簡(jiǎn)明英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)知識(shí)點(diǎn)匯總

1、新編簡(jiǎn)明英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)知識(shí)點(diǎn)匯總1 Introduction1.1 Whatislinguistics?Scientificstudyoflanguage.Interpretation:trytoanswerthebasicquestionsandprobeintovariousproblemsrelatedtolanguage;2linguisticsstudiesnotanyparticularlanguagebutlanguageingeneral;scientificstudybecausebasedonsystematicinvestigationoflinguisticdata.1.1

2、.2ThescopeoflinguisticsThestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledgenerallinguistic.phoneticsStudythesoundsusedinlinguisticstudyphonologyHowsoundsputtogetherandconveymeaningmorphologyThewaysymbolsrepresentingsoundsarearrangedandcombinedtoformwordssyntaxRulesgoverningthecombinationofwordssemanticsThestud

3、yofmeaningpragmaticsStudythemeaningincontextAbovearemajororcorebranchesoflinguistics;Followingarelinguisticslinkwithotherdisciplines.sociolinguisticslanguageandsocietypsycholinguisticsHowinfantacquiremothertongue,processinformation(languageandbrain)AppliedlinguisticsAppliedtotherecoveryoflanguage,la

4、nguageacquisition1.1.3SomeimportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsprescriptivedescriptiveAimstolaydownrulesforacorrect&standard;i.e.totellpeoplewhattheyshouldDescribeandanalyzethelanguageactuallyuse(modernlinguistsbelievethatsayornotwhateveroccursinthesynchronicThedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointofti

5、melanguagepeopleuseshouldbedescribedandanalyzed)diachronicThedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeModernlinguisticsaremostsynchronic:CDDifficulttodescribethechangesthathavetakenplaceinitshistoricaldevelopment;Synchronicdescriptionareoftenthoughtofasbeingdescriptionsofalanguageinitscurrentexis

6、tence.speechwritingSpeechispriortowriting:CDwritingsystemisalwaysainventedbytheuserstorecordthespeechwhentheneedarises;speechplaysagreaterroleintermsofamountofconveyinginformation;speechisalwaysthewaynativespeakeracquiretheirmothertonguewhilewritingislearnandtaughtinschool;spokenlanguagerevealsmoref

7、eatureofhumanspeech,whichisauthenticwhilewrittenlanguageisonlytherevisedrecordofspeech.Langue語(yǔ)言Parole言語(yǔ)Abstractlinguisticsystem;RelativelystableTherealizationoflanguageinactualuse;Concrete;Varyfrompersontoperson&situationtosituationProposedbySwisslinguistF.deSaussureintheearly20thcentury:parolei

8、samassoflinguisticfacts,petenceperformanceTheidealuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageTposedbyAmericanlinguistN.Chomsky,SimilartoSaussure,whatlinguistsshouldstudyistheidealspeaker'scompetence,notth

9、eperformance.Difference:Saussuretooksociologicalviewoflanguageandhisnotionoflangueisamatterofsocialconvention;whileChomskylooksatpsychologicalpointandtohimcompetenceisapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.TraditionalgrammarModernlinguisticsPrescriptive;writtenlanguageisprimary;ForcelanguageintoaLatin-b

10、asedframework;Descriptive;Spokenlanguageisprimary;TryingtosetupauniversalframeworkModernlinguisticsbeginfromthepublicationofF.deSassure'sbookcourseingenerallinguistics1.2Whatislanguage1.2.1 DefinitionsoflanguageLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Characteristics:CDl

11、anguageissystem,elementsoflanguagearecombinedaccordingtotherules;languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenalinguisticsymbolandwhatitstandsfor,Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellaswell;languageisvocalbecausetheprimarymediumforalllanguageissound;languageishuman-specific,differentf

12、romanimalcommunication.1.2.2 DesignfeaturesoflanguageProposedbyAmericanlinguistCharlesHockett:comparingtheanimal&humancommunicationsystems.Followingarefivemajordesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage:CDarbitrarinessNologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningandsounds(exceptonomatopoeticandcompoundwords)(2)productiv

13、ityItmakestopossibletoconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalbyitsusers.dualityLanguageisasystemwhichconsistsoftwostructures.Atthelowerlevelthereisastructureofsounds,whicharemeaninglessbythemselves.Butthesoundscangroupedorregroupedtogetherintoalargernumbersofunitsofmeaningsuchasmorphemeorwords,whic

14、harefoundatthehigherlevelofsystem(carp&park).Thenthehigherlevelcanbearrangedandrearrangedintoaninfinitenumbersofsentences;DisplacementLanguagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeakers;culturaltransmissionWhilehumancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis,thedetailsofany

