胡壯麟語言學術(shù)語英漢對照翻譯表

1、胡壯麟語言學術(shù)語英漢對照翻譯表1. 語言的普遍特征：任意性arbitrariness雙層結(jié)構(gòu)duality 既由聲音和意義結(jié)構(gòu)多產(chǎn)性productivity移位性displacement:我們能用語言可以表達許多不在場的東西文化傳播性cultural transmission 2。語言的功能：傳達信息功能informative人濟功能：interpersonal行事功能：Performative表情功能：Emotive應酬功能：Phatic娛樂功能recreatinal元語言功能 metalingual3. 語言學linguistics：包括六個分支語音學Phonetics音位學 phonol

2、ogy形態(tài)學 Morphology句法學 syntax語義學 semantics語用學 pragmatics4. 現(xiàn)代結(jié)構(gòu)主義語言學創(chuàng)始人：Ferdinand de saussure提出語言學中最重要的概念對之一：語言與言語language and parole ，語言之語言系統(tǒng)的整體，言語那么只待某個個體在實際語言使用環(huán)境中說出的具體話語5. 語法創(chuàng)始人：Noam Chomsky提出概念語言能力與語言運用competence and performance1. Which of the following statements can be used to describe displace

3、ment. one of the unique properties of language:a. we can easily teach our children to learn a certain languageb. we can use both 'shu' and 'tree' to describe the same thing.c. we can u se language to refer to something not presentd. we can produce sentences that have never been heard

4、 before. 2.What is the most important function of language?a. interpersonalb. phaticc. informative3.The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it ?"is _a informative b. phaticc. directive d. performative4.The distinction between competence and performance is proposed by _a saussur

5、eb. hallidayc. chomskyd. the prague school5. Who put forward the distinction between language and parole?a. saussureb. chomsky c. hallidayd anomymous第二節(jié) 語音學1.發(fā)音器官由聲帶the vocal cords和三個回聲腔組成 2.輔音consonant：there is an obstruction of the air stream at some point of the vocal tract.爆破音 complete obstructi

6、on鼻音 nasals破裂音 plosives局部阻塞輔音 partial obstruction擦音 fricatives破擦音 affricates等輔音的送氣特征 aspiration分類標準舌翹位置，舌高和嘴唇的形狀6雙元音 diphthongs,有元音過渡 vowel glides1. Articulatory phonetics mainly studies _.a. the physical properties of the sounds produced in speechb. the perception of soundsc. the combination of sou

7、ndsd. the production of sounds 2. The distinction between vowel s and consonants lies in _a. the place of articulation b.the obstruction f airstreamc. the position of the tongued. the shape of the lips3. What is the common factor of the three sounds: p, k ta. voicelessb. spread4. What phonetic featu

8、re distinguish the p in please and the p in speak?a. voicingb. aspirationd. nasality5.Which of the following is not a distinctive feature in English?a. voicing c. approximationd. aspiration6.The phonological features of the consonant k are _a. voiced stopb. voiceless stopc. voiced fricatived. voicel

9、ess fricative7.p is divverent from k in _a. the manner of articulationb. the shape of the lipsc. the vibration of the vocal cordsd.the palce of articualtion8.Vibration of the vocal cords results in _a. aspirationc. obstructiond. voicing第三節(jié) 音位學 phonology1.音位學與語音學的區(qū)別：語音學著重于語音的自然屬性，主要關注所有語言中人可能發(fā)出的所有聲音；

10、音位學那么強調(diào)語音的社會功能，其對象是某一種語言中可以用來組合成詞句的那些語音。 2.音位phoneme：最小語音單位3.音位變體allophones:讀音差異4.比照性分布：如果兩個音段出現(xiàn)在同一個語音環(huán)境中，而且產(chǎn)生了兩個不同的單詞，5.互補性分布；如果兩個根本相似的音段絕不會出現(xiàn)在相同的語音環(huán)境中，那么它們之間就是互補性分布的關系，如送氣p絕不會出現(xiàn)在s之后，不送氣的p絕不會出現(xiàn)在詞首6.音節(jié)syllable，分為節(jié)首onset，節(jié)峰peak，節(jié)尾coda7.輔音群:一般作為音節(jié)節(jié)首的輔音群不能超過三個福音，節(jié)尾不能超過4個8.最小語音對minimal pairsI. Introduct

