高中英語語法權(quán)威解析動(dòng)詞不定式

1、高中英語語法權(quán)威解析動(dòng)詞不定式1 不定式作賓語1) 動(dòng)詞+ 不定式 afford, aim, appear, agree, arrange, ask, be, decide, bother, care, choose, come, dare, demand, desire, determine, expect, elect, endeavor, hope, fail, happen, help, hesitate, learn, long, mean, manage, offer, ought, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, te

2、nd, wait, wish, undertake The driver failed to see the other car in time.司機(jī)沒能及時(shí)看見另一輛車。I happen to know the answer to your question.我碰巧知道你那道問題的答案。2) 動(dòng)詞+不定式；動(dòng)詞+賓語+不定式ask, beg, choose, expect, hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wishI like to keep everything tidy.我喜歡每件東西都

3、保持整潔。I like you to keep everything tidy.我喜歡你使每件東西都保持整潔。I want to speak to Tom. 我想和湯姆談話。I want you to speak to Tom. 我想讓你和湯姆談話。3) 動(dòng)詞+疑問詞+ to decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tellPlease show us how to do that. 請演示給我們?nèi)绾稳プ?。There are s

4、o many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有這么多的錄音機(jī)，我都拿不定主意買哪一種。注意疑問詞帶不定式在句中作成分時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如：The question is how to put it into practice. 問題是怎樣把它付諸實(shí)施。2. 不定式作補(bǔ)語1) 動(dòng)詞+賓語+不定式(to do)advise, allow, appoint, believe, cause, challenge, command, compel, consider, decl

5、are, drive, enable, encourage, find, forbid, force, guess, hire, imagine, impel, induce, inform, instruct, invite, judge, know, like, order, permit, persuade, remind, report, request, require, select, send, state, suppose, tell, think, train, trust, understand, urge, warna.Father will not allow us t

6、o play on the street.父親不讓我們在街上玩耍。b.We believe him to be guilty. 我們相信他是有罪的。Find 的特殊用法Find 后可用分詞做賓補(bǔ)，或先加形式賓語，再加形容詞，最后加帶to 的動(dòng)詞不定式。find后也可帶一個(gè)從句。此類動(dòng)詞還有g(shù)et，have。I found him lying on the ground. I found it important to learn. I found that to learn English is important.典型例題The next morning she found the man

7、_ in bed，dead. A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying答案：A.find的賓語后面，用分詞或分詞短語，起賓語補(bǔ)足語作用?，F(xiàn)在分詞表達(dá)主動(dòng)，也表達(dá)正在進(jìn)行，過去分詞表達(dá)被動(dòng)。2) to + be 的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)，作補(bǔ)語的動(dòng)詞。acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(聲稱), discover, fancy(設(shè)想), feel, find,guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以為), understand We c

8、onsider Tom to be one of the best students in our class. 我們認(rèn)為湯姆是班上最好的學(xué)生之一。典型例題Charles Babbage is generally considered_ the first computer.A. to inventB. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented 答案：A. 由consider to do sth. 排除B、D。. 此句只說明發(fā)明這一個(gè)事實(shí)，不定式后用原形即可。而C為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，發(fā)明為點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞一般不用完成時(shí)，且此處也不強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，因此不

9、選C。3) to be +形容詞seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, meanThe book is believed to be uninteresting.人們認(rèn)為這本書沒什么意思。4) there be+不定式believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstandWe didn't e

10、xpect there to be so many people there. 我們沒料到會(huì)有那么多人在哪里。注意有些動(dòng)詞需用as 短語做補(bǔ)語，如regard, think believe, take, consider.We regard Tom as our best teacher.我們認(rèn)為湯姆是我們最好的老師。Mary took him as her father .瑪麗把他當(dāng)作自己的父親。3. 不定式作主語1) It's easy (for me) to do that. 我做這事太容易了。easy, difficult, hard, important, possible,

