文體學(xué)中的變異

1、文體學(xué)中的變異n 變異說：Style is deviation from the norm.n 實現(xiàn)層（語音層）語音變異 （書寫層）書寫變異n 形式層（詞匯層）詞匯變異，方言變異，語域變異，歷史時代變異 （語法層）語法變異，語域變異， n 語義層語義變異，語用變異，語篇變異n 1、Phonological deviationn 詩歌語言中的非重讀音節(jié)的省略（elision 元音省略，aphesis 首字母省略，apocope 尾音消失）或者添加的現(xiàn)象（expansion）.n And heavily from woe to woe tell oer _Shakespeare elisionn

2、But came the waves and washed it away _Spenser expansionn Baluster, bastard, July. 詞的重音位置轉(zhuǎn)移，屬于語音變異n Omission 1) Aphesis the omission of an initial part of a wordn 2)Syncope the omission of a medial part of a wordn 3)mispronunciation and sub-standard pronunciation special pronunciation: rhyming 詞的讀音為

3、了押韻發(fā)生變化 wind讀成動詞的讀音waindn 2、Graphological deviationn 一種是指發(fā)音的變異在書寫上的體現(xiàn)，另一種是指在排版、斜體、粗體、大寫、標(biāo)點(diǎn)及打印等方面的變異。n 誤拼詞 We know eggsactly how to sell eggs. Easier Dusting by a stre-e-tch. n Seeker of truthn Follow no pathn All path lead whereTruth is here沒有標(biāo)點(diǎn)如逗號和大小寫，并且在排列上最后一句與前面有一空行。3、Lexical deviationLexical de

4、viation in literature refers almost exclusively to neologisms or the coinage of new words. (1) 新造詞（neologism） bionics 仿生學(xué) skateboard 滑板 mobile phone 手機(jī) e-commerce 電子商務(wù) 彌爾頓的pandemonium 魔窟 莎士比亞的bare-faced 無恥的 (2) 臨時造詞（nonce formation)n In coining new words, it may be said that the literary writer is n

5、ot so much breaking rules of word-formation as extending the rules. n In the coinage of new words, the literary writer usually extends three major rules of word-formation: affixation, compounding and conversion. n Affixationn Affixation is the addition of a prefix or suffix to an item which already

6、exists in the language. The following lines contain some typical examples of words coined by extension of this rule:n (1)There was a balconyful of gentlemen. (Chesterton)n (2) We left the town refreshed and rehatted . (Fotherhill)n 后綴- ful 經(jīng)常與bowl ,basket ,spoon 等表示容器的名詞連用,表示“滿. 的”,此處與balcony 連用,生動形

7、象地描繪出“陽臺好像容器一樣擠滿了人”這樣一幅畫面。英語是形合型語言,對詞匯的形態(tài)變化有嚴(yán)格的要求,為了使表達(dá)更形象生動,直接在名詞后添加形容詞詞尾,使描述更具物象感,也起到了填補(bǔ)詞匯缺項的作用。（3）It is easier to marry than unmarry. Jack London這一句中的unmarry 是根據(jù)marry創(chuàng)造出來的，意思是divorce,但作者沒有用divorce,卻用了臨時詞unmarry,這不僅與marry 押韻，而且生的地說明了在作者所處的時代離婚是一件非常困難的事，修辭效果不言而喻。. “ the widow-making unchilding unfa

8、thering deeps” (英國十九世紀(jì)詩人霍普金斯描寫大海的詩)n widow-making：大海吞噬了妻子的丈夫；n unchilding：奪去了老人們的孩子；n unfathering：葬送了孩子們的父親n (4) The orangemostest drink in the world.n orange 一詞后面連續(xù)用了兩個最高級詞綴most 和est ,給人以深刻的印象。廣告商為了體現(xiàn)廣告語言的表意功能,使用詞匯變異手段來實現(xiàn)廣告的注意、興趣和記憶的語用目的。n Compoundingn Compounding is the combination of two or more

9、items to make a single compound one. Consider the following examples:n (1) They were else-minded then, altogether, the men. (G. M. Hopkins)n (2) They lowed about her whom he knew, dewsilky cattle. . (James Joyce: Ulysses)n 這是小說尤利西斯中描寫一群奶牛的語句。在這里，喬伊斯巧妙地將dew和 silky組合在一起，形成了一個新奇而又自然的復(fù)合詞 dewsilky,簡潔生動地為

