初中定語從句專題

1、 在復(fù)合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語從句。如： The story that you read is The Little Prince. She looked at Jeff, who was waving his arms. 上面兩句中的Jeff和story是定語從句所修飾的詞，叫“先行詞”。定語從句放在先行詞的后面。引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞有關(guān)系代詞that, which, who （賓格 whom, 所有格 whose）和關(guān)系副詞where, when, why。關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)成分。1. 由關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系代詞例 句That在從句中作主語或賓語指物1

2、. A plane is a machine that can fly. （作主語）2. The noodles (that) I cooked were delicious. （ 作賓語）指人1. Lets ask the man that is reading the book over there. （作主語）2. The girl (that) we saw yesterday is Jims sister. （作賓語）which在從句中作主語或賓語指物1. They planted the trees which didnt need much water.（作主語）2. The f

3、ish (which) we bought were not fresh. （作賓語）who, whom在從句中分別作主語和賓語指人1. The foreigner who visited our school yesterday is from Canada.（作主語）2. The boy who broke the window is called Michael.（作主語）3. The person to whom you just talked is Mr Li.（作賓語）4. Mr. Read is the professor to whom you should write.（作賓

4、語）whose在從句中作定語指人1. Miss Flower is the teacher whose house caught fire last week.2. Harry is the boy whose mother is our Maths teacher.2. 由關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系副詞例 句when指時(shí)間1. I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.2. Well never forget the happy time when we worked on the far.where指地點(diǎn)1. This is

5、 the house where we lived last year.2. The factory where his father works is in the west of the city.why指原因1. There are several reasons why we cant do that.2. He couldnt give the teacher a good reason why he was late for school.注： 1) that和which在從句作主語時(shí)，不能省略；作賓語時(shí)，在口語和非正式文體中經(jīng)常省略。whom也常可省略。2) 關(guān)系代詞whom,

6、which在從句中作介詞賓語時(shí)，可以和介詞一起放在先行詞和從句之間。為了使關(guān)系代詞緊跟它所修飾的詞，也可以把介詞放在從句中有關(guān)動(dòng)詞的后面。如：The athlete to whom you talked is a famous runner.The athlete whom you talked to is a famous runner.但含有介詞的短語動(dòng)詞一般不拆開，介詞仍放在動(dòng)詞的后面。如：Is this the watch which he is looking for?The old man whom the nurses are looking after is very well

7、 now.3) 關(guān)系代詞that在從句中作介詞賓語時(shí)，介詞不能放在它的前面，只能放在從句中有關(guān)動(dòng)詞的后面。如：The city that she lives in is very far away.4) 關(guān)系代詞whose還可以在從句中與它所修飾的詞一起作介詞賓語。如：The boss in whose company my father worked is a very kind person.3. 限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。 1） 限制性定語從句是先行詞在意義上不可缺少的定語，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意義。這種從句和主句的關(guān)系十分密切，寫時(shí)不可用逗號(hào)隔開。 She has

8、 found the necklace (that) she lost two weeks ago. How do you apologise to your friend whose bike you lost? The accident happened on the day when I lost my job. 2） 非限制性定語從句和主句的關(guān)系不十分密切，只是對先行詞做些附加的說明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然很清楚。這種從句和主句之間往往用逗號(hào)分開，一般不用that引導(dǎo)。 Helen, who was sitting on my left, said that this meal wa

9、s the best she had ever had. Lijiang, where I was born, is very beautiful. John, who speaks Spanish, works there. Dinner starts with a small dish, which is called a starter. Yesterday I met Li Ping, who looked very tired. I spent a whole afternoon with John, who was very friendly and helpful.【要點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)】

10、1.that和which的用法區(qū)別 只用that的情況： 先行詞由最高級修飾時(shí)，如the best work that I can do. 先行詞由序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)，如the second book that I bought. 先行詞由the last, the only, the same, the very等修飾時(shí) 先行詞是不定代詞all, anything, everything, little, much, nobody, nothing等時(shí)，如anything that he does; all that I can do now等。 先行詞有any, no, all等限定詞時(shí)， 如a

11、ll the words that Ive learned. 先行詞為詞組，該詞組既含人又含物時(shí)，如the city and the people that I visited.只用which的情況： 在非限定性定語從句中（定語從句前有逗號(hào)）。 介詞后。請看that 和 which 的使用例句：Its the best film thats ever been made on the subject of madness.這是以精神病為題材而拍攝的影片中最好的一段。Shakespeare is the greatest poet that England has ever had. 莎士比亞是

