英語高中人教版必修4知識點總結

1、人教版英語必修四知識點總結Unit1（一）重點單詞1. achievement n. 成就；功績 They are proud of their childrens achievements.他們對于孩子們的成績感到驕傲。Although we have made some achievements, we still have a long way to go.雖然我們已經(jīng)取得了一些成就，但是我們仍然還有很長的路要走。Even a small success gives you a sense of achievement.即使是小小的成功也會給你一種成就感。知識拓展achieve v. (

2、憑長期努力)達到（某目標、地位、標準）；完成He achieved his success after several years hard work.經(jīng)過幾年的艱苦工作，他終于成功了。I have achieved only half of what I had hoped to do.我僅完成了我希望做到的一半。2. connection n. 連接；關系；聯(lián)系Do you believe that there is a connection between smoking and a heart disease?你相信吸煙與心臟病有關系嗎？The machine wont work be

3、cause of a faulty connection.由于一個地方連接不對，機器無法運轉。He asked me many questions in connection with life in Britain.他問了我許多與英國生活有關的問題。His dismissal has no connection with the quality of his work.他被解雇一事與他的工作質量無關。知識拓展connect v. 連接；把聯(lián)系起來；銜接The two cities are connected by a railway.這兩個城市由鐵路相連。A new road was bui

4、lt to connect this town to / with New York.新修了一條馬路將這個小鎮(zhèn)與紐約連接起來。The discussion is connected with the incident.這次討論與這件事有關。3. behave vi. & vt.（舉止或行為）表現(xiàn) behaviour n. 態(tài)度；行為；舉止He behaved badly towards the guests.他對客人們很不禮貌。How is your new car behaving?你的新車性能怎樣？She behaves as if/though nothing had happe

5、ned.她顯得像是什么事也沒發(fā)生過。Behave yourself; dont make a fool of yourself.注意你的舉止，別鬧出笑話來。Their behaviour towards me shows that they dont like me.他們對我的態(tài)度說明他們不喜歡我。4. worthwhile adj. 值得的，值得干的，值得花時間/金錢/精力的 Helping the disabled is a worthwhile activity.幫助殘疾人是一項很有意義的活動。The smile on her face made it all worthwhile.她臉

6、上的笑容使得這一切都非常值得。Its worthwhile taking / to take the trouble to explain a job fully to new employees.給新雇員詳細解釋一下工作要求，費點事也是值得的。詞語辨析: worthwhile / worth / worthy worth 作形容詞時，意為“值得的；有價值的”，只能作表語，其后一般接動詞-ing的主動形式來表達被動含義，或與表示價值方面的詞連用，常用well修飾。worthy可作表語或定語，用作定語時，意思是“有價值的；值得尊敬的”；用作表語時，意思是“值得的；應得到的”其結構為be wort

7、hy of sth. / being done; be worthy to be done. The laptop is worth 10,000 yuan and it is well worth buying.這臺筆記本電腦值一萬元，但很值得買。Its a worthy cause and is worthy of our hardworking.這是一份高尚的事業(yè)，值得我們努力。He who does his duty is worthy of being praised/ worthy to be praised.凡是忠于職守的人都值得贊揚。5. observe v. 觀察；觀測；看到

8、；注意到；遵守；慶祝observation n. 觀察力；言論She spent years observing and recording their daily activities.她花了多年時間觀察并記錄它們的日?；顒?。She observed that all that chairs were already occupied.她發(fā)現(xiàn)所有的椅子都有人坐了。He observed a stranger hanging around the store.他看到一個陌生人在商店附近閑逛。She observed someone open the door.她看到有人開了門。Tom was

9、observed to steal from the shop.湯姆被人看到從商店里偷東西。The law must be strictly observed.這項法律必須嚴格遵守。Do you observe Christmas in your country?你們國家過圣誕節(jié)嗎？6. respect(1) vt. 尊重；尊敬；敬重The media should respect famous peoples privacy.媒體應當尊重名人的隱私。I respect you for your honesty.由于你為人正直，我對你十分敬重。(2) n. 尊重；敬重；（pl.）問候；敬意；方

