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1、 一名詞解釋 PCM pulse-code modulation脈沖編碼調制PPM Pulse Position Modulation脈沖位置調制 ASK amplitude shift keying幅移鍵控FSK frequency shift keying頻移鍵控 BFSK binary frequency shift keying二進制頻移鍵控MSK minimum shift keying最小頻移鍵控 PSK phase shift keying
2、(PSK) 相移鍵控 FDM Frequency division multiplexing頻分復用 OFDM orthogonal frequency division multiplexing正交頻分復用 TDM time division multiplexing 時分復用 WDM wave division multiplexing 波分復用 DWDM dense wave
3、60;division multiplexing 密集型波分復用 PMamplitude/ frequency/ phase modulation (AM/FM/PM)幅度/頻/調制 CPM continuous phase modulation 連續(xù)相位調制 FDMA frequency division multiple access (FDMA).頻分多址 TDMA time di
4、vision multiple access時分多址CDMA code division multiple access碼分多址 SDMA space division multiple access空分多址 GSM global system for mobile communicatons全球數(shù)字移動通信系統(tǒng) MS mobile station 移動臺 BTS base tran
5、sceviver 基站收發(fā)臺 BSC base station controller 基站控制器 BSS base station subsystem 基站子系統(tǒng) MSC mobile switching center 移動交換中心 AUC Authentication center 鑒權中心 VLR visitor location register訪問位置寄存器
6、EIR equipment identity register設備識別寄存器 HLR home location register本地位置寄存器PSTN public switched telephone network公共電話交換網(wǎng) ISDN integrated sercices digital network 綜合業(yè)務數(shù)字網(wǎng) ADSL asymmetric digital subscriber line 非對稱數(shù)字用戶線路 NSS netw
7、ork and switching subsystem網(wǎng)絡交換中心PBX private branch exchange程控交換機 ATM asynchronous transfer mode異步傳輸模式 LAN local area network 局域網(wǎng) IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 美國電氣和電子工程師協(xié)會 CSMA/CD Carrier Sense Mult
8、iple Access/Collision Detect載波監(jiān)聽多路訪問/沖突檢測 MAC medium access control介質訪問控制層 LLC logical link control鏈路邏輯控制 TCP Transmission Control Protocol傳輸控制協(xié)議FTP file transfer protocol文件傳輸協(xié)議JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group 聯(lián)合圖像專家小組 MPEG Moving Pict
9、ures Experts Group 動態(tài)圖像專家組NAPs network access points 網(wǎng)絡接入點IXPs Internet exchange points 互聯(lián)網(wǎng)接入點 SNA systems network architecture系統(tǒng)網(wǎng)絡體系結構 OSI open system interconnection開放式系統(tǒng)互聯(lián)GPS global positioning system全球定位系統(tǒng) ICMP:Inter
10、net Control Message Protocol控制報文協(xié)議IGMP:Internet Group Management Protocol 組管理協(xié)議 FDD frequency division duplex 頻分雙工 TDD time division duplex 時分雙工 PLL phase lock loop 鎖相環(huán) ADC analog-to-digita
11、l converter模數(shù)轉換器 SSMA spread spectrum multiple access擴頻多址系統(tǒng)VLC variable length coding可變長編碼 HDTV high-definition tevevision 高清晰度電視VOD video-on-demand 視頻點播技術 OSS operation support systems運營支撐系統(tǒng)DRM digital rights&
12、#160;management數(shù)字版權管理 CISC/SISC complex/simple instruction set computer 復雜/精簡指令集計算機PLMN public land mobile network 公共陸地移動網(wǎng) MUL mobile user link 移動用戶鏈路 GWL gateway link 網(wǎng)關鏈路 ISL inter satellite li
13、nks 內部衛(wèi)星鏈路 BRI basic rate interface 基本速率接口 PRI primary rate interface 基群速率接口 TA terminal adapter 終端適配器 APD avalanche photodiode 雪崩光電二極管PIN positive-intrinsic negative本征光電二極管 TE transverse
14、electric mode模電模式 TM tranaverse magnetic 橫磁模式 LP linearly polarized mode 線性模式 STB set top box 機頂盒 二翻譯 So What is Cloud Computing? We see Cloud Computing as