11、ion1. What is LanguageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2. What is Linguistics(語言學)Linguistics is the scientific study of language.3.Some Basic Distinctions(區(qū)分) in Linguistics3.1 Speech and WritingOne general principle(原那么) of linguistic analysis is the pri

12、macy of speech over writing. Writing gives language new scope(范疇) and uses that speech does not have.3.2 Descriptive(描述性) or Prescriptive(說明性)A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyses facts observed; it is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for "correct" behavi

13、or.3.3 Synchronic(共時) and Diachronic(歷時) StudiesThe description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study and The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.3.4 Langue(語言) and Parole(言語)This is a distinction made by the Swiss linguist F.De Saussure (索緒

14、爾early last century. langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and parole refers to the actualized(實際的) language, or realization of langue. 3.5 Competence(能力)and Performance(行為)Competence is the ideal language user's knowledge of the rules of

15、 his language. Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances(發(fā)聲).4. The Scope of LinguisticsGeneral linguistics is the study of language as a whole. Phonetics(語音學) is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their d

16、escription, classification and transcription. Phonology(音韻學) is the branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of languages.Morphology(詞法) is the branch of linguistics which studies the form of words.Syntax(句法) is the branch of linguistics which studies the rules governing the combinatio

17、n of words into sentences.Semantics(語義學) is the branch of linguistics which studies the meaning of language. Applied linguistics(應用語言學) is the study of the teaching of foreign and second languages.Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and society.Psycholinguistics is the

18、 study of the relationship between language and the mind.Historical Linguistics(歷史語言學) is the study of language changes.Anthropological linguistics(人文語言學) uses the theories and methods of anthropology to study language variation and language use in relation to the cultural patterns and beliefs of ma

19、n.Neurolinguistics(神經(jīng)語言學) studies the neurological basis of language development and use in human beings.Mathematical linguistics(數(shù)學語言學) studies the mathematical features of language, often employing models and concepts of mathematics.Computational linguistics(計算語言學) is an approach to linguistics in

20、 which mathematical techniques and concepts are applied, often with the aid of a computer.II. Phonetics(語音學1. scope of phoneticsSpeech sounds may be studied from different angles, thus we have at least three branches of phonetics:Articulatory phonetics(發(fā)音語音學we may examine the way in which a speech s

21、ound is produced to discover which vocal organs are involved and how they coordinate(協(xié)調(diào) in the process.Auditory phonetics 聽覺語音學we may look into the impression a speaker makes on the hearer as mediated(調(diào)節(jié) by the ear, the auditory nerve(神經(jīng) and the brain.Acoustic phonetics (聲學語音學 we study the physical

22、properties of speech sounds, as transmitted傳送 between mouth and ear.2. The vocal organsThe vocal organs may be viewed as consisting of three parts, the initiator of the air-stream,(氣流發(fā)生器官 the producer of voice聲音發(fā)生器官 and the resonating cavities.聲音共振器官3. Consonants(輔音Places of articulation(發(fā)音部位: bilab

23、ial,(雙唇 Labiodentals,唇齒 dental,齒 alveolar,齒齦 retroflex,卷舌 palate-alveolar,上齒齦palatal,上顎 velar,軟腭 uvular,小舌 glottal(聲門Manners of articulation: plosive,暴破 nasal,鼻音 trill,顫音lateral,邊音 fricative,摩擦 approximant,近似音 affricate破擦4. Vowels (元音The classification of vowels: the height of tongue raising (high,

24、mid, low), the position of the highest part of the tongue(front, central, back), and the degree of lip rounding(rounded, unrounded)III. Phonology音韻學1. phonemes(音素：a distinctive(有區(qū)別的 sound in a language.2. Allophones(音位變體：The nondistinctive sounds are members of the same phoneme.3. Minimal pairs(最小對立

25、體： word forms which differ from each other only by one sound.4. Free variation (自由變異：If two sounds occurring in the same environment(環(huán)境, they does not produce a different word form, but merely a different pronunciation of the same word.5. Complementary distribution(補充分類：Not all the speech sounds occ

26、ur in the same environment. When two sounds never occur in the same environment.6.Suprasegmental phonology(超音段音位：the study of phonological properties(性質(zhì) of units lager than the segment-phoneme. They are syllable(音節(jié)，stress,重音 word stress, sentence stress. pitch 音調(diào)and intonation語調(diào).IV. Morphology詞法1. i