10、讀者傳達(dá)了“露水”和“絲綢般光亮”這兩個意象,形象地描繪出清晨奶牛身有耳目一新的感覺。n （3）the wagon beginning to fall into its slow and mileconsuming clatter. -William Faulnern (4) To lighten the burden of womankind.（5）They my-loved and my-deared each other. - William Thackerayn 作者創(chuàng)造了mileconsuming 是根據(jù)time-consuming 這個詞生造出來的，形象地表達(dá)大篷車費(fèi)時費(fèi)力又走不遠(yuǎn)

11、的情形。my-loved ， my-deared兩個臨時用的復(fù)合動詞，句子即變得妙趣橫生。n Conversion Conversion, which is often described as zero affixation, is the adaptation of an item to a new grammatical function without changing its form. (1) Dont be such a harsh parent, father! Dont father me! (H. G. Wells)n (2) My mother and father to

12、ted the luggage from car to cottage , exclaiming over how well the place had wintered , no broken windows n winter 通常作名詞使用, 此處則將它們用作動詞, winter 意為“經(jīng)受了冬天的考驗”。n (3)The coffee-er coffee.n 此廣告把名詞coffee當(dāng)形容詞用，別出心裁地使之有了比較級形式“coffee-er”，用以表達(dá)“咖啡千杯好，此品味更濃”的意思。n (4) A world of made is not a world of born.n 創(chuàng)造的世

13、界并非是原生的世界。 （動詞轉(zhuǎn)名詞）n 卡明斯這句詩意在把物化的文明世界與原始的世界進(jìn)行對比，表達(dá)了他對文明世界的一些創(chuàng)造物如摧殘人性的機(jī)器的真實感覺。n (5) Fainter, dimmer, stiller, each moment, now night.n 愈近黃昏，暗越暗，靜越靜，每刻每分，已入夜境。n “night”這兒用作動詞使這首小詩意蘊(yùn)深遠(yuǎn)，在讀者面前展現(xiàn)了一幅夜暮時分，萬籟寂靜，萬物沉寂的恬淡的畫面。n 如在雅虎網(wǎng)站的一則廣告語 “Do you Yahoo ”n “Yahoo”一詞就被前景化或凸顯(foregrounded) ,因為此詞的詞性發(fā)生了偏離。n 再如一則宣傳食用

14、油的廣告:n “饞在眼里,香在心里”n 用了非常規(guī)的詞語搭配,從而勾起了人的無限聯(lián)想和欲望。n 諧音造詞法n 英語中有時利用一些發(fā)音相同或相近的字母或字母組合互相替代,來臨時創(chuàng)造一些詞語,用以表達(dá)原詞所無法表達(dá)的含義。比如,一則低價銷售冬裝的廣告為:n GoodBuy Winter ! 100 % Cotton Knit wear 49. 95n . Britainnia Rues the Waves 這是一篇文章的標(biāo)題,詼諧模仿英國海軍進(jìn)行曲中歌詞Britannia Rules the Waves 所產(chǎn)生的變異效果,將“rule”調(diào)換成“rue”,意思從“統(tǒng)領(lǐng)”轉(zhuǎn)為“懊悔、嘆息”。這樣的標(biāo)題

15、有吸引力,耐人尋味。n 另一方面，如果新造的詞匯在形式上背離常規(guī)，那么往往能產(chǎn)生奇特的藝術(shù)效果，可令讀者體會到一種全新的、陌生的、甚至是扭曲的美。n 例: It soared, a bird, it held its flight, a swift pure cryof the high vast irradiation every where all soaring all around about the all, the endlessnessnessnessnessn (James Joyce: Ulysses)n ，“endlessnessnessness”一詞是作者利用英語后綴的習(xí)

16、慣新造的詞?！皀ess”的四次重復(fù)似乎能產(chǎn)生一種聽覺上的藝術(shù)效果，讓讀者也感受到歌聲的美妙悠揚(yáng)，余音繚繞，回味無窮。同時，讀者似乎也能切身體會到布魯姆那虛無縹緲的精神世界以及他在優(yōu)美歌聲中浮想聯(lián)翩的心理狀態(tài)。n . Dont dear me. n have a lovely wife.n -She is a workholic.n 4、Dialectal deviationn 方言包括社會方言（跟職業(yè)、城鄉(xiāng)、階級等的差別相關(guān)）和地方方言。英國小說家勞倫斯和艾米麗勃朗特等都時常使用一些地方方言，對刻畫人物起到了非常不錯的效果。n 5、Deviation of historical periodn