15、;a computing model, not a technology. In this model “customers” plug into the “cloud” to access IT resources which are priced and provided “on-demand”. Essentially, IT re
16、sources are rented and shared among multiple tenants much as office space, apartments, or storage spaces are used by tenants. Delivered over an Internet connection, the “
17、cloud” replaces the company datacenter or server providing the same service. Thus, Cloud Computing is simply ITservices sold and delivered over the Internet. Refer to section&
18、#160;of Types of Cloud Computing.譯文:我們把云計算看作是一種計算模型,而不是一種技術.在這個模型中,客戶插入到云中訪問IT資源,而這些資源被定價且按需提供。從本質上講,IT資源和寫字樓,公寓,或是存儲空間一樣是被多個用戶租用和共享的。通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)連接,“云”取代該公司的數(shù)據(jù)中心或服務器提供相同的服務。因此,云計算是簡單的在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上出售及交付的IT服務。參考部分云計算的類型。 2.PaaS(Platform as a Service)Delivers vi
19、rtualized servers on which customers can run existing applications or develop new ones without having to worry about maintaining the operating systems,server hardware, load balanci
20、ng or computing capacity. These vendors provide APIsor development platforms to create and run applications in the cloud e.g. using the Internet. Managed Service providers
21、60;with application services provided to IT departments to monitor systems and downstream applications such as virus scanning for e-mail are frequently included in this category譯文:
22、提供虛擬化服務器上,客戶可以運行現(xiàn)有應用程序或者開發(fā)新的應用程序,無需擔心維護操作系統(tǒng),服務器硬件,負載均衡或計算能力。這些供應商提供應用接口或開發(fā)平臺來創(chuàng)建和運行在云中的應用程序 以互聯(lián)網(wǎng)為例。管理服務提供商與應用服務提供給IT部門監(jiān)視系統(tǒng)和下游應用,如電子郵件病毒掃描經(jīng)常被包括在這一類里。 3.Although analysts define the IoT in terms of connected everyday objects, the
23、60;nature of the connection remains to be determined. A two-way connection by meansof the Internet Protocol constitutes the ideal case, but the originators of the IoT con
24、cept appear to have emphasized a simpler model of RFID query and response. The IoT will be inextricable from sensor networks that monitor things but donot control th
25、ings. Both connected everyday objects and sensor networks both leverage a common set of technological advances toward miniature, power-efficient sensing, processing, and wireless commun
26、ication. Analysts commonly describe two distinct modes of communication in the Internet of Things: thing to person and thing-to-thing communication.譯文:雖然分析師用連接日常物品來定義物聯(lián)網(wǎng),但物聯(lián)網(wǎng)連接的性質仍有待確定。通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)協(xié)議的雙向連接建立了理想化的情
27、況,但是物聯(lián)網(wǎng)概念的發(fā)起人似乎已經(jīng)強調了一種更簡便的RFID查詢和應答模型。物聯(lián)網(wǎng)和傳感器網(wǎng)絡是密不可分的,這個網(wǎng)絡監(jiān)控但不控制任何東西。與日常用品連接和傳感器網(wǎng)絡二者都使用共同的一套技術向著小型化,高效率的傳感處理,以及無線通訊的方向發(fā)展。分析師通常這樣描述兩種不同的通信模式的物聯(lián)網(wǎng):人物通訊和物物通訊。(2)Thing-to-person (and person-to-thing) communications encompasses a number of technologies and
28、;applications wherein people interact with things and vice versa, including remote access to objects by humans, and objects (sometimes called “blogjects”) that continuously report
