作形式主語和形式賓語的用法詳解

1、新希望英語語法精講-“It”作形式主語和形式賓語“It”作形式主語和形式賓語的用法詳解 It作形式主語和形式賓語用法，是英語學(xué)習(xí)的主要語法項(xiàng)目之一。無論是單項(xiàng)選擇，還是完行填空，it用法始終是反復(fù)考查的重、熱點(diǎn)之一?，F(xiàn)將it在特殊句型中作形式主語和形式賓語用法，進(jìn)行如下歸納分析，以供學(xué)習(xí)參考。 一、 It 用作形式主語 當(dāng)不定式（短語）、動(dòng)名詞（短語）或從句在某個(gè)句子中作主語時(shí)，為保持句子結(jié)構(gòu)前后平衡，避免頭重腳輕，因此常用it作形式主語置于句首，而將真正的主語放在句尾。此時(shí)it只起先行引導(dǎo)作用，本身無詞義。 e.g. It is wrong to tell a lie. (說謊是錯(cuò)誤的。)

2、It為to tell a lie的形式主語 It is no use arguing about it. (爭吵是沒用的。) It為arguing about it的形式主語 It is uncertain who will come. (誰要來還不確定。) It為who will come的形式主語 It 作形式主語的常見句型： It + be + 形容詞 + to do sth. / doing / that . e.g. It is very important to learn a foreign language. (學(xué)一門外語非常重要。) It is useless crying

3、over the spilt milk. (覆水難收。) It was really surprising that she married a man like that.(她嫁給那樣的男士真讓人驚訝。) It + be +名詞詞組 + doing / that . e.g. It is no good telling lies. (撒謊沒好處。) It is a pity that you didnt go to see the film yesterday. (你昨天沒看成那部電影真遺憾。) It is a truth that there would be no new China w

4、ithout the Communist Party. (沒有共產(chǎn)黨就沒有新中國，這是毋庸質(zhì)疑的。) It + be + 過去分詞 + that . 該句型常見動(dòng)詞有：say, hope, think, suppose, expect, report, know, believe, decide, etc. e.g. It is said that they have invented a new type of computer. (據(jù)說他們發(fā)明了一種新型電腦。) It is believed that China will become one of the strongest count

5、ries in the world. (大家都相信中國將會步入世界強(qiáng)國之列。) It was reported that more than 170 thousand people died in the 2004 tsunami. (據(jù)報(bào)道，至少有十七萬人在2004年那場海嘯中喪生。) It + seems / appears / happens等不及物動(dòng)詞 + that . e.g. It seems that he enjoys pop songs very much.(似乎他非常喜歡流行歌曲。) It appears that Tom might change his mind. (看

6、來湯姆可能會改變主意。) 若句子是疑問形式，就只能用it作形式主語。 e.g. Does it matter much that they wont come tomorrow? (他們明天不來很重要嗎？) Is it true that he will go abroad next week? (他下周出國是真的嗎？) It + takes + (sb.) + some time + to do sth. 這是一個(gè)表示“（某人）花多少時(shí)間干某事”的句型，其中it是形式主語，代替后面的不定式（to do sth.），句型中的sb.也可以省略。 e.g. It took me some time

7、 to read the reading materials.(我花了一些時(shí)間才讀完那段閱讀材料。)It took him fourteen hours to go to New Zealand from Shanghai by plane.(從上海乘飛機(jī)去新西蘭花了他14小時(shí)。)How long does it take you to go to Beijing from Qingdao by train? (從青島坐火車到北京一般要花多久時(shí)間？)I am not sure, but I think it takes at least nine hours to get there. (我不

8、能肯定，但估計(jì)至少要九個(gè)鐘頭才能到那兒。) 二、It 用作形式賓語 當(dāng)不定式（短語）、動(dòng)名詞（短語）或從句在某個(gè)句子中作賓語時(shí)，為保持句子結(jié)構(gòu)平衡，避免句式結(jié)構(gòu)的混亂，常用it作形式賓語，而將真正的賓語放在句尾。此時(shí)it仍只起先行引導(dǎo)作用，本身無詞義。 下列四種情況須用it 作形式賓語： 當(dāng)不定式（短語）、動(dòng)名詞（短語）或從句在復(fù)合賓語結(jié)構(gòu)中作某些動(dòng)詞的賓語時(shí)（如think, make, find, consider, feel, suppose等）；e.g. They found it pleasant that they worked with us Chinese.（他們發(fā)現(xiàn)與我們中國人