17、 作家有時會用古語(archaism) 來取得一定的效果，這就是歷史時代變異。古英語和現(xiàn)代英語交替出現(xiàn)，隱含著詩人古今循環(huán)，今古合一的時間觀念。n 6、Grammatical deviationn 語法變異主要有表層結(jié)構(gòu)(surface structure) 的變異 和深層結(jié)構(gòu)(deep structure) 的變異。n 表層變異可以是某一常規(guī)語法形式反復(fù)使用，達(dá)到非常規(guī)的程度。n Our hearts charitys hearths fire, our thoughts chivalrys throngs Lord _Hopkins The wreck of Deutschland 所有格

18、形式的反復(fù)使用n Lord of living and dead; n Thou hast bound bones and veins in me, fastened me freshn 把me和flesh 看作是fastened的雙賓語，意思是fastened flesh for me，就像 cook me dinner一樣， n 深層的語法變異體現(xiàn)在語義層面，Dylan Thomas a grief ago 中的 。 不是一個可數(shù)名詞，也不能表示時間，用在這里表現(xiàn)了詩人經(jīng)歷了很多的悲傷，因而時間是以悲傷來度量的。n 7、Deviation of registern 語域是根據(jù)語言使用者在運(yùn)

19、用語言時所要求完成的功能來定義的，例如電視體育評論，牧師的布道，競選時的演講都可以說是語域，語域變異即可以體現(xiàn)在詞匯方面，也可以體現(xiàn)在句法方面。n Today we have naming of parts. Yesterday,n We had daily cleaning. And to-morrow morning,n We shall have what to do after firing. But today,n Today we have naming of parts. Japonican Glistens like coral in all of the neighbouri

20、ng gardons,n And today we have naming of parts. _Henry Reed “Integration” n 軍事的語言與詩歌的語言結(jié)合在一起，形成強(qiáng)烈的反諷，惟妙惟肖刻畫出士兵厭戰(zhàn)的心理狀態(tài)。n 8、Semantic Deviationn Semantic deviation belongs to deep-structure deviation , which may be defined as linguistic effects involving something odd in the cognitive meaning of a cert

21、ain linguistic unit, ., a word or phrase (Leech, 1969: 131). . The child is the father of the man 從孩子現(xiàn)在的表現(xiàn)可以預(yù)見他成人后的情況。n . More haste, less speed. (欲速則不達(dá))n Figures of speech usually used in semantic deviation are: Oxymoron, Paradox, Irony.n (1) Oxymoron 矛盾修辭法n Oxymoron is a figure of speech in which

22、apparently contradictory terms are combined to produce an epigrammatic effect. . a wise fool，idiotic wisdom ，cruel kindness ，victorious defeat crowded solitude，bitterly happy，tearful joy, proud humility, loving hate n . He passed an existence of competitive tranquility. . Parting is such a sweet sor

23、row.n . Can enemies become mortal friends?n . He sat there and watched them, so changelessly changing, so bright and dark, so grave and gay.n . (New York) has the poorest millionaires, the littlest great men, the haughtiest beggars, the plainest beauties, the lowest skyscrapers, the dolefulest pleas

24、ures of any town I ever saw. n 這座城市（指紐約）里有心里最空虛的百萬富翁，人格最渺小的偉人，最目空一切的草包，最使人瞧不上眼的美女，最卑鄙齷齪的摩天大樓，和最令人悲哀的娛樂。比我所見到過的任何城市都有過之而無不及。（2） Paradox 雋語n Paradox is a Greek word meaning contrary to expectation, apparently absurd or a self-contradictory statement. In rhetoric, paradox is a statement that appears to

25、 be logically contradictory, apparently absurd or self-contradictory and yet may be true. Its purpose is to provoke fresh thought.n . Failure is the mother of success. The more you give, the more you have. 多施多得n This suspense is terrible. I hope it will last. Cheapest is the dearest.n . Everybodys b

26、usiness is nobodys business.n Juliet: My only love sprung from my only haten Too early seen unknown, and known too late!n Prodigious birth of love it is to me,n That I must love a loathed enemy. （Shakespeare）n （3）Irony 反語n Irony is the expression of actual intent in words that carry the opposite mea

27、ning. It is an effective literary device . Most forms of irony involve the perception or awareness of discrepancy or incongruity between words and their meaning, or between actions and their results, or between appearance and reality. n . This hardworking boy seldom reads more than an hour per week.