29、their status, whereabouts, and sensor data.譯文:人物(物人)通訊包含了許多人和物體相互進行技術和應用,反之亦然,包括人類遠程訪問物體,并不斷報告對象(有時稱為“blogjects”)他們的狀態(tài),行蹤和傳感器數(shù)據(jù)的技術。 (3)Thing-to-thing communications encompasses technologies and applications wherein everyday object
30、s and infrastructure interact with no human originator, recipient, orintermediary. Objects can monitor other objects, take corrective actions, and notify or prompt humans as requir
31、ed. Machine-to-machine communication is a subset ofthing-to-thing communication; but machine-to-machine communication often exists withinlarge-scale IT systems and so encompasses things that may&
32、#160;not qualify as “everyday objects”.譯文:物物通信包括很多日常對象和基礎設施的技術和應用,其中沒有人類的發(fā)送者,收件者或中介。對象可以監(jiān)視其他對象,采取糾正措施,并按照要求通知或提示人類。機器對機器的通信是物物通信的一個子集,但機器與機器之間的通信通常存在于大型的IT系統(tǒng)中,且其中的物體可能并不是“日常對象”。 4.The word data warehouse was first developed by Bill Inmon in the early 1990s.He referred
33、to it as being a integrated collection of information that could companies and organizations make better decisions.譯文:數(shù)據(jù)倉庫這個詞最早在1990年代早期由Bill Inmon 提出的。他提到它是一個集成的信息集合,可以使公司和組織做出更好的決定。5.To be effective, a data warehouse had to be integrated ,subject oriented, non-volatile, and time variant. in this a
34、rticle, i will go over all these factors in detail. if you are building a data warehouse, it is important for you to understand why they are important.譯文:為了使數(shù)據(jù)倉庫有效,數(shù)據(jù)倉庫必須具有集成性、面向主題、非易失性,和隨時間變化的特性。在這篇文章中,我將詳細討論所有這些因素。如果您正在構建一個數(shù)據(jù)倉庫,理解這些要素為什么重要對你來說是很重要的。 6.Being subject oriented means that the data wil
35、l provide information about a specific subject rather than the information about the functions of a company. Because a data warehouse is subject oriented, it will allow you to analyze information that is connected to a specific subject. Being integrated means that the data that is collected within t
36、he data warehouse can come from different sources, but can be combined into one unit that is relevant and logical. Having a time-variant means that all the information within the data warehouse can be found with a given period of time. 譯文:面向主題意味著數(shù)據(jù)倉庫提供的數(shù)據(jù)將是有關特定主題的,而不是關于某一個公司的職能信息。由于數(shù)據(jù)倉庫是面向主題的,它可以讓你分
37、析連接到某個特定主題的信息。集成性意味著在數(shù)據(jù)倉庫中收集到的數(shù)據(jù)可以來自不同的來源,但也可以合并成到一個相關聯(lián)且符合邏輯的單元中。隨時間變化,表示該數(shù)據(jù)倉庫內的所有的信息都可以在給定一個時間后被找到。 7. Currently, there are a number of ways that data is transferred from device to device. CDMA (code division multiple access) is one popular technology, and TDMA (time division multiple access) is a
38、second. CDMA transfers a number of different data packets on one channel, using codes to distinguish between different receivers. TDMA, on the other hand, again uses one channel but allots each different data packet a time slot. 譯文:目前,有許多的方式數(shù)據(jù)是從設備傳送到設備的。 CDMA(碼分多址)是一種流行的技術,和TDMA(時分多址)是另一種。 CDMA在一個信道
39、上傳輸多個不同的數(shù)據(jù)分組,用不同的代碼接收器之間進行區(qū)分。 TDMA,同樣使用一個信道,但給每個不同的數(shù)據(jù)分組分配時隙。8.OFDM differs from these technologies significantly; the channel itself is divided into narrow bands, and data packets are sent through eac