10、面He has / shows no respect for the feelings of the others.他不尊重別人的感情。Give my respects to your wife. 請代我向你太太問好。I cant agree with your opinions in this respect.在這一點上我不贊成你的意見。7. argue (argument n. 爭論；爭吵；辯論)(1) vt. 爭吵；爭論；辯論He argued with Mary over / about the best place for a holiday.他和瑪麗爭論關于度假的最好的地方。He

11、argued for / against the five-day week.他贊成/反對一周五天工作制。(2) vi. 主張；認為；說服She argued that our attempt would be a waste of time.她認為我們的嘗試將是浪費時間。I argued her into buying a new car.我說服了她買一輛新車。8. support（1）支撐；維持；撫養(yǎng)；贍養(yǎng)The chair isnt strong enough to support that heavy man.那把椅子不夠結實，支撐不住那個大胖子。Air, food and water

12、 are necessary to support life.空氣、食物和水是維持生命必不可缺的。He has to work hard to support his family.他必須努力工作養(yǎng)活一家人。(2) 支持；擁護；贊成His family and friends have given him lots of support.家人和朋友給了他很多支持。Only a few people spoke in support of the proposal.只有幾個人表示支持這個提議。I dont support his opinion.我不贊成他的觀點。9. intend vt. 意欲

13、；計劃；打算Do you intend making / to make a long stay here?你打算在這里長待嗎？He intended his son to manage the company.他打算讓他的兒子經(jīng)營這家公司。The chair was intended for you, but she took it away.那把椅子原來是為你準備的，可是讓她拿走了。The meeting is intended to deal with some important problems.開這個會的目的是想解決一些重要問題。I intended to have gone /

14、I had intended to go to Beijing, but I didnt get the tickets.我本打算去北京的，但我沒買到票。She intended that her daughter should study English.她打算讓她的女兒學英語。知識拓展intention n. 意圖；打算；目的He has announced his intention to retire.他已經(jīng)宣布他要退休了。I have no intention of going to the wedding.我無意去參加婚禮。He left England with the inte

15、ntion of travelling in Africa.他離開英國，打算去非洲旅行。10. considerate adj. 體貼的, 體諒的, 考慮周到的consideration n. 考慮，體諒He is always considerate to old people.他對老人一向體貼入微。It was very considerate of you to send me a postcard.你想得真周到，寄給我明信片。After careful consideration, weve decided to accept their offer.經(jīng)過慎重考慮，我們決定接受他們的提

16、議。John never showed any consideration for his mothers feeling.約翰從來都不體諒他母親的感情。Your teacher will take your recent illness into consideration when judging your examination results.老師評考分時肯定會考慮你最近生病的情況的。The question is now under consideration. 這個問題正在考慮之中。11. deliver vt. & vi. 遞送；生（小孩）；接生；發(fā)表（演說等）deliv

17、ery n. 移交；釋放The telegram was delivered early this morning.這份電報是今天清晨送到的。Mr. Smith delivered the opening speech.史密斯先生致開幕詞。She had gone to a neighbouring village to deliver a baby. 她到附近一個村子里幫助接生去了。She was delivered of a healthy baby.她生下了一個健康的嬰兒。He delivered the thief over to the police.他把小偷移交給警察。（二）重點短

18、語1. She also discovered how chimps communicate with each other and her study of their body language helped her work out their social system.她還發(fā)現(xiàn)了黑猩猩之間是如何交流的，而她對黑猩猩身勢語的研究幫助她弄清楚了黑猩猩的社會體系。 work out 解決、解答、計算出；產(chǎn)生結果、發(fā)展；鍛煉；作出、制訂出I cant work out where the music was coming from.我弄不清這音樂是從哪兒傳來的。She worked out

19、the problem with no difficulty.她毫無困難地解決了這個問題。Everything has worked out according to plan.一切都按計劃發(fā)展。I want to try to follow Davids example but it never worked out for me.我想仿效大衛(wèi)的做法，但這對我不起作用。These athletes work out at the gym for two hours every day.這些運動員每天都要在體育館鍛煉兩個小時。It wasnt too long before we had wo

20、rked out a plan acceptable to all.沒多久我們就制訂出一個大家都能接受的計劃。2. She is leading a busy life but she says 她過著忙碌的生活，但是她說 lead a life = live a life 過的生活Now they have retired and want to live a quiet life.如今他們退休了，想過一種平靜的生活。Although he is very rich, he still leads a simple life.盡管他非常富裕，但他仍舊過著簡樸的生活。3. Many peopl