9、一起工作很愉快。） I dont feel it difficult to understand the Special English. （我覺得理解英語特別節(jié)目并不難。） He makes it a rule never to borrow money. （他立志決不向別人借錢。） I think it no need talking about it with them. （我認(rèn)為沒必要跟他們談。） 某些表示“喜、怒、哀、樂”的動(dòng)詞，如like, enjoy, love, hate等，往往不能直接接賓語從句； e.g. I dont like it that hes so lazy. （

10、我不喜歡他那么懶惰。） I hate it when my mother asks me to eat eggs. （我討厭母親要我吃雞蛋。） that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句不能直接作介詞的賓語； e.g. You may depend on it that we shall always help you. （盡管放心，我們會隨時(shí)幫你的。） Would you see to it that she gets home early? （你負(fù)責(zé)保證她早到家，好嗎？） He insisted on it that he was innocent. （他堅(jiān)持說自己是無辜的。） 由及物動(dòng)詞與介詞組成的固定搭配

11、中，賓語從句若作該動(dòng)詞的賓語時(shí)，須借用it。 e.g. I leave it to your own judgement whether you should do it. （我讓你自己判斷這事是否該做。） We owe it to you that there wasnt a serious accident. （多虧了你才沒有發(fā)生嚴(yán)重事故。）練習(xí)一1. Is _ necessary to complete the design before National Day? A. this B. that C. it D. he2. I dont think _ possible to mast

12、er a foreign language without much memory work. A. this B. that C. its D. it3. Does _ matter if he cant finish the job on time? A. this B. that C. he D. it4. Toms mother kept telling him that he should work harder, but _ didnt help. A. he B. which C. she D. it5. _ is a fact that English is being acc

13、epted as an international language. A. There B. This C. That D. It6. I hate _ when people talk with their mouths full. A. it B. that C. these D. them7. Dont _ that all those who get good grades in the entrance examination will prove to be the most successful. A. take as granted B. take this for gran

14、ted C. take that for granted D. take it for granted8. I like _ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright. A. this B. that C. it D. one 練習(xí)二1. _ happened _ he is unfit for the office.A. This; that B. That; that C. It; that D. He; that2. We took _ for granted that they would accept our advice.

15、A. that B. this C. it D. them3. _ that the scientist will give us a talk next month?A. Is true B. Is it true C. Its true D. Its truly4. _ doesnt matter much _ dress you are going to wear.A. This; that B. That; who C. It; which D. It; who5. _ is going to America for further study. A. He is said that

16、B. People said that he C. It was said he D. It is said that he6. They are good friends. _ is no wonder that they know each other so well.A. This B. That C. There D. It7. Is _ possible to fly to the moon in a spaceship?A. this B. there C. that D. it8. She liked _ when he kissed her. A. him B. that C.

17、 one D. it9. _ will do you good to do some exercise every morning. A. It B. There C. Those D. One10. We think _ our duty to pay taxes to our government.A. that B. this C. its D. it Key: 練習(xí)一1-8 CDDDDADC 練習(xí)二1-5 CCBCD 6-10 DDDADit作形式主語和形式賓語it既可作人稱代詞，用來表示動(dòng)物或無生命的物體等，也可以作無人稱代詞，在句中作主語，表示“時(shí)間”、“距離”、“天氣”等。它還可

18、以引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句，使語氣得以加強(qiáng)。此外，it在句中能作引導(dǎo)詞，充當(dāng)句子中的形式上的成分，如形式主語、形式賓語等。 it作形式主語：it作形式主語時(shí)沒有具體的意義，而只是幫助把真正的主語移到句子后部去，使句子顯得平穩(wěn)一些。it作形式主語時(shí)，可以代替三種形式：不定式、動(dòng)名詞和主語從句。1. it代替不定式短語 常用于下列句型中：It + be +形容詞 + (for/of sb.) to do sth.It + be + 名詞 + to do sth.It takes sb. some time to do sth. 干花了某人時(shí)間Its up to sb. to do sth. 干是某人的職責(zé)或義務(wù)

