概念変化人間學(xué)習(xí)子

1、概念変化概念変化:人間學(xué)習(xí)：子人間學(xué)習(xí)：子、擔(dān)當(dāng)：今井知識(shí)獲得（學(xué)習(xí)）形態(tài)知識(shí)獲得（學(xué)習(xí)）形態(tài)l知識(shí)豊富化(enrichment)知識(shí)構(gòu)造自體変枝葉増、構(gòu)造洗練l知識(shí)再構(gòu)造化(restructuring)概念変化概念変化何概念変化何l當(dāng)該領(lǐng)域理解核(core)原理変化l概念変化領(lǐng)域起l概念変化起l概念変化促進(jìn)子経験概念変化例子経験概念変化例l數(shù)概念l生物學(xué)知識(shí)l物性(Matter)認(rèn)識(shí)l地球宇宙（物理的事象）認(rèn)識(shí)素樸理論誤認(rèn)識(shí)素樸理論誤認(rèn)識(shí)l人持素樸理論(nave theory, folk theory)誤認(rèn)識(shí)作、特定科學(xué)理論學(xué)習(xí)誤方向?qū)?、學(xué)習(xí)困難l正科學(xué)理論認(rèn)識(shí)素樸理論捨新核原理(corep

2、rinciples)受入要求概念変化要求數(shù)概念対子供自然理解數(shù)概念対子供自然理解l乳幼児期子供數(shù)自然數(shù)等、物體數(shù)理解。數(shù)概念要求概念変化數(shù)概念要求概念変化l學(xué)齢期數(shù)無(wú)限続數(shù)連続的自然數(shù)次自然數(shù)間連続的無(wú)限數(shù)存在対理解要求數(shù)概念領(lǐng)域概念変化（）數(shù)概念領(lǐng)域概念変化（）乳幼児：數(shù)數(shù)數(shù)認(rèn)識(shí)學(xué)齢期：數(shù)無(wú)限連続的概念認(rèn)識(shí)移行l(wèi)當(dāng)初持認(rèn)識(shí)捨去、初次認(rèn)識(shí)理解算子供算數(shù)最初高生物學(xué)知識(shí)生物學(xué)知識(shí)l子供當(dāng)初持生物概念人間概念等(Carey, 1985)l幼児生物感情、考（例）植物生物、生物l生死概念、再生（出産、世代交代）幼児難生物學(xué)知識(shí)（）生物學(xué)知識(shí)（）l脳機(jī)能子供知的、感情的側(cè)面脳機(jī)能考?xì)i、手動(dòng)脳関與考、子供

3、生得的生物概念持、従素樸生物學(xué)領(lǐng)域発達(dá)概念変化豊富化考研究者地球宇宙（物理的事象）概念地球宇宙（物理的事象）概念子供物體支宙浮物體動(dòng)停止?fàn)顟B(tài)、物體平面置素樸理論持、地球宇宙空間浮地球丸、人丸地球上立事実受入地球宇宙概念（）地球宇宙概念（）l素樸理論誤認(rèn)識(shí)、學(xué)校地球丸教簡(jiǎn)単克服、子供自分素樸理論大人教考出(Vosniadou & Brewer; 1992)子地球丸事実解子地球丸事実解釈釈l事例 Jarmie （年生）実験者：地球形？：丸実：地球絵描？： （円描）実：歩続著？：星続続実：地球端著？：、歩続。実：端落思？：。lTerina （年生）：地球丸、私実：何故？：見(jiàn)渡丸。実：地球形本

4、當(dāng)？：丸、厚lMatthew（1年生）実：歩続？：地球端行著思。実：君地球端思？：。実：食物持歩続？：行。続続実：食物持歩続？：行。実：地球端落思？：、落。地球外側(cè)落、僕內(nèi)側(cè)、落。物性理解物性理解l子供物體(object)基本的特性生得的知識(shí)持物體支下落物體視界見(jiàn)、存在無(wú)物體空間移動(dòng)、軌跡必連続的空間同一點(diǎn)上、二物體同時(shí)存在物性理解（）物性理解（）l乳児物體物質(zhì)區(qū)別、子供概念大人根本的違l子供物體物質(zhì)質(zhì)量持“material”理解重(weight)概念大人根本的異重概念誤認(rèn)識(shí)重概念誤認(rèn)識(shí)l子供重明重存在屬性考小発泡重考重物體分割、重?zé)o考誤認(rèn)識(shí)理由誤認(rèn)識(shí)理由l子供重密度混同l物質(zhì)均質(zhì)連続性認(rèn)識(shí)小