21、e look down upon poor people. 很多人瞧不起窮人。 look down upon / on 蔑視；輕視；瞧不起You mustnt look down upon/ on the disabled.你絕不能瞧不起殘疾人。知識拓展:英語中常與look 搭配的其它短語We look forward to seeing you again.我們期待著與你再次相見。The government will look into how to reduce unemployment.政府將研究如何降低失業(yè)率。They stood looking on while the man w

22、as robbed.在那個人被搶劫時, 他們卻站在那兒袖手旁觀。I look on him as a good friend. 我把他視為好友。If there are words you dont understand, look them up in a dictionary.有生詞就查字典。I look up to Bill for his courage and determination.我敬重比爾，因為他既勇敢又果斷。Tell the children to look out when they cross the main street.告訴孩子們過大街時要當心。Every ti

23、me I try to fool him, he looks through my tricks.我每次企圖愚弄他都會被他識破。The stranger looked around/round him with great interest.那陌生人懷著極大的興趣看著他的四周。4. If the word group refers to different members, use a plural verb.如果group（作主語）指的是各個成員，謂語動詞用復數(shù)。 refer to指的是：提及；談到；提到；查閱、參考Does your remark refer to all of us?你的

24、評論指的是我們所有的人嗎?We agreed never to refer to the matter again.我們一致同意永遠不要再提這件事了。She referred to the subject several times during her speech.在演講中她好幾次提到這個話題。Refer to the dictionary when you dont know how to spell a word.當你不知道怎么拼寫一個詞時，查閱一下詞典。All his classmates referred to him as “Black beard.”他的同學都稱他為“黑胡子”。

25、5. By chance I came across an article about a doctor called Lin Qiaozhi, a specialist in womens diseases.很偶然地，我看到了一篇關于林巧稚大夫的文章，她是一名婦科專家。 by chance=by accident 偶然地，意外地I met her quite by chance/accident.我遇見她完全是偶然的。I heard their talking by chance/accident.我偶然聽到他們的談話。 come across 偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)，偶然遇見；被理解、接受I came

26、across him in the street yesterday.昨天我在街上無意中碰到了他。I came across her name on the list.我無意中在名單上發(fā)現(xiàn)了她的名字。He spoke for a long time but his meaning did not come across.他講了很久, 但沒把意思講明白。知識拓展英語中常與come搭配的短語還有：How did the difference come about?差別是如何產(chǎn)生的？The question hasnt come up yet.問題還沒提出來。When will the dictio

27、nary come out?那本字典什么時候出版?6. Why not study at medical college like Lin Qiaozhi and carry on her good work?為什么不像林巧稚那樣去讀醫(yī)學院，繼續(xù)她的偉大事業(yè)呢？ carry on 繼續(xù)；堅持We must carry on till success in spite of the extremely difficult conditions.盡管條件極其困難，我們必須堅持下去，直到成功。Anyhow, we should carry on with our research.無論如何，我們必須

28、堅持我們的研究。If you carry on working like that, you will make yourself ill.如果繼續(xù)那樣工作，你會生病的。知識拓展英語中常與carry搭配的短語I had some difficulty in carrying out the plan.實施這個計劃我有些困難。Their faith and courage carried them through.他們的信心和勇氣使他們渡過了難關。本單元其它重要短語fight for 為而戰(zhàn)concern oneself with /about關心，忙于devoteto把奉獻給encourage

29、 sb. to do sth. 鼓勵某人做某事as as possible 盡可能地move off 離開；啟程；出發(fā)spend some time doing sth. 花費時間做某事set up 成立；建立crowd in （想法、問題等）涌上心頭；涌入腦海say to oneself心中暗想；自言自語gain a doctors degree獲得博士學位catch sb.s eye/attention引起某人注意second to 比差；次于later on 以后can not wait to do sth. 迫不及待地要做某事of ones own 屬于某人自己的prepare for