12、英國最偉大的詩人。（本句中先行詞雖是人，但由于前面也有形容詞最高級修飾，仍用that較好）Take the first opportunity that offers.抓住第一個(gè)出現(xiàn)的機(jī)會(huì)。He is the last person that one would suspect.人們最不可能懷疑他。Man is the only creature that is gifted with speech.只有人類具有語言的天賦。A fool sees not the same tree that a wise man sees.一個(gè)傻瓜看到的樹和一個(gè)聰明人看到的樹不一樣。Those were th

13、e very words that he said at the meeting.這些就是他在會(huì)上說的原話。All that glitters is not gold.閃光的并不都是金子。 Anything that you have to say had better be said in each others presence.有話最好當(dāng)面說。 Theres still much that is to be done.仍然有很多事要做。 I have changed my mind. Nothing that you say will change it.我已經(jīng)改變了主意，無論你說什么也

14、無法改變它。 Nobody that was there could convince her of her mistake. 這沒有一個(gè)人能使她明白她的錯(cuò)誤。 Every paper that you read gives the same story.你看到的每份報(bào)紙都報(bào)道同樣的新聞。 I still cant forget the places and the people that I visited during last summer vacation.2. 關(guān)系代詞（that, which, who, whom等）和關(guān)系副詞（when, where等）的用法區(qū)別1）關(guān)系代詞在定語

15、從句作主語、賓語或表語，而關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中作狀語；2）分析時(shí)主要從動(dòng)詞的及物性或有無介詞來考慮。This is the factory where my father once worked.（worked是不及物動(dòng)詞不接賓語，所以不用which/that。Where相當(dāng)于in the factory）This is the factory which/that my father once worked in. （worked in的賓語是factory，固用關(guān)系代詞which/that）I will never forget the days which/that I spent in

16、 the wood near our village.（the days是spent的賓語）I will never forget the days when I spent my holidays with my grandparents.（spent的賓語是holidays，不是the days）I will never forget the small village where I spent my holidays.（與上句一樣，spent的賓語是my holidays.）Is this the school which/that you visited the other day?

17、 （the school作visited的賓語）Is this the school where you visited your teacher the other day? (visited在定語從句中有自己的賓語your teacher, 所以不用that/which） 3. those who和he who句型 兩個(gè)常用句型。He who常用于諺語中。 He who doesnt reach the Great Wall is not a true man.不到長城非好漢。 God helps those who help themselves.上帝幫助自強(qiáng)的人。 He who ins

18、ists on seeing with perfect cleanness before he decides never decides.堅(jiān)持一切看清楚之后才做決定的人永遠(yuǎn)也做不了決定。 He was a bold man who first ate an oyster.第一個(gè)吃duli的人是勇敢的人。 4. whose的用法 Whose是關(guān)系限定詞，既可以指人也可以指物，既可以說“某人的”，也可以說“某物的”。 Fortune never helps the man whose courage fails.運(yùn)氣永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)幫助喪失勇氣的人。 Thats the man whose house

19、has burned down.那就是那位房屋燒毀的人。 Have you noticed the house whose windows are closed now? 你注意到了那家窗戶關(guān)著的房子嗎？ Hes written a book whose name I have completely forgotten.他寫了一本書，書名我完全忘記了。 Above the trees are the mountains, whose magnificence the river faithfully reflects on the surface.在樹林的高處是山，其壯麗的景色完全映照在河面上

20、。 注：在正式文體中，指物時(shí)，whose往往用of which表示。Of which可放在被修飾的名詞之前或之后，而whose只能放在被修飾的名詞之前。例如：The house whose windows/of which the windows/the windows of which are broken is unoccupied. （那間窗戶破了的房屋沒人居住。） Whose前有時(shí)有介詞。 The teacher in whose class my daughter is studying is a kindhearted man.我女兒所在班的那位老師心地善良 Michel Croz

21、, with whose help, Woolworth climbed to the mountain top, was one of the professional guides.米歇爾 克羅茲是職業(yè)向?qū)е唬谒膸椭挛榈聤W斯攀登到了山頂。 Then we had a chance to talk with that tall man, from whose accent we at once knew that he came from Hunan Province.后來我們有機(jī)會(huì)和那個(gè)高個(gè)子說話，我們從他的口音迅速知道他是個(gè)湖南人。 5. 限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別