40、h band individually. This method proves to be much more efficient than the previously used technologies, hence it is considered to be an integral part of the 4G
41、;revolution. 譯文:OFDM明顯不同于這些技術;信道本身分為窄頻帶,并且數(shù)據(jù)分組通過每個頻帶分別發(fā)送。這種方法被證明比以前使用的技術更加高效,因此它被認為是4G革命的不可分割的一部分。9,”were well underway on the second year of GENI prototyping, GRNI Spiral 2,”Falk says. “One of our more exciting activities is what we are calling meso-scale deployments of virtualisable, programm
42、able routers, switches, and WiMax base stations on 14 campuses and two national research backbone networks. Deployments like these are particularly exciting because theyll allow experimental applications and services built on GENI to directly reach real users on university campuses. Thus researchers
43、 will have the ability to build new services perhaps incompatible with the current interest- and test them at-scale with real end-users.” One area of concern is routing tables, which the nets backbone routers use to direct online traffic. The BGP (border gateway protocol ) routing table has grown hu
44、gely, doubling in size between 2003 and 2009, and there are concerns that if the level of growth continues, router hardware wont be able to cope. The IRTFs Routing Research Group(RRG ) is investigating alternatives, and its goal is to produce solid recommendations that the IETF can implement. Anothe
45、r related programs is Rochester Institute of Technologys Floating Cloud initiative, which hopes to address the problem of routing table growth by moving the routing tables from inside routers to network clouds. Initial testing took place on a dozen Linus boxes, and the next step is to try it on GENI
46、.譯文:“我們正在有條不紊地進行GENI原型研究的第二年,GRNI螺旋2,”福爾克說。 “我們的一個更令人興奮的活動,就是我們正在呼吁在14校園和兩個國家級科研骨干網(wǎng)進行,可編程路由器,交換機和WiMax基站的'尺度'虛擬部署。這樣的部署是特別令人興奮,因為他們將允許在GENI上建立試驗性應用和服務從而直接到達大學校園里的真實用戶。從而研究人員將有能力建立新的服務 - 或許與當前的利益是不相容的,在規(guī)?;恼鎸嵉慕K端用戶中測設它們?!瓣P注的一個領域是路由表網(wǎng)絡上的骨干路由器用于轉發(fā)在線流量。BGP(邊界網(wǎng)關協(xié)議)的路由表已經(jīng)增長的十分巨大,在2003年到2009年間的規(guī)模擴大了
47、一倍,而且有人擔心,如果增長水平繼續(xù)下去,路由器的硬件將無法應付。IRTF的路由研究小組(RRG)正在研究替代方案,它的目標是創(chuàng)造出IETF可以實施的實體建議。另一個相關的項目是羅徹斯特理工學院的浮點云倡議,希望能通過將路由表從路由器內部移動到互聯(lián)網(wǎng)云上來解決路由表的增長問題。最初的測試上在一些Linux操作系統(tǒng)上進行,下一步就是要在GENI進行嘗試。9、Some time after a web page has been crawled by the search bot or crawler, the search engine then processes or indexes the
48、 page to determine what search words and phrases the page is relevant to as well as how relevant that page is compared with other web pages for those phrases. During this processing the search engine looks at many different factors including how many times each word and phrase occurs on the page, wh
49、ich words are in headings or bold, the domain name of the site, filename of the page, the pages that link to the page, and many more. 譯文:網(wǎng)頁在一段時間后就被搜索機器人或者爬蟲捕獲,接著搜索引擎處理或索引該頁面以確定哪些搜索詞和短語與該網(wǎng)頁是相關的,以及對于那些短語,該網(wǎng)頁相較于其他網(wǎng)頁相關程度如何。在此處理過程中的搜索引擎著眼于許多不同的因素,包括在這個頁面上每個單詞或短語出現(xiàn)了多少次,哪些詞語位于標題或是被加粗了,站點的域名,網(wǎng)頁的文件名,頁面鏈接的其他網(wǎng)
50、頁等等。10.An embedded system is any software system that must be designed on a platform different from the platform on which the system is intended to be deployed.譯文:嵌入式系統(tǒng)是一種設計平臺與運行平臺不同的軟件系統(tǒng)。11.what is meant by platform? On the development side, platform typically refers to an operating system capable