27、nflection(構(gòu)形法：the grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes.(屈折詞綴2. Word-formation(構(gòu)詞：the processes(過程 of word variations signaling lexical relationships.說明詞法關系 They are compound(合成and derivation (派生.3. Morpheme(詞素： the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expr

28、ession and content.4. Allomorph(同質(zhì)異象變體： some morphemes have considerable variation, for instance, alternate shapes or phonetic forms.5. Types of morphemes: They are roots,(詞根 affix詞綴 and stem詞干.6. Lexicon(語言詞匯：in its most general sense, is synonymous with vocabulary.7. Closed-class words(封閉性 and ope

29、n-class words(開放性：the former whose membership is fixed or limited and the latter whose membership is in principle(實際上 indefinite or unlimited.8. Word class(詞性：It displays a wider range of more precisely defined classes.9. Lexeme(詞位：the smallest unit in the meaning system of a language that can be di

30、stinguished from other smaller units.10. Idiom(習語，成語：Most phrasal lexemes are idioms. It is especially true for a sequence of words(詞序 which is semantically語義上 and often syntactically(句法上 restricted.限制11. Collocation(搭配： the habitual(習慣的 co-occurrences 同時出現(xiàn)of individual lexical items.V. Syntax (句法1.

31、 Positional relation or word order詞序：the sequential(順序arrangement of words in a language.2. Construction or constituent (句子結(jié)構(gòu)： the overall process of internal (內(nèi)部organization of a grammatical unit .3. Syntactic function(句法功能： the relationship between a linguistic form and other parts of the linguist

32、ic pattern in which it is used. The names of functions are expressed in terms of subjects, objects, predicates, modifiers,(修飾語 complements補語, etc.4. Category(范疇：It refers to classes and functions in its narrow sense, e.g. noun, verb, subject, predicate, noun phrase, verb phrase, etc. The categories

33、of the noun include number, gender, case and countability.5. Phrase: a single element of structure containing more than one word, and lacking the subject-predicate structure typical of clause.6. Clause: a group of words with its own subject and predicate, if it is included in a larger sentence.7. Se

34、ntence: It is the minimum part of language that expresses a complete thought.VI. Semantics1. Conceptualism or mentalism (概念主義：Following F. De Saussure(索學爾's "sign" theory, the linguistic sign is said to consist of a signifier 所指and signified被指, i.e., a sound image and a concept, liked

35、by a psychological心理的 "associative" bond.相關聯(lián)系2. Mechanism(機械主義：Some linguists, Bloomfield,(布魯費爾德 for example, turned to science to counter反-act the precious theories and this leads to what call the mechanistic approach方法. The nature of this theory has nothing to do with the scientific stud

36、y of mental phenomena.智力現(xiàn)象3. Contextualism 語境主義：It is based on the presumption(假定that one can derive meaning from or reduce it to observable context.4. Behaviorism (行為主義：Behaviorists attempt to define (定義the meaning of a language form as "the situation(情景 in which the speaker utters說話 it and th

37、e response反響 it calls forth in the hearer."5. functionalism (功能主義：functionalists as represented (代表by the Prague school布拉格學派 linguists and neo-Firthian 新弗斯linguists, approach the problem from an entirely new orientation方法. They argue爭辯 that meaning could only be interpreted解釋 from its use or fu

38、nction in social life.6. Sense relationships: While reference deals with the relationship between the linguistic elements, words, sentences, etc., and the non-linguistic world of experience, sense relates to the complex system of relationships that hold between the linguistic elements themselves. Th

39、ey include synonymy(同義詞, antonym(反義詞,hyponymy(下層次Polysemy(一詞多義and Homonymy (同音異義詞7. Semantic analysis: It includes 1) componential成分 analysis which defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components.(意義成分2) predication (表述analysis in which the meaning of a sentence is not merel

40、y the sum of the meanings of the words which compose it. 3) relational components in which the semantic analysis of some words presents a complicated picture, because they show relations between two and perhaps more terms. VII. Language variation (語言變化1. Lexical change(詞匯的變化：changes in lexis.2. Invention: (新造詞new entities.3. Compounding合成詞New words are sometimes constructed by combining two old words.4. Blending: (混合詞：It is a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two roots are blended by joining the initial part of the first