15、languagesystemsarenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearned.(languageisculturaltransmittedlanguagenotmutuallyintelligiblewhileanimalcallsystemisgeneticallytransmitted)1.2.3 FunctionsoflanguageThreemainfunctionsoflanguagewhichdistinctfromeachotherbutactuallyoverlappingtosomedegree:

16、CDdescriptivefunctionTheprimaryfunctionoflanguage;Thefunctiontoconveyfactualinformation,whichcanbeassertedordenial,andinsomecaseevenverified.e.g:TheSichuanearthquakeisthemostseriousoneChinahaseversuffered.expressivefunctionSupplyinformationabouttheuser'sfeeling,preference,prejudicesandvalue,etc.

17、Iwillnevercometothiscoffeeshopagain.socialfunctionServestoestablishandmaintainsocialrelationsbetweenpeople.HowcanIhelpyou,Sir?Others:Russian-bornstructurallinguistRomanJakobsontsixelemensfunctionofaspeech:Addresser-emotive動(dòng)機(jī)addressee-conative意動(dòng)context-referentialmessage-poeticcontact-phaticcommunion

18、code-metalinguisticBritishlinguisticM.A.KHalliday:CDideationalfunction語(yǔ)篇功能includeddescriptive&expressivefunctinistoorganizethespeaker'erpersonalfunctionistoindicate,establish,ormaintainsocialrelationshipbetweenpeople.socialfunctiontextualfunctionistoor

19、ganizewrittenorspokentextstocoherewithinthemselvesandfittotheparticularsituationinwhichtheyareused.2.Phonology2.1 ThephonicmediumoflanguageSpeechsoundsproducedbyhumanspeechorganTwomajormediaofcommunication:speechandwriting;2.2 phonetics2.2.1 whatisphonetics?Thestudyofphonicmediumoflanguage;itisconce

20、rnedwithallthesoundsthatoccursintheworld'slanguage.Articulatoryphonetics發(fā)音語(yǔ)言學(xué)LongestYThreebranchesAuditoryphoneticsAcousticphonetics2.2.2 organsofspeechPharyngealcavity咽喉Nasalcavity鼻腔Oralcavity口腔聽(tīng)覺(jué)語(yǔ)言學(xué)聲學(xué)語(yǔ)言學(xué)Voicing:vibrationofthevocalcordsVocal2.2.3 orthgraphicrepresentationu8fspeechsounds:broad&a

21、mp;soundsnarrowInternationalphoneticalphabet:letterBroadusedintextbook:lettersymbolspNarrow:lettersymbols+diacritics變音符phitspithaspirationphoneticianmoreinterestedin2.2.4 classificationofEnglishspeechsounds classificationofEnglishconsonantTotalobstructionBilabial雙5Labiodental唇四音Dental齒音Alvelo

22、ar四齦音PalataliwVelar軟腭Glottal喉音Stops閉塞音PartialobstructionVLPftkVDbvdgFricative摩擦音VLosfhCompleteatfirstReleaseslowlywithVDdzgAffricates塞擦音VLtftfVDdgdgNasals鼻音VDmnnLiquids流音VDL,rGlidesVDwj(#)classificationofEnglishvowelsMonophthongs：frontcentralbackcloseI:IU:uSemi-closeee:Semi-openeC:openaea八Da:

23、2.3 phonology2.3.1 phonology&phoneticsPhonologyvsphoneticsISpeechsoundsFormpatters&Producedfeaturesconveymeaning2.3.2 phonephonemeallophonePhoneticunitPhonologicalphonesDifferentrepresentingaphonemeindifferentphonetic2.3.3 phonemiccontrastcomplementarydistributionminimalpairpDarkl&clearP

24、illbill2.3.4 somerulesinphonologySequentialrulesassimilationruledeletionruleGovernthecombinationofsounds,I.e.Wordbeginwithalorr,nextsoundmustbeavowelAssimilateonesoundtoanotherbycopyingafeatureofsequential2.3.5suprasegmentalfeatures(phonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofsegments)Stress:N&vTone

25、：四聲Intonation:differentmayconveydifferentmeaningeventhesentencesunchanged3.MorphologyGrammarthatisconcernedwithwordformationandwordstructureWord:thesmallestfreeformfoundinlanguageMorpheme:thesmallestunitofmeaningRootstembaseRoot:believeStem:believable(除掉所有的語(yǔ)法成份,留下詞根和派生成份)Base：unbelievable(un的詞基)Derivationalmorpheme:changecategorygrammaticalclassofwordsPrefix:changemeaningSuffix:changemeaningandpartsofspeechInflecti