51、of hosting software development, such as Windows, Solaris ,HP, etc. on the target side, the word platform refers to the devices on which the embedded system will be deployed.譯文:平臺是什么?對于開發(fā)者來說,平臺指的是一種操作系統(tǒng),能進行軟件的開發(fā)工作,例如Windows,Solaris,HP操作系統(tǒng)等。對目標機來說,平臺指的是一種設備,嵌入式軟件能在上面部署運行。12.OK then, why the design co
52、nstraint? Why arent embedded targets capable of hosting software development? Because these targets are optimized for performance and/or simplicity, they lack equipment necessary for development (such as keyboard, monitors, networking, etc.) in general, development for the embedded environment is re
53、ferred to as “cross-platform development”.譯文:那好吧,為什么設計約束呢?為什么嵌入式目標不能夠承載大規(guī)模的軟件開發(fā)?因為這些目標為性能進行了優(yōu)化和/或十分簡單,他們發(fā)展開發(fā)所必需的設備(如鍵盤、顯示器、網(wǎng)絡等),一般來說,開發(fā)嵌入式環(huán)境稱為“跨平臺開發(fā) 13、The Private Eye, manufactured by Reflection Technology, is a LED based display that can produce a monochrome image at 720-780 resolution。It uses a v
54、ibrating mirror to create this image。 譯文:私家偵探,是一個通過反射技術制造、可以攝制720-780分辨率的黑白圖像,基于LED的顯示屏,它使用振鏡來產(chǎn)生圖像。 14.The Twiddler, made by Handikey, is a one-handed chorded keyboard and mouse combination. It allows fairly rapid typing(up to 60 words a minute) in any body position.譯文:Twiddler由Handikey制造,是一個單手弦線鍵盤和
55、鼠標的組合。它允許你以任何體位相當快速地打字(一分鐘60字以上) 15、At Cyrano Sciences, Inc. we are commercializing an electronic nose technology invented at the California Institute of Technology. This technology involves an array of sensors composed of polymers that are filled with conductive particles. When these sensors come i
56、n contact with a vapor, the polymer expands changing the resistance of the composite. This change in resistance is transmitted to a computer and the pattern derived from the sensor array is used to determine the type, quantity or quality of the odor that was sensed. This type of information is usefu
57、l in a wide range of industries including the chemical, automotive, medical, petroleum, food, and fragrances.譯文:在西拉諾科學公司,我們正在商業(yè)化一款使用加利福尼亞科技研究所發(fā)明的技術的電子鼻。這項技術涉及一組由導電粒子填充的聚合物的傳感器,當這些傳感器與蒸汽接觸時,聚合物的膨脹改變了復合材料的電阻,這種電阻的變化被發(fā)送到一臺計算機上,來自傳感器陣列的圖案被用于確定感應的氣味的類型,數(shù)量或質量。這種類型的信息在許多行業(yè)中是有用的,包括化學,汽車,醫(yī)療,石油,食品和香料。16. our
58、end product takes advantage of the fact that Pfinder follows the users position at all times. Borrowing this information, the speech-recognition system electronically “steers” an array of fixed microphones so that they reinforce only those sounds coming from the direction of the users mount. It is a
59、n easy job. Because sound travels at a fixed speed, it arrives at different locations at slightly different times. So each sound location yields a different pattern of time delays. Thus, if the system takes the outputs from a fixed array of microphones and adds then to time delays that characterize a certain location, it can reinforce the sound from that location. Then it need only com
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