22、限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別：限制性定語從句是先行詞（即被修飾詞）不可缺少的定語，限制性定語從句前不用逗號(hào)隔開；非限制性定語從句只是對先行詞的附加說明，如果去掉，先行詞所述對象仍很清楚，非限制性定語從句前常用逗號(hào)隔開。 Those who want to go camping please tell the monitor.想去野營的人請告訴班長。 Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world.足球風(fēng)靡全世界，它是一項(xiàng)很有趣的運(yùn)動(dòng)。 注意，非限制性定語從句可以用關(guān)系代詞which, w

23、ho, whom, whose, as及介詞+which/whom等引導(dǎo)，也可以用關(guān)系副詞when, where引導(dǎo)，但不能用that引導(dǎo)。另外，非限制性定語從句中的關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞是不能省略的。 6. whom的用法 只有作定語從句的賓語時(shí)才能用whom;介詞后用whom不用who。 My brother, whom you met the other day, has gone abroad.前幾天你遇見過的我的那個(gè)兄弟，出國去了。 I have a few friends whom I could ring to see if they are free.我有幾個(gè)朋友，我可以打電話去聯(lián)

24、系，看看他們是不是有時(shí)間。 You have many people around you who are kind to you but whom you will soon forget.你周圍有許多對你好的人，但你都會(huì)很快忘記她們。 There came a lot of children, most of whom I didnt know.來了許多孩子，大多數(shù)我都不認(rèn)識(shí)。 7.介詞+which/whom引導(dǎo)的定語從句 如果關(guān)系代詞which/whom本身在定語從句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)介詞或介詞短語的賓語的時(shí)候，有時(shí)可以將介詞直接放在which/whom的前面，這樣就產(chǎn)生了“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”及“

25、名詞或代詞+介詞+which/whom”或“復(fù)合介詞+which/whom”等的結(jié)構(gòu)。 I know the man to whom you talked just now.我認(rèn)識(shí)你剛才與之說話的那個(gè)人。 Life is a flower of which love is honey.人生是話多，愛情是花蜜。 He was educated at the local grammar school, after which he went on to Cambridge.當(dāng)在當(dāng)?shù)氐囊凰袑W(xué)上學(xué)，此后就去上了劍橋大學(xué)。 Its a family of five children, all of w

26、hom are studying music.這一家有五個(gè)孩子，他們都在學(xué)音樂。 In the attic we found some apples, none of which was fit to eat.在閣樓里我們發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些蘋果，其中沒有一個(gè)能吃的。 I have three brothers, all of whom have gone abroad.我有三個(gè)兄弟，他們都出國了。 Soon they spotted a mountain, on top of which stood a temple.不久他們發(fā)現(xiàn)了一座山，山頂上有一座廟宇。 8.why引導(dǎo)的定語從句 關(guān)系副詞why用

27、在reason之后，只引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，why在從句中作狀語，表示原因。 Give me the reason why you should be interested in his affairs.告訴我你為什么竟對他的事這樣感興趣。 The reason why she was ill was that she had eaten bad meat.她生病的原因是她吃了變質(zhì)的肉。 That is the reason why he raised the question.這就是他所以提出問題的原因。 注意：有時(shí)reason后不一定是why引導(dǎo)的定語從句。如下列句子中，reason后接的是

28、which/that引導(dǎo)的定語從句，這是因?yàn)?，reason在定語從句中作主語或賓語。 Is this the reason which/that the chairman gave at the meeting?這就是主席在會(huì)上所給的理由嗎？ I really cant understand the reason that/which he explained.我實(shí)在無法理解他所解釋的理由。 9. where引導(dǎo)定語從句有時(shí)修飾一些具有抽象意義的表示地點(diǎn)的名詞，如situation, point, position等等。 If you are ever in a situation where

29、 someone starts shooting, drop to the ground.如果你遇到有人要射擊的情況就摔倒在地上。 But after a few days stay they got to the point where they could read each others thoughts.不過呆了幾天之后，他們到了一個(gè)彼此能理解相互想法的階段。 It got to the point where I couldnt remember any of the reasons I loved him.到那時(shí)候，我無法記起我愛他的任何理由了。 10. the way后的定語從句