19、如：It is everyones duty to obey the law.遵守法律是每個(gè)人的義務(wù)。（ it作形式主語, 代替不定式短語to obey the law）It is difficult for a foreigner to learn Chinese.對于一個(gè)外國人來說，學(xué)習(xí)漢語是困難的。（ it作形式主語, 代替不定式短語to learn Chinese）It is not right to use these places as rubbish dumps.把這些地方用來倒垃圾是不對的。（it作形式主語, 代替不定式短語to use these places as rubb

20、ish dumps）It took them a year to build the bridge.建這座橋花了他們一年的時(shí)間。（ it作形式主語, 代替不定式短語to build the bridge）It is bad manners to stare at people.瞪著眼睛看人是不禮貌的。（ it作形式主語, 代替不定式短語to stare at people）It is up to us to help those in need.幫助那些有困難的人是我們的責(zé)任。（ it作形式主語, 代替不定式短語to help those in need）It is not up to you

21、 to tell me how to do my job.我怎樣干我的工作不用你來多嘴。（ it作形式主語, 代替不定式短語to tell me how to do my job） It be + 形容詞+ for sb. to do sth.與It be + 形容詞+of sb. to do sth.：如果句型中的形容詞描述的是sb.的品質(zhì)、品格，在邏輯上可以作sb.的表語，則sb.前應(yīng)用介詞of，否則就用for。如：Its necessary for us to use a short-wave radio to pick up the programmes.我們用一臺短波收音機(jī)收聽這些節(jié)

22、目是必要的。Its important for us to learn English well.學(xué)好英語對我們來說是重要的。Its kind of you to help me.感謝你對我的幫助。（= You are kind to help me. ）It was foolish of him to give up the job.他放棄那工作是愚蠢的（= He was foolish to give up the job.） it代替動(dòng)名詞短語：動(dòng)名詞作主語用后置形式的情況遠(yuǎn)不及不定式那么普遍，常限于no good, no use, useless, waste等詞的后面。 It is

23、no good/ use having a car if you cant drive.如果你不會開車，有車也沒用。( it作形式主語,代替動(dòng)名詞短語having a car)It is a waste of time watching TV.看電視是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。（ it作形式主語,代替動(dòng)名詞短語watching TV）It is no use asking him.問他沒有用。（ it作形式主語,代替動(dòng)名詞短語asking him）It is no use talking to him about it.和他談這事沒有用。（ it作形式主語,代替動(dòng)名詞短語talking to him abou

24、t it） it代替主語從句：這個(gè)主語從句可以用連詞that引導(dǎo)，也可以用連接代詞或連接副詞引導(dǎo)。如：It was clear that they had no desire for peace.很清楚他們沒有和平的誠意。（ it作形式主語,代替主語從句that they had no desire for peace）It is doubtful whether she will be able to come.她能否來還很難說。（ it作形式主語,代替主語從句whether she will be able to come）It was clear enough what she mean

25、t.她的意思是夠清楚的。（ it作形式主語,代替主語從句what she meant）It hasnt been made clear when the new road is to be opened to traffic.還沒明確宣布新路什么時(shí)候通車。（ it作形式主語,代替主語從句when the new road is to be opened to traffic）It is a mystery to me how it all happened.這都是怎么發(fā)生的對于我來說還是一個(gè)謎。（ it作形式主語,代替主語從句how it all happened）用it作形式主語，把真正的主

26、語從句移至后面的常見句型有： It is a pity/ a shame/ a fact/ an honour/ good news/ no wonder/ a wonder that如：It was a pity that the engineer couldnt come.可惜工程師沒能夠來。It is a wonder that he continues to gamble when he always loses!令人驚訝的是他一直輸還一直賭。（It is）no wonder (that) you were late!難怪你來晚了。It is a shame that the rain