30、 （使）為作準備（三）重（難）點句型1. This means going back to the place where we left the chimp family sleeping in a tree the night before. 這就意味著我們要返回前一天晚上我們離開時黑猩猩一家睡覺的大樹旁。2. Only after her mother came to help her for the first few months was she allowed to begin her project.只有在她母親頭幾個月過來幫忙后，她才得以開始自己的計劃。 only + 狀語，位

31、于句首，引起部分倒裝。Only in this way can we solve this problem.只有用這種辦法，我們才能解決這個問題。Only then did I realize I was wrong. 此時此刻我才意識到自己錯了。注意： Only when one loses something, can he know its value.只有當一個人失去某樣東西的時候，他才會知道它的價值。Only Tom knew the result of the football match.只有湯姆知道那場足球比賽的結果。3. It was a small book explain

32、ing how to cut the death rate from having and caring for babies. She gave some simple rules to follow for keeping babies clean, healthy and free from sickness.這是一本小書，介紹如何在婦女懷孕到護理嬰兒的過程中降低死亡率。她提出一些可以遵循的簡單的做法來保持嬰兒清潔、健康，并讓他們遠離疾病。 本句中explaining how to cut the death rate是book的后置定語，explain與 book 構成主動關系，故用v

33、. ing 形式。The child standing over there is my brother. 站在那兒的（男）孩子是我弟弟。They lived in a house facing south.他們住在一所朝南的房子里。4. Suddenly it hit me how difficult it was for a woman to get medical training at that time. 我突然想到，在那個年代，一個女子去學醫(yī)是多么困難?。?本句中it hit me 意為“我突然想到（起）”。It hit me all of a sudden that I had

34、forgotten her birthday.我突然想起，我把她的生日給忘了。知識拓展英語中類似的句型還有：It suddenly struck me that we ought to make a new plan.我突然想到, 我們應該制訂一個新的方案。It occurred to me that I had left the door unlocked.我忽然想起來忘了鎖門了。5. Further reading made me realize that it was hard work and determination as well as her gentle nature tha

35、t got her into medical school.進一步閱讀使我了解到，是苦干、決心和善良的天性使她走進了醫(yī)學院的大門。在英語中，謂語受主語支配，其動詞必須和主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致，即主謂一致。一般來說，主謂一致要遵循三個原則：語法一致原則、意義一致原則和就近一致原則。（一）語法一致原則即在語法形式上取得一致，謂語動詞的單復數(shù)形式由主語的單復數(shù)形式?jīng)Q定。1. 單數(shù)名詞、不可數(shù)名詞、單個動詞不定式短語、動名詞短語以及句子作主語時，謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。To see is to believe.眼見為實。Reading aloud is very important in learni

36、ng English. 學習英語時大聲朗讀非常重要。When they could finish the task is not known yet. 他們何時能完成任務還未知。Whoever wants to join in the competition is asked to sign his / her name here.要參加比賽的人請在這里簽名。注意：what引導的主語從句充當主語時，有時要以what所指代的詞的意義來決定謂語動詞的數(shù)。What he said is true.他所說的是真的。What we need are more volunteers. 我們所需要的是更多的

37、志愿者。2. 由連接詞and或both and連接的名詞、動詞不定式短語、動名詞短語以及句子作主語時，謂語動詞要用復數(shù)形式。What he said and what he did have greatly encouraged the other students.他說的話及行為極大地鼓舞了其他學生。Both his father and his mother are advanced workers. 他的爸爸和媽媽都是先進工作者。注意：有時，一些用and連接的主語表達的卻是單數(shù)的概念，這時謂語動詞也應用單數(shù)形式。（1）用and連接的名詞表示同一人、同一物或同一概念作主語時Bread an

38、d butter is nutritious for patients. 黃油面包對病人很有營養(yǎng)。Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. 早睡早起使人健康、富有和聰明。The secretary and manager was speaking at the meeting. 那位書記兼經(jīng)理在會上講話。（2）“each/every/no/ many a + 單數(shù)名詞+ and + each/every/no/many a + 單數(shù)名詞”作主語時Every hour and every minut

39、e is precious. 每一小時，每一分鐘，都很寶貴。No man and no woman is not allowed to enter the hall. 每個人都不允許進入大廳。3. “名詞+as well as, rather than, like, but, expect, besides, with, together with, along with, including, in addition to+ 名詞”結構作主語時，謂語動詞同第一個名詞的數(shù)保持一致。Tom as well as two of his friends was invited to the part

