有點不合情理，因為人們通常是在醫(yī)院里面治傷，而不是在醫(yī)院附近治傷。此題選 C 的理由是：句中的 around 不是介詞，而是副詞，意為“在附近”；其后的 where 引導定語從句用以修飾其前的地點名詞 hospital，句意為：附近有沒有一家

25、醫(yī)院，我可以去治我的手傷？3. _ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.A. It B. AsC. That D. What【陷阱】容易誤選 A，認為此處應填一個形式主語?！痉治觥孔罴汛鸢甘?B。as 引導的是一個非限制性定語從句。比較下面一題：_ is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month.A. It B. AsC. That D. What此題答案選 A，it 為形式主語，

26、真正的主語是后面的 that 從句。再比較下面一組題，其中第(1)題選 B，第(2)題選 D：(1) _ is mentioned above, the number of the students in senior school is increasing.A. Which B. AsC. That D. It(2) _ is mentioned above that the number of the students in senior school is increasing.A. Which B. AsC. That D. It4. David is such a good boy

27、 _ all the teachers like.A. that B. who C. as D. whom【陷阱】此題容易誤選A，許多同學一看到題干中的such，再聯(lián)系到選項中的 that，便認為這是考查such that 句式。況且，這樣理解意思也還通順?！痉治觥孔罴汛鸢笧镃，不是A，因為在such that (如此以至)結(jié)構(gòu)中，that 引導的是結(jié)果狀語從句，并且 that 在從句中不充當句子成分，若在上句填入 such that ，句末的動詞 like 缺賓語。選C的理由如下：as 用作關(guān)系代詞，用以引導定語從句，修飾其前的名詞 boy，同時 as 在定語從句中用作動詞 like 的賓語

28、，句意為“所有老師都喜歡的一位好男孩”。有的同學可能還會問，假若選A，能否將其后的 that 視為引導定語從句的關(guān)系代詞呢？不能，因為當先行詞受到 such 的修飾時，其后的定語從句應用關(guān)系代詞 as 來引導，而不用that。比較下面一題，答案為A，因為 like 后有自己的賓語 him：David is such a good boy _ all the teachers like him.A. that B. who C. as D. whom請再做以下試題（答案選D）：It was not such a good dinner _ she had promised us.A. like

29、B. thatC. which D. as5. The buses, most of _ were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd.A. that B. itC. them D. which【陷阱】容易誤選 C，用 them 代指 the buses。【分析】最佳答案是D。most of which were already full 為非限制性定語從句，修飾 the buses。類似地，以下各題也選D：(1) His house, for _ he paid $10, 000, is now worth $50, 000.A.

30、that B. itC. them D. which(2) Ashdown forest, through _ well be driving, isnt a forest any longer.A. that B. itC. them D. which(3) This I did at nine oclock, after _ I sat reading the paper.A. that B. itC. them D. which類似地，以下各題選 whom，不選 them：(4) George, with _ I played tennis on Sundays, was a warm-

31、hearted person.A. that B. himC. them D. whom(5) Her sons, both of _ work abroad, will come back home this summer.A. that B. whoC. them D. whom(6) I met the fruit-pickers, several of _ were still university students.A. that B. whoC. them D. whom6. He had thousands of students, many of _ gained great

32、success in their own field.A. whom B. themC. which D. who【陷阱】容易誤選 B，用 them 代指 students?！痉治觥孔罴汛鸢甘茿，many of whom gained great success in their own field 為非限制性定語從句。假若在many of 的前面加上連詞and，則選答案B。比較以下各題(答案均選A)：(1) He asked a lot of questions, none of _ was easy to answer.A. which B. themC. what D. that(2)

33、He asked a lot of questions, and none of _ was easy to answer.A. them B. whichC. what D. that(3) He told me that he had two girl-friends, neither of _ knew anything about the other.A. whom B. themC. which D. who(4) He told me that he had two girl-friends, and neither of _ knew anything about the oth

34、er.A. them B. whomC. which D. who7. He had a lot of friends, only a few of _ invited to his wedding.A. whom B. themC. which D. who【陷阱】容易誤選 A，認為這是非限制性定語從句?！痉治觥孔罴汛鸢甘荁，這不是非限制性定語從句，而是一個獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，因為空格后的動詞 invited 并不是一個完整的謂語，而是一個過去分詞。當然，假若在 invited 前加上助動詞 were，則是一個非限制性定語從句，答案便應選A。比較：(1) They put forward a lo