27、 spoiled our picnic.真可惜，這場雨把我們的野餐給攪了。It is a fact that English is being accepted as international language.英語被認(rèn)為是國際語言，這是一個(gè)事實(shí)。 It is + 形容詞（如： strange/ natural/ surprising/ obvious/ true/ fortunate/ wonderful/ funny/ possible/ impossible/ likely/ unlikely/ clear/ unusual/ certain/ important）that 如：It

28、is certain that he will win.他一定會取勝。It is important that we should learn from each other and help each other.我們應(yīng)當(dāng)互相學(xué)習(xí)，互相幫助，這是很重要的。It was obvious that the child had been badly treated.很顯然那個(gè)孩子受過虐待。It is likely that he will ring me tonight.他今晚可能給我打電話。It is strange that he should have left without tellin

29、g us. 真奇怪，他也沒說一聲就走了。It is unlikely that their group will get ahead of us. 他們小組不會趕到我們前頭去。 It seems/ happened/ turned out/ suddenly struck me/ occurred to methat 如：It happened that I wasnt there that day. 恰好那天我不在那里。It seems that his idea is more practical.看起來他的意見更實(shí)際一些。It suddenly occurred to me that I

30、 knew how to solve that problem.我忽然想起我知道怎樣解決那個(gè)問題。 It + be + 過去分詞（如：said/ reported/ announced/ decided/ expected/ hoped/ known/ believed）that如：It is hoped that the number of deer will greatly increase very soon.(相當(dāng)于：People hope that the number of deer will greatly increase very soon)人們希望鹿的數(shù)目將會很快增加。It

31、 is said that nothing has been done about it. 據(jù)說至今對此沒采取任何措施。It is reported that more than twenty people were killed in that bus accident.據(jù)報(bào)道在那次的公共汽車事故中有二十多人喪生。It is known that he is one of the best teachers in our school.大家都知道他是我們學(xué)校最好的教師之一。It is believed that the flood there is the biggest in 100 ye

32、ars.據(jù)認(rèn)為那兒的洪水是百年來最大的洪水。* 注意要在It is suggested/required/desired/ordered/proposedthat的主語從句中用虛擬語氣：(should) + 動(dòng)詞原形如：It is requested that he give a performance at the party.有人請求他在聚會上表演一個(gè)節(jié)目。It is suggested that we should get everything ready by tonight.建議一切在今晚準(zhǔn)備好。It is ordered that the radio be sent there a

33、t once.據(jù)命令，這臺收音機(jī)要立刻送到那里去。 It doesnt matter +連接代詞或副詞It doesnt make too much difference +連接代詞或副詞如：It doesnt matter whether he comes or not.他來還是不來都沒關(guān)系。It wont make much difference whether you go today or tomorrow.你今天去也好，明天去也好，關(guān)系不大。 it作形式賓語：it作形式賓語時(shí)，可以代替三種形式：不定式、動(dòng)名詞和賓語從句。it作形式賓語時(shí)，需具備兩個(gè)條件： 真正的賓語是不定式、動(dòng)名詞或

34、從句 有賓語補(bǔ)足語具備了這兩個(gè)條件，形式賓語it一定要用。1. it代替不定式短語think/ find/ feel/ consider/ make/ regard+ it +形容詞/名詞 + 不定式短語如：I find it pleasant to work with him.(it 作形式賓語，代替不定式短語to work with him)我覺得和他一起工作很愉快。They felt it difficult to finish the work in such a short time.（ it 作形式賓語，代替不定式短語to finish the work in such a sho

35、rt time）他們認(rèn)為在這么短的時(shí)間內(nèi)完成這項(xiàng)工作是困難的。She thinks it her duty to help us.（ it 作形式賓語，代替不定式短語to help us）她覺得幫助我們是她的責(zé)任。I think it my honor to be invited to speak here.（ it 作形式賓語，代替不定式短語to be invited to speak here）我覺得應(yīng)邀在這兒演講是我的榮耀。Tom didnt find it difficult to write letters in Chinese.（ it 作形式賓語，代替不定式短語to write