40、y.湯姆以及他的兩個朋友一起被邀請參加宴會了。Nobody but one teacher and three students was in the lab.實驗室只有一個老師和三個學生。4. “more than one 或many a + 單數(shù)名詞”作主語時，盡管其意義為復數(shù)，但謂語動詞還是用單數(shù)形式。More than one student is against the decision. 不止一個學生反對這個決定。Many a page in this book is missing.這本書缺了許多頁。5. 不定代詞either, neither, each, every 或no

41、+單數(shù)、名詞和由some, any, no, every構成的復合不定代詞作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。Nothing in the world moves faster than light.世上沒有什么東西比光傳播得更快。Each one of us has his own duty.我們每個人都有自己的職責。注意：若none of后面的名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，它的謂語動詞就要用單數(shù)形式；若它后面的名詞是復數(shù)，它的謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式或復數(shù)形式都可以。None of the money has been spent on repairs.這筆錢沒有花費在維修方面。None of the passe

42、ngers were/was aware of the danger. 乘客中沒有一個意識到危險的存在。6. 由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of + 名詞”構成的短語以及由“分數(shù)或百分數(shù)+名詞”構成的短語作主語時，其謂語動詞的數(shù)要根據(jù)短語中后面名詞的數(shù)而定.The majority of doctors believe smoking is harmful to health.大多數(shù)醫(yī)生都認為吸煙有害健康。The majority of the damage is easy to repair. 這次的損害大

43、部分都容易補救。The rest of the books were returned to the library.其余的書都歸還給圖書館了。The rest of the money was given to the villagers.其余的錢都給了村民。7.“a large amount of + 不可數(shù)名詞”結構作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式；“l(fā)arge amounts of +不可數(shù)名詞”結構作主語時，謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式。類似的結構還有“a large quantity of +可數(shù)/不可數(shù)名詞”結構（謂語動詞用單數(shù)）以及“l(fā)arge quantities of +可數(shù)/不可數(shù)名詞

44、”結構（謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式）。Quantities of food were spread out on the table.許多食品被攤放在桌子上。A large amount of damage was done in a short time. 在短時間內就造成了巨大的損失。8. 在定語從句中，關系代詞that, who, which等作主語時，其謂語動詞的數(shù)應與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。I, who am your teacher, will do my best to help you.我是你的老師，我會盡全力幫助你的。Those who have finished the work ca

45、n go home first. 那些已完成工作的人可以先回家。注意：“one of + 復數(shù)名詞+who /which / that” 引導的定語從句中，若關系代詞在定語從句中充當主語，謂語動詞常用復數(shù)形式。若one 前有the (only/very / right ) 修飾時，從句中的謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。He was one of the students who were given a prize. 他是那些獲獎的學生之一。I was the only one in my office who was invited. 我是辦公室里唯一受到邀請的人。9. 由兩部分組成的表示衣物或工具的

46、名詞作主語時，如：glasses，spectacles，shoes，boots， trousers / pants，compasses，chopsticks，scissors，socks等，謂語動詞通常用復數(shù)，但這類詞如用a pair of修飾時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。My glasses were broken while playing football yesterday. 昨天踢足球時我的眼鏡被打碎了。A pair of shoes is lying under the bed. 床底下有一雙鞋。Here are some new pairs of shoes.這里有幾雙新鞋。10. 由“k

47、ind / form /type / sort /species /series +of + 名詞”作主語時，謂語動詞的單復數(shù)形式取決于這些詞的單復數(shù)而不是它們后面所跟的名詞。All kinds of difficulties have to be overcome .必須克服各種各樣的困難。This kind / sort of questions is very difficult. 這種問題很難。（但Questions of this kind / sort are very difficult.謂語動詞要用復數(shù)形式。）（二）意義一致原則即謂語動詞的單復數(shù)形式由主語的意義而不是形式所決定