11、 impossible, comfortable, necessary, better;the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enoughIt's so nice to hear your voice.聽到你的聲音真高興。It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 當(dāng)你不用車的時(shí)候，鎖車是有必要的。2) It's very kind of you to help us. 他幫助我們，他真好。ki

12、nd, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考慮周到的), silly, selfish(自私的)It was silly of us to believe him.我們真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.他不給他們?nèi)魏螙|西，這顯得太自私了。注意1) 其他系動(dòng)詞如，look，appear等也可用于此句型2) 不定式作為句子成分時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。3) 當(dāng)不定式作主語的句子中又有一個(gè)不

13、定式作表語時(shí)，不能用It is to的句型(對(duì))To see is to believe.百聞不如一見。(錯(cuò))It is to believe to see.It's for sb.和 It's of sb.1) for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特點(diǎn)，表示客觀形式的形容詞，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等：It's very hard for him to study two languages. 對(duì)他來說學(xué)兩門外語是很難的。 2) of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞

14、，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。It's very nice of you to help me. 你來幫助我，你真是太好了。for 與of 的辨別方法用介詞后面的代詞作主語，用介詞前邊的形容詞作表語，造個(gè)句子。如果道理上通順用of，不通則用for。如：You are nice.(通順，所以應(yīng)用of)。He is hard.(人是困難的，不通，因此應(yīng)用for。)4. 不定式作表語不定式可放在be動(dòng)詞后面，形成表語。例如：My work is to clean the room every day.His dream is to be

15、 a doctor.5. 不定式作定語不定式做定語通常要放在被修飾的詞后。例如：I have a lot of work to do.So he made some candles to give light.6. 不定式作狀語1) 目的狀語To only to (僅僅為了), in order to, so as to, so(such) as to (如此以便)He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.他飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車。I come here only to say good-bye to you.我來僅僅是向你告別。2) 作結(jié)果狀語，表事

16、先沒有預(yù)料到的，要放在句子后面。What have I said to make you angry.He searched the room only to find nothing.3) 表原因I'm glad to see you.典型例題The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to _.A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on答案：B.如果不定式為不及物動(dòng)詞，其后應(yīng)有必要的介詞。當(dāng)動(dòng)詞與介詞連用時(shí)，常位于"形容詞+動(dòng)詞不定式"結(jié)構(gòu)的

17、末尾。用作介詞的toto 有兩種用法：一為不定式+動(dòng)詞原形； 一為介詞+名詞/動(dòng)名詞, to 在下面的用法中是第二種，即to+ 名詞/動(dòng)名詞：admit to承認(rèn)，confess to承認(rèn)，be accustomed to 習(xí)慣于，be used to 習(xí)慣于，stick to 堅(jiān)持，turn to開始，著手于，devote oneself to 獻(xiàn)身于，be devoted to 致力于， look forward to 盼望，pay attention to 注意省to 的動(dòng)詞不定式 1) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 ( 除ought 外，ought to)：2) 使役動(dòng)詞 let, have,

18、make：3) 感官動(dòng)詞 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作賓補(bǔ)，省略to。注意在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中則to 不能省掉。I saw him dance. =He was seen to dance.The boss made them work the whole night.=They were made to work the whole night.4) would rather，had better：5) Why / why not：6) help 可帶to，也可不帶to, h

19、elp sb (to) do sth：7) but和except：but前是動(dòng)詞do時(shí)，后面出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)詞用不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式。8) 由and, or和than連接的兩個(gè)不定式，第二個(gè)to 可以省去：9) 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等詞后，可以省去to be：He is supposed (to be) nice.他應(yīng)該是個(gè)好人。舉例：He wants to move to France and marry the girl. He wants to do nothing but go out. 比較：He wants to

20、do nothing but go out. He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.典型例題1) - I usually go there by train. - Why not _ by boat for a change?A. to try going B.trying to go C.to try and go D.try going答案：D. why not 后面接不帶to 的不定式，因此選D。2) Paul doesn't have to be made _. He always works hard.A.