36、letters in Chinese）湯姆發(fā)現(xiàn)用漢語寫信不難。All these noises made it impossible for me to go on with the work.（ it 作形式賓語，代替不定式短語to go on with the work）這些噪音使我無法繼續(xù)工作。 it代替動(dòng)名詞短語( 這只限于少數(shù)句型，在多數(shù)情況下用不定式時(shí)更多一些)如：The professor considers it no good reading without understanding.這位教授認(rèn)為閱讀而不理解沒有益處。Do you consider it any good

37、trying again?你覺得再試會有好處嗎？He found it useless( no use) arguing with him.他發(fā)現(xiàn)和他辯論沒有用。He thought it absolutely senseless attempting the impossible.想做不可能的事情，他認(rèn)為是完全沒道理的。I dont think it worthwhile going to such a place.到這樣一個(gè)地方去我看是不值得的。 it代替賓語從句：如：We all thought it a pity that the conference should have been

38、 cancelled.會議取消了我們都感到很遺憾。I took it for granted that they were not coming.我想他們準(zhǔn)是不會來的了。Ill see to it that everything is ready in time.我負(fù)責(zé)使一切都按時(shí)準(zhǔn)備好。 含it 的常用句型英語中有一些固定句型中含有it,應(yīng)注意這些句型的使用。1. It be + 被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分 + that/ who + 其他成分強(qiáng)調(diào)句型可以強(qiáng)調(diào)一個(gè)句子的主語、賓語、表語及狀語等成分。如果被強(qiáng)調(diào)的成分是表示人的詞，可以用that或who(whom)連接其他成分；被強(qiáng)調(diào)的成分是表示人以外的詞，例

39、如表示事物、時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)的詞，用that連接其他成分。例如我們可以用強(qiáng)調(diào)句型強(qiáng)調(diào)下列句子的主語（如）、賓語（如）、地點(diǎn)狀語（如）及時(shí)間狀語（如）I met Peter in Japan last year. It was I who/that met Peter in Japan last year. It was Peter whom/that I met in Japan last year. It was in Japan that I met Peter last year. It was last year that I met Peter in Japan.* not until 也

40、可用于強(qiáng)調(diào)句型例1Mr Brown didnt come back until eleven oclock.可變?yōu)椋篒t was not until eleven oclock thatMr Brown came back.例2 The rain didnt stop until midnight.可變?yōu)椋篒t was not until midnight that the rain stopped.* 強(qiáng)調(diào)句也可變?yōu)樘厥庖蓡柧淅?It was in 1949 that the PRC was founded.可變?yōu)椋篧hen was it that the PRC was founded?例

41、2 Your dad worked in this factory two years ago.可變?yōu)椋篧here was it that your dad worked two years ago?2Its + 地點(diǎn)狀語+ that （強(qiáng)調(diào)句）Its +地點(diǎn)名詞+ where (定語從句)如：It is the town where I was born.(the town 為地點(diǎn)名詞，定語從句)這是我出生的鎮(zhèn)子。It was in the town that I was born.(in the town為地點(diǎn)狀語，強(qiáng)調(diào)句型)我出生在這個(gè)鎮(zhèn)子。3.Its + 時(shí)間名詞+ when(時(shí)間狀語

42、從句) Its + 時(shí)間狀語 +that(強(qiáng)調(diào)句)如：It was at 8 oclock that he returned.(at 8 oclock是時(shí)間狀語，強(qiáng)調(diào)句)他是在八點(diǎn)鐘回來的。It was 8 oclock when he returned.(8 oclock 是時(shí)間名詞，時(shí)間狀語從句)他回來的時(shí)候是八點(diǎn)鐘。4. if it is convenient to you 如果你方便的話如：If it is convenient to you, you can start tomorrow.如果方便的話，你明天可以動(dòng)身。5. believe it or not 信不信由你如：Belie

43、ve it or not, Ill go abroad next month.不管你信還是不信，我下個(gè)月要出國。Believer it or not, we were left waiting in the rain for two hours.信不信由你我們冒雨等了兩個(gè)小時(shí)。6. Its time thatdid / should do (定語從句)如：It is time that I went and picked up my daughter from school.我該去學(xué)校接我女兒放學(xué)了。Its high time that we stopped/should stop this