48、。當主語形式為單數(shù)，但意義為復數(shù)時，謂語動詞要用復數(shù)形式；但主語形式為復數(shù)，而意義卻為單數(shù)時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。1. 有些名詞如people, cattle，police，trousers等沒有單數(shù)形式， 作主語時，謂語動詞只能用復數(shù)。The police were sent to the spot to keep order immediately. 警察立即被派往現(xiàn)場維持秩序。Cattle were allowed to graze in this area.允許牲畜在這個地區(qū)吃草。2. 英語中一些單復數(shù)同形的名詞作主語時，應根據(jù)其表達的意義來決定謂語動詞的單復數(shù)形式，這類名詞常見的有s

49、heep，deer，fish，means， species，Chinese，Japanese，series等。Every possible means has been used to prevent the air pollution.為了防止大氣污染，每一種方法都試過了。All possible means have been tried to keep animals and plants from becoming endangered.為了使動植物的生命不受到威脅，所有的方法都試過了。3. 有些集合名詞，如public，family, enemy, audience，governme

50、nt，group，committee，team，media，staff，crew等作主語時， 謂語動詞的數(shù)要根據(jù)其包含的意義而定。如果該名詞表示一個整體，其謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式；但如果這些集體名詞表示集體中的若干個體時，謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式。A team which is full of enthusiasm is more likely to win.情緒高昂的球隊比較可能獲勝。The team are practicing hard on the playground.隊員們正在操場刻苦地訓練。 The government has taken possible action.政府已經(jīng)采取了可

51、能的措施。The government are discussing the proposal.政府正在討論這項提案。4. “the + 形容詞或過去分詞”表示一類人時，謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式；如 “the + 形容詞”指一個人或表示一種抽象概念或品質時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。The wounded were saved by the villagers at last. 最后，傷員們被村民們救起。The wounded in the accident was a policeman.這次事故的受傷者是一名警察。The beautiful is not always useful. 好看的并不總是有

52、用的。5. 有些以s結尾表示學科名稱的詞，如physics, mathematics, economics, politics等，以及用作書名、地名、國名、地區(qū)名的復數(shù)名詞作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。Politics is a complicated subject.政治是一門復雜的學科。The New York Times is one of the most influential newspapers in the world. 紐約時報是世界上最具影響力的報紙之一。6. 表示距離、長度、價值、金額、重量等的復數(shù)名詞作主語時，如作為一個整體來看待的話，謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)。Twenty

53、kilometers is a quite long distance. 二十公里是一段相當長的距離。Fifty dollars was a large sum for me at that time.那時五十美金對我來說是一大筆錢。7. “a number of 復數(shù)名詞”作主語時，謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式；“the number of復數(shù)名詞”作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。A large number of people have applied for the job.很多人申請了這項工作。The number of people learning English in China is in

54、creasing rapidly at present. 目前中國學習英語的人數(shù)正在增加。8. such作主語時要根據(jù)其所指的內容決定謂語動詞的單復數(shù)形式。Such is our plan. 這就是我們的計劃。Such are his words. 這些就是他所說的話。（三）就近一致原則即謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)須與鄰近的主語保持一致。1. 在there be 結構、here 以及表示地點的介詞詞組位于句首引起的倒裝句中，謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)應與最近的一個主語保持一致。There are two chairs and a desk in the office.辦公室中有兩把椅子和一張桌子。Here a

55、re my replies to your questions. 這些是我對你的問題的回答。South of the lake stand two stone towers. 湖泊的南邊有兩座石塔。2. 當eitheror；neithernor；not onlybut also；notbut；or；nor等并列連詞連接兩個主語時，謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)應與鄰近的主語保持一致。Either he or you are to blame for it. 不是他就是你必須為此事負責。Not you but I am responsible for the delay.不是你而應是我應對這次的延誤負責。U

56、nit2（一）重點單詞1. struggle (1) vt. & vi. 奮斗；掙扎；努力She struggled to keep back her tears.她努力地忍住淚水。The poor had to struggle for life.窮人必須為生活而努力。They had to struggle with / against all kinds of difficulties.他們必須和各種各樣的困難作斗爭。The lion made a sudden angry noise and struggled to its feet.獅子突然發(fā)出一陣怒吼，掙扎著站了起來。(2) n. 搏斗；斗爭；努力；奮斗It was a hard struggle to get my work done on time.為使工作按時完成, 我做了一番努力。2. hunger (1) n. 饑餓；