21、 learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning 答案：B. make后接不帶to 的動(dòng)詞不定式，當(dāng)其用于被動(dòng)時(shí)，to 不可省略。動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式Tell him not to shut the window She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走過的時(shí)候，她假裝沒看見。典型例題1) Tell him _ the window. A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut D. not shut答案：B。 tell sb to do sth 的否定形式為t

22、ell sb not to do sth.2)She pretended _ me when I passed by. A.not to see B. not seeingC. to not see D.having not seen 答案：A。 pretend 后應(yīng)接不定式。其否定形式為pretend not to do sth.。3) Mrs. Smith warned her daughter _ after drinking.A. never to drive B. to never driverC. never driving D. never drive答案：A。warn sb t

23、o do sth. 的否定形式為warn sb not to do sth. 此處用的是否定詞never.4) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him _.A. not toB. not to doC. not do it   D. do not to 答案：A。not to 為not to do it 的省略形式?？梢灾挥胻o這個(gè)詞，而不必重復(fù)整個(gè)不定式詞組。及物動(dòng)詞do后應(yīng)有名詞、代詞等，否則不對(duì)，因此B，D不對(duì)。5) The patient was warned

24、_ oily food after the operation.A. to eat no B. eating not C. not to eatD. not eating答案：C。warn一詞要求后用不定式，此處為不定式的被動(dòng)，否定形式為be warned not to do。不定式的特殊句型tooto1) tooto 太以至于He is too excited to speak. 他太激動(dòng)了，說不出話來。- Can I help you ? 需要我?guī)兔?- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but

25、thank you all the same.不用了。這箱子太重，恐怕你搬不動(dòng)。謝謝您。2) 如在too前有否定詞，則整個(gè)句子用否定詞表達(dá)肯定， too 后那個(gè)詞表達(dá)一種委婉含義，意 為"不太"。It's never too late to mend.(諺語)改過不嫌晚。3) 當(dāng)too 前面有only, all, but時(shí)，意思是：非常 等于very。I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 我非常高興能幫助你。He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。不定式的特殊句型s

26、o as to1) 表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do。Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.湯姆對(duì)事故保持沉默是為了不丟掉他的工作。Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.  輕點(diǎn)進(jìn)去，別驚醒了嬰兒。2) so kind as to -勞駕Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 勞駕，現(xiàn)在幾點(diǎn)了。不定式的特殊句型Why not"Why not +動(dòng)詞原形"表達(dá)向某人提出建議

27、，翻譯為："為什么不?" "干嗎不?"例如：Why not take a holiday?干嗎不去度假?不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài) 時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài)  主動(dòng)  被動(dòng)  一般式  to do  to be done  進(jìn)行式  to be doing    完成式  to have done  to have been done  完成進(jìn)行式  to have been doing   1) 現(xiàn)在時(shí)：一般

28、現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示的動(dòng)詞，有時(shí)與謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，有時(shí)發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之后。He seems to know this.I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again.我希望再見到你。2) 完成時(shí)：表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前。I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.He seems to have caught a cold.3) 進(jìn)行時(shí)： 表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，與謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。He seems to be eating somethi

29、ng.4) 完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.動(dòng)名詞與不定式1) 動(dòng)名詞與不定式的區(qū)別：動(dòng)名詞表達(dá)的是： 狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)，心境，抽象，經(jīng)常性，已發(fā)生的不定式表達(dá)的是： 目的，結(jié)果，原因，具體，一次性，將發(fā)生的2) 接不定式或動(dòng)名詞，意義相同。 3) 動(dòng)名詞與不定式語義不同的有11 組： stop to do  stop doing  forget to do  forget doing  remember to do  rememb

30、er doing  cease to do  cease doing  try to do  try doing  go on to do  go on doing   afraid to do   afraid doing  interested to do  interested doing   mean to do  mean doing   regret to do  regret doing  b