44、practice.我們的確該停止這種做法了。7. It is /has beensincedid(時(shí)間狀語從句)如：It is just a week since we arrived here.我們來這里已一星期了。8.It wont be before用不了（多長時(shí)間）就會It will bebefore得過（多長時(shí)間）才It wasnt before沒過（多長時(shí)間）就It wasbefore過了（多長時(shí)間）才It will be a long time before we finish the task.我們還需要很長時(shí)間才能完成這項(xiàng)任務(wù)。It wasnt long before he

45、learned to use the computer.不久他就學(xué)會使用計(jì)算機(jī)了。It was some time before he told me about this affair.過了一段時(shí)間之后他告訴了我這件事。It wont be long before we meet again.不久之后我們還會再見面的。 易混用其他句型英語中有一些句型不含it, 但卻易被誤用了it，常見的有以下句型： There is something/nothing wrong/ the matter with sb./ sth.如：There is nothing wrong /the matter w

46、ith him. Hes just pretending.他沒什么事，他只是在裝呢。2. There is no doubt about對毫不懷疑 There is no doubt that對毫不懷疑如：There is no doubt about his suitability for the job.毫無疑問，他適合這個(gè)工作。There is no doubt about the fact.關(guān)于這個(gè)事實(shí)毫無懷疑。There is no doubt that he is hard to deal with.毫無置疑他很難對付。 There is no need (for sb.) to

47、do sth. 沒必要如：There was no need for him to remain in Paris.他沒有必要繼續(xù)留在巴黎。There is no need for you to start yet.你現(xiàn)在還不必動(dòng)身。4.There is no/a possibility that 沒可能/有可能(= It is impossible/possible that )如：There is a possibility that the train may be late.可能火車要晚點(diǎn)。There is no possibility that well see him this w

48、eekend.我們本周末不可能見到他。 5.There is a chance that 可能如：There is a chance that the sick child will get well.這個(gè)生病的孩子可能會好起來的。6.There be no/ some differences betweenand和之間沒/有區(qū)別如：There are some differences between the two languages.這兩種語言之間有些區(qū)別。7. After what seemed + 時(shí)間如：After what seemed a very long time, the

49、wounded soldier came back to life.在經(jīng)過似乎很長的一段時(shí)間之后，那個(gè)受傷的士兵蘇醒了過來。8. There be difficulty/ trouble (in) doing sth. 干有困難如：here was no difficulty in finding him.找到他沒費(fèi)什么事。習(xí)題演練：1._ is reported that he got seven gold medals.A. ThatB. Word C. It D. News2.How long _ to finish the work?A. you will take B. will y

50、ou take C. you will take it D. will it take you3._ no need for us to discuss the problem again. It has already been settled.A. It has B. There has C. It is D. There is4.I was disappointed with the play. I had expected _ to be much better.A. that B. this C. one D. it5.I dont think _ possible to maste

51、r a foreign language without much memory work.A. it B. that C. its D. this6.Does _ matter if he cant finish the job on time?A. this B. it C. he D. that7.-Do you need my ruler?-No, thanks. Ive got _ myself.A. it B. each C. one D. the one8.-Which person do you mean?-_ who wears a new gold watch.A. The

52、 one B. One C. Each D. It9.It _ three years since I left England.A. has been B. was C. had been D. will be 10.It wont be long _ the island _ to our motherland.A. when, returns B. before, will return C. since, returns D. before, returns11.How many years is it _ your family moved here?A. after B. sinc

53、e C. before D. until12._ is a pity that you forgot both her address and her telephone number.A. It B. There C. This D. That13.I saw no more than one copy left in the bookshop. Will you go and buy _?A. it B. some C. any D. one14.Will you see to _ that the luggage is brought back?A. me B. yourself C. it D. them15.It _ that she has lost interest in studying English.A. seemed B. appears C. looks D. remains16._ happened that I met one of my friends yesterday.A. IB. That C. It D. How17.I think _ right that you didnt tell him the bad news.A. it B. itsC. you D. th