28、n . She wants him to buy one of those modest cars, like a Cadillac or a Benz.n . It was one of those glorious days-overcast skies, a cutting wind and sub-zero temperature.9、Discoursal or textual deviationn 語篇包括書寫的語篇text 和口語中的話語 discourse, 往往涉及銜接與連貫，信息結(jié)構(gòu)，話語輪換等等。比如意識流小說里不連貫的語篇體現(xiàn)人的意識雜亂無章的特點(diǎn)。n 10、Pragma

29、tic deviation語用層面的變異n 在語言的使用中，經(jīng)常會有違背會話原則、關(guān)聯(lián)、禮貌以及面子的情況，從而構(gòu)成變異。語用分析經(jīng)常應(yīng)用到戲劇、小說以及廣告等多種文本分析中。nn Syntactic deviation refers to departures from normal (surface) grammar. These include a number of features such as unusual clause themes, unusual phrase structures. n Unusual Clause Themen The initial unit of

30、a clause may be called its theme. The theme may be characterized as the communicative departure for the rest of the clause. In English, the expected or “unmarked” theme （無標(biāo)記主位）of a main clause is:n 1. Subject of an indicative clause: . (She) got a new dress.2. Auxiliary in a yes-no question: (Did) s

31、he get a new dress?n 3. Wh-element in a wh-question: . (Which) dress did she get? 4. Main verb in an imperative clause: (Get) a new dress for her.n However, the literary writer can go beyond this and may place any of the rest of clause elements in the thematic position in order to achieve certain li

32、terary effect. The theme thus produced is unusual and is therefore called a marked theme. （有標(biāo)記主位）因此，在句法上，較為常見的變異（或偏離）是違反常規(guī)的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。n (1) My opinion of the coal trade on that river is, that it may require talent, but it certainly requires capital. Talent Mr. Micawber has, capital Mr. Micawber has not. (

33、Dickens, David Copperfield)n 此句為強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語talent和capital,并用排比的方法將其自然地進(jìn)行對比,表達(dá)了Mr. Micawber徒有才華卻缺乏資金的遺憾。n Adverbials in the initial position： n . (2) Alone she cuts and binds the grain, And sings a melancholy strain; n Notes: The use of alone first makes it possible for the line to rhyme with the next one,

34、and bestow a musical quality to the poem. Secondly, this fronting of the adjunct makes the element highly noticeable and reinforce the theme of the poem. Deviant Phrase Structuren To employ phrases that are structurally deviant for the purpose of certain communicative effects. . Do not Go Gentle int

35、o that Good Night (Do not Go Gentle into that Good Night)(Dylan Thomas, “Do Not Go Gentle into That Night”)Good night here means death Gentle here means one should not accept death without resistance. Such deviant use of gentle attracts much attention to the line itself and makes the reader pause to

36、 think seriously about the meaning of the line and meaning of death.n 語序混亂n Me up at does out of the floorquietly Stare a poisoned mousestill who alive is asking Whathave i done that You wouldnt have ( . cummings , “Me up at Does”)n This is a short poem containing only 8 lines and 26 words and is co

37、mposed exclusively of everyday words and expressions. Nevertheless, it is not easy to understand at a first reading. The difficulty in understanding the poem is caused by the extremity in syntactic deviation in the first part of the poem and by the graphological deviation as is manifest in the capit

38、alization of the first letter of certain words and the de-capitalization of the pronoun i. n There is a lot to be said about the syntactic deviation here but for the moment let us simply rearrange the order of some words and lines so as to give some idea of what the poem is about, realizing though t

39、hat any alteration in syntax would mean some change in meaning.n a poisoned mouse who still alive does Stare quietly out of the floor up at Me is asking what have i done that You wouldnt haven From this rearrangement, we may see that Me in the poem is a human being and the addresser of the poem from

40、 whose point of view this scene is presented. It is perhaps this Me that has poisoned the mouse. We may also notice that What have i done that You wouldnt have is in fact a case of free direct speech. For clarity, let us transform it into direct speech by putting it into a pair of quotation marks.n is asking What have i done that You wouldnt haven It is clear then that i refers to the poisoned mouse and You the human being - Me. Now we have come to the point. According to the convention of verse composition, the first letter of each line should be capitalized. However, cummin