35、t of plans at the meeting, none of _ carried out in their work.A. which B. themC. what D. that答案選B，none of them carried out in their work 是獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，其中的 carried out 為過去分詞。(2) They put forward a lot of plans at the meeting, none of _ were carried out in their work.A. which B. themC. what D. that答案選A，non

36、e of them were carried out in their work 是非限制性定語從句，注意與上例比較句中多了一個助動詞were。(3) They put forward a lot of plans at the meeting, but none of _ were carried out in their work.A. which B. themC. what D. that答案選B，由于兩句之間增加了一個并列連詞but，使得該句成了一個并列句。8. On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park,

37、_ parents seated together joking.A. their B. whoseC. which D. that【陷阱】容易誤選B，認為這是非限制性定語從句?！痉治觥孔罴汛鸢甘茿。與上面一題相似，their parents seated together joking 不是非限制性定語從句，而是一個獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，因為空格后的動詞 seated 不是謂語，而是一個過去分詞，因為 seat 作動詞用時，是及物動詞。比較以下相似題：(1) On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _ parents

38、were seated together joking.A. their B. whoseC. which D. that選B。whose parents were seated together joking 為非限制性定語從句，因為其后有完整的謂語 were seated。(2) On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, and _ parents were seated together joking.A. their B. whoseC. which D. that選A。因為句中有并列連詞and，整個句子為

39、并列句。(3) On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _ parents sitting together joking.A. their B. whoseC. which D. that選A。their parents sitting together joking 為獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。(4) On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _ parents sat together joking.A. their B. Whose C.

40、 which D. that選B。whose parents sat together joking 為非限制性定語從句，因為句中有完整的謂語 sat。(5) On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _ parents were sitting together joking.A. their B. Whose C. which D. that選B。whose parents were sitting together joking 為非限制性定語從句，因為句中有完整的謂語 were sitting。9. If

41、the man is only interested in your looks, _ just shows how shallow he is.A. as B. Which C. what D. that【陷阱】容易誤選A或B，誤這是非限制性定語從句。【分析】正確答案為D，注意逗號前是一個條件狀語從句，逗號后是該狀語從句的主句，that 在此代表前文所述的情況，用作主句的主語。類似地，下面幾道題也選 that，而不選 which：(1) If you promise to go with us, _ will be OK.A. as B. Which C. and it D. that(2)

42、 If you want a double room, _ will cost another 15.A. as B. Which C. what D. that (3) Whether you go or not, _ is quite all right with me.A. that B. Which C. and it D. so(4) When I say two hours, _ includes time for eating.A. as B. Which C. what D. that 10. She says that shell never forget the time

43、_ shes spent working as a secretary in our company.A. which B. When C. how D. where 【陷阱】容易誤選B，機械地認為時間名詞后必須用關(guān)系副詞when，地點名詞后用關(guān)系副詞 where?！痉治觥空_答案為A。在時間名詞和地點名詞后是否用關(guān)系副詞要看它在定語從句中充當什么句子成分。一般說來，若用作主語或賓語，用關(guān)系代詞；若用作狀語，則用關(guān)系副詞。上面一題中的動詞 spent 缺賓語，故應用關(guān)系代詞 which或that。比較下面一題，由于空格后的句子不缺少主語或賓語，所以選關(guān)系副詞when：She says that

44、 shell never forget the time _ she works as a secretary in our company.A. which B. When C. how D. where請再做一組試題(答案均選A)：(1) Our company will move to a tall building _ we bought last month.A. which B. When C. how D. where選A，which 在定語從句中用作動詞 bought 的賓語。(2) Our company will move to a tall building _ has

45、just been complete.A. which B. whenC. how D. where選A，which 在定語從句中用作主語。(3) Our company will move to a tall building _ we worked two years ago.A. where B. When C. that D. which 選A，where 在定語從句中用作狀語。定語從句1、We went through a period _ communications were very difficult in the rural areas.A. witch 

46、;                    B. whose                            C. in which  

47、                D. with which2、Was it through Mary,_ was working at a high school, _ you got to know Tom?A. who; who                 B. that; whi

48、ch             C. who; that          D.who; which3、For many cities in the world, there is no room to spread our further, _ New York is an example.  A. for which       

49、60;        B. in which                     C. of which        D. from which4、Our class is made up of 68 students,_ are girls.A. of whic

50、h two-fifths                  B. of whom two fifths C. two-fifth of which                   D. two-fifth of whom5、This is the young man

51、 _ sister I have worked five years.A. who          B. whom                 C. whose            D. with whose6、Europe has achieved more in controlling the AIDS virus than Asia in the past ten years, _ the number