5、子供、鋼鉄小切最後消考Weight of Styrofoam. Percent judging piece of Styrofoam weighs nothing at all as a function of the size of the piece. B, big; M, medium; S, small;E, ever, if one kept cutting it in half, repeatedlyStyrofoams taking up space. Percent judging pieces of Styrofoam takes up no space at all as

6、a function of the size of the piece. B, big; M, medium; S, small; E, ever, if one kept cutting it in half, repeatedly. l子供誤認(rèn)識(shí)訂正、概念変化容易l子供持理論（合）絶対場(chǎng)合示、子供自発的現(xiàn)狀破棄別考慮教示必要大人概念変化大人概念変化個(gè)人內(nèi)起概念変化科學(xué)史上発見(jiàn)同繰返 容易起l大人誤素樸理論誤認(rèn)識(shí)縛 例素樸物理學(xué) (nave physics) 慣性法則慣性法則（）靜止物體靜止（）動(dòng)物體同方向運(yùn)動(dòng)（）直感（素樸理論）一致生後間乳児理解（）素樸理論反素樸理論物體運(yùn)動(dòng)力常加 (Im

7、petus theory)飛行機(jī)問(wèn)題飛行機(jī)問(wèn)題(Green, McCloseky & Caramazza, 1980)參加者：大學(xué)學(xué)部生真下落軌跡描飛行機(jī)後落軌跡l慣性水平方向移動(dòng)理解3.ABCD14.3%(17.0%)28.6%(17.0%)4.1%(0.0%)53.1%(66.0%)崖問(wèn)題崖問(wèn)題無(wú)視數(shù)學(xué)生B軌跡描水平方向速度変理解、運(yùn)動(dòng)減衰 考4.A B C67.3%(70.0%) 30.1%(30.0%)2%(0.0%)素樸理論同定素樸理論同定人內(nèi)人nave inpetus theory保持lNave inpetus theory 運(yùn)動(dòng)中物體內(nèi)的力獲得力運(yùn)動(dòng)維持崖問(wèn)題被験者崖問(wèn)題

8、被験者l崖問(wèn)題短時(shí)間橫方向運(yùn)動(dòng)、真下落軌跡描被験者崖離慣性力（水平方向力）垂直方向力大水平方向力減衰始時(shí)、下方向落始最終的水平方向力消滅、真下方向落5.ABCD36.8%(26.0%) 6.1%(0.0%) 57.1%(74.0%) 0.0%(0.0%)投上問(wèn)題投上問(wèn)題(Clement, 1982)運(yùn)動(dòng)素樸理論 投上、重力上向力働上向力重力大、上昇運(yùn)動(dòng)、力次第減衰、重力負(fù)落下始lClement 実験 物理前正答率後正答率6.A B C12.2%(0.0%) 14.2%(26）73.4%(74.0%)Impetus theoryl（有名私立大）學(xué)生素樸理論持 Impetus theory 中世

9、Impetus theorist Buridan（世紀(jì)）次l學(xué)生重力 impetus 働l中世理論家中同考表明Impetus theory (2)lImpetus theorist Buridan（世紀(jì)） in moving a moving body impresses in it a certain impetus or a certain forcewhich impetus acts in the direction toward which the mover was moving the body, either up or down, or laterally, or circu

10、larlyIt is by that impetus that the stone is moved after the projector i.e., mover ceases to move it. But that impetus is continually decreased by the resisting air and by the gravity of the stone.Impetus theory (3)初期Impetus theory信上昇運(yùn)動(dòng)落下至物體軌跡各點(diǎn)働力the body moves upward, provided the impressed motive

11、force is greater than the resiting weight. But since that forceis continually weakened, it will finally become so diminished that it will no longer overcome the weight of the body and will not impel the body beyond that point.科學(xué)授業(yè)示唆科學(xué)授業(yè)示唆l“motion implies a force” 素樸理論非常根強(qiáng)、正理論畫(huà)一的教消l、生徒理論自分素樸理論適合解釈l質(zhì)的誤認(rèn)識(shí)數(shù)式説明克服誤認(rèn)識(shí)素樸理論棄卻、概念変化？概念変化、科學(xué)的発見(jiàn)概念変化、科學(xué)的発見(jiàn) (Chi, 1992)現(xiàn)在理論説明現(xiàn)象、 anomaly 気anomaly無(wú)視気、現(xiàn)狀理論疑持新仮説生成新仮説検証実験計(jì)畫(huà)、実験結(jié)果新理論作古理論棄卻、新理論受入（）（）l中、最重要l多場(chǎng)合、人素樸理論疑持変 anomaly無(wú)視、素樸理論一時(shí)的表層的問(wèn)題同化対処Implicationl生徒現(xiàn)在自分持理論説明現(xiàn)象體系的経験 anomaly 直面教授方法開(kāi)発肝要Anomaly 直面直面有効手段有効手段l思考