31、egin/start to do  begin/start doing  特殊詞精講stop doing/to dostop to do停止，中斷做某事后去做另一件事。stop doing停止做某事。They stop to smoke a cigarette.他們停下來，抽了根煙。I must stop smoking. 我必須戒煙了。典型例題She reached the top of the hill and stopped _on a big rock by the side of the path.A. to have restedB. resting C. to

32、 restD. rest答案：C。由題意可知，她到了山頂，停下來在一個(gè)路邊的大石頭上休息。因此，應(yīng)選擇"stop to do sth. 停下來去做另一件事"。而不僅僅是爬山動(dòng)作的終止，所以stop doing sth.不正確。stop doing/to doforget doing/to doforget to do忘記要去做某事。(未做)forget doing忘記做過某事。(已做)The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off. 辦公室的燈還在亮著，它忘記關(guān)了。(沒有做關(guān)燈的動(dòng)作)He forgo

33、t turning the light off. 他忘記他已經(jīng)關(guān)了燈了。( 已做過關(guān)燈的動(dòng)作)Don't forget to come tomorrow. 別忘了明天來。(to come動(dòng)作未做)典型例題- The light in the office is still on.- Oh, I forgot_.A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off答案：C。由the light is still on 可知燈亮著，即關(guān)燈的動(dòng)作沒有發(fā)生，因此用forget to do sth.而

34、forget doing sth表示燈已經(jīng)關(guān)上了，而自己忘記了這一事實(shí)。此處不符合題意。remember doing/to doremember to do 記得去做某事 (未做)remember doing記得做過某事 (已做)Remember to go to the post office after school. 記著放學(xué)后去趟郵局。Don't you remember seeing the man before? 你不記得以前見過那個(gè)人嗎?regret doing/to doregret to do 對(duì)要做的事遺憾。(未做)regret doing 對(duì)做過的事遺憾、后悔。(

35、已做)I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice. 我很遺憾必須這樣去做，我實(shí)在沒有辦法。I don't regret telling her what I thought.我不為告訴她我的想法而后悔。典型例題-You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. -Well, now I regret _ that.A. to do B. to be doing C.to have done D.having done答案：D。regret having done s

36、th. 對(duì)已發(fā)生的事感到遺憾。regret to do sth. 對(duì)將要做的事感到遺憾。本題為對(duì)已說的話感到后悔，因此選D。cease doing/to docease to do 長時(shí)間，甚至永遠(yuǎn)停做某事。cease doing 短時(shí)停止做某事，以后還會(huì)接著做。That department has ceased to exist forever. 那個(gè)部門已不復(fù)存在。 The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by.姑娘們在老師走過時(shí)，停了會(huì)聊天。try doing/to dotry to do努力，企

37、圖做某事。try doing 試驗(yàn)，試著做某事。You must try to be more careful.你可要多加小心。I tried gardening but didn't succeed. 我試著種果木花卉，但未成功。go on doing/to dogo on to do做了一件事后，接著做另一件事。go on doing 繼續(xù)做原來做的事。After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics. 做完數(shù)學(xué)后，他接著去做物理。Go on doing the other exercise after you

38、 have finished this one. 作完這個(gè)練習(xí)后，接著做其他的練習(xí)be afraid doing/to dobe afraid to do不敢，膽怯去做某事，是主觀上的原因不去做，意為"怕"；be afraid of doing擔(dān)心出現(xiàn)doing的狀況、結(jié)果。 doing 是客觀上造成的，意為"生怕，恐怕"。She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake. 她生怕被蛇咬著，而不敢在草叢中再走一步。She was afraid to wake her husband. 她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。She was afraid of waking her husband. 她生怕吵醒她丈夫。be interested doing/to dointerested to do 對(duì)做某事感興趣，想了解某事。interested in doing 對(duì)某種想法感興趣，doing 通常為想法。I shall be interested to know what