30、 The way后的定語從句中用in which引導(dǎo)， in which可以用that代替，而that又可以省略。所以，表達(dá)“某人做某事的方法”有三種形式：1. the way in which somebody does something 2. the way that somebody does something 3. the way somebody does something 11. which指代前面的句中內(nèi)容 Which的這一用法只能以非限制性定語從句出現(xiàn) Jenny was late for school a third time during the wee, which

31、 made her teacher very angry.詹妮一周內(nèi)第三次遲到了，這使得她老是很生氣。 He left early, which was wise.他早早地離開，那是很明智的。 He suddenly became wealthy, which changed his whole mode of life.他忽然變得富有了，這改變了他整個(gè)的生活方式。 He often helps me with my lessons, which is kind of him.他經(jīng)常在功課方面幫助我，真實(shí)感謝他。12. which作關(guān)系限定詞的情況Which作為關(guān)系限定詞時(shí)，其本身代替前面所述

32、的內(nèi)容。She asked me to see the doctor, which advice I took at once.她要我去看醫(yī)生，我立即采納了她的建議。He is studying economics, which knowledge is very important today.他正在攻讀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)，這門知識(shí)在今天是非常重要的。He believes in students doing more homework, which idea I am quite opposed to.他相信要讓學(xué)生做更多的家庭作業(yè)，我非常反對這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。Which的這種用法常伴隨介詞而用。常見的詞組形

33、式有by which means, during which time, in which case, for which mistake, for which reason等等。She may have missed the train, in which case (= if this happens) she wont arrive for another hour.她也許沒趕上火車，如果那樣的話，她一小時(shí)是到不了的。I called him by the wrong name, for which mistake I apologize.我叫錯(cuò)了他的名字，為此我道歉。I called

34、him by the wrong name, for which mistake I apologize.我叫錯(cuò)了他的名字，為此我道歉。He didnt feel well that morning, for which reason he didnt attend school.那天早晨他感到不舒服，因此，他沒去上學(xué)。Tom spent four years in college, during which time be learned French.湯姆在大學(xué)上了四年學(xué)，在這段時(shí)間里，他學(xué)會(huì)了法語。 13. as用法 關(guān)系代詞as引導(dǎo)定語從句有兩種形式。1）as引導(dǎo)一個(gè)非限制性定語從句修

35、飾一個(gè)分句，as代表該分句所表達(dá)的整個(gè)概念或其中一部分的概念。as定語從句可置于句首、句中或句尾；as本身在從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語及表語。2）用于asas, the sameas, soas, suchas等結(jié)構(gòu)中。 as用法的第一種情況： As is known to all, the earth moves around the sun.眾所周知，地球圍繞太陽旋轉(zhuǎn)。 He must be an African, as may be seen from the colour of his skin.他準(zhǔn)是個(gè)非洲人，這可以從他的膚色看得出來。 If he comes late, as is us

36、ual, for another time, well not receive him.如果他再一次像以往那樣遲到，我們就不接待他了。 She is a fine singer, as her mother used to be.她是個(gè)很出色的歌唱家，就像她的母親當(dāng)年一樣。 As you will find out, all is now settled.你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，現(xiàn)在一切都解決了。 Helen is somewhat crazy, as everyone could see.海倫有些精神錯(cuò)亂，這種情況每個(gè)人都看得出。 注意這一類的as表面上看好像和which代替全句時(shí)的用法想死，但as引導(dǎo)的

37、定語從句的最大特點(diǎn)是它的意思多側(cè)重于表達(dá)“（正）像、（正）如”及類似的意思。一般說來，當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在從句中作be動(dòng)詞的主語或一般動(dòng)詞的賓語時(shí)，which和as可交替使用；當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在從句中作一般動(dòng)詞（非be動(dòng)詞）的主語時(shí)，只能用which；as可置于句首、句中，而which則不能。 He was late for school, as/which was usual with him.他上學(xué)遲到了，他經(jīng)常這樣。 He saw the girl, as/which he had hoped ( he would ).他見到了那位姑娘，正像他希望的那樣。 He saw the girl, which delighted him.他見到了那位姑娘，這使得他很開心。（句中的which不能用as代替，因?yàn)閺木渲械膁elighted是非be動(dòng)詞） As has been said before, grammar is not a set of dead rules.正如上面所說的那樣，語法不是一套死的規(guī)則。（句中的As不能用Which代替，因?yàn)榇硕ㄕZ從句置于句首） as用法的第二種情況： Theres as