專四語法2：非謂語動(dòng)詞

1、非謂語動(dòng)詞 A. 類型類型 B.功能功能 1.不定式不定式 主語、表語、賓語、補(bǔ)語、主語、表語、賓語、補(bǔ)語、 定語、狀語定語、狀語 2.分詞分詞 表語、定語、狀語和補(bǔ)語表語、定語、狀語和補(bǔ)語 3.動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)名詞 主語、表語、定語和賓語主語、表語、定語和賓語基本特點(diǎn)：基本特點(diǎn)：做很多句子成分，但就是做很多句子成分，但就是不能單獨(dú)做謂語不能單獨(dú)做謂語，這也是它們被稱為這也是它們被稱為非謂語動(dòng)詞非謂語動(dòng)詞的原因。的原因。 它們它們具有各種形態(tài)具有各種形態(tài)：原形、主動(dòng)態(tài)、被動(dòng)：原形、主動(dòng)態(tài)、被動(dòng)態(tài)、進(jìn)行態(tài)和完成態(tài)。態(tài)、進(jìn)行態(tài)和完成態(tài)。 不受主語的人稱和數(shù)的限制不受主語的人稱和數(shù)的限制。不定式n只能加只能

2、加+ to do aim, agree, arrange, ask, afford, apply, attempt, beg, claim, choose, dare, decide, demand, desire, determine, elect, endeavor, bother, care, fail, decline, guarantee, happen, hesitate, hope, hurry, long, manage, offer, pretend, plan, plot, promise, presume, proceed, refuse, request, resolv

3、e, seek, strive, tend, threaten, undertake, etc.不定式的時(shí)態(tài)主動(dòng)形式主動(dòng)形式被動(dòng)形式被動(dòng)形式一般式一般式to doto be done完成式完成式to have doneto have been done進(jìn)行式進(jìn)行式to be doing完成進(jìn)行式完成進(jìn)行式to have been doingn 不定式的一般式不定式的一般式n不定式的一般式表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞的不定式的一般式表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作是動(dòng)作是同時(shí)發(fā)生的或是在其后發(fā)生同時(shí)發(fā)生的或是在其后發(fā)生的。例的。例如：如：n Thousands of young people are lear

4、ning to ski (同時(shí)同時(shí))n Where can we get some sickles to cut the rice with?我們到哪兒去弄些鐮刀割稻我們到哪兒去弄些鐮刀割稻呢呢?(之后）之后）The Minister of Finance is believed _of imposing new taxes to raise extra revenue. (2004-48)nA. that he is thinking B. to be thinkingnC. that he is to think D. to think 答案：答案：Bn試題分析：本題考查的是非謂語動(dòng)詞的用

5、試題分析：本題考查的是非謂語動(dòng)詞的用法。詳細(xì)解答：用動(dòng)詞不定式的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行法。詳細(xì)解答：用動(dòng)詞不定式的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：時(shí)：to be doing，意為，意為“正在考慮正在考慮”。不定式的進(jìn)行式不定式的進(jìn)行式n1. 不定式的進(jìn)行式強(qiáng)調(diào)其所表示的動(dòng)作不定式的進(jìn)行式強(qiáng)調(diào)其所表示的動(dòng)作在在主要謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)正在進(jìn)主要謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)正在進(jìn)行。行。nHe pretended to be listening to the teacher carefully.nHe is said to write a preface to the book. (He will write)nHe is s

6、aid to be writing a preface to the book. (He is writing)n2. 不定式的完成進(jìn)行式強(qiáng)調(diào)其所表示的動(dòng)不定式的完成進(jìn)行式強(qiáng)調(diào)其所表示的動(dòng)作作在主要謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生之前在主要謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生之前發(fā)生，而且一直進(jìn)行發(fā)生，而且一直進(jìn)行。nShe is known to have been working on the problem for many years.nHe looked too young to have been publishing books for six years. 他看上去很他看上去很年輕，不像是已經(jīng)出版

7、了六年書的人。年輕，不像是已經(jīng)出版了六年書的人。不定式的完成式n1. 用在用在intended, expected, meant, hoped, wanted, promised, planned, wished, thought, desired, was, were等后，表示等后，表示過去沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)過去沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，計(jì)劃或期待的愿望，計(jì)劃或期待等。也可用來表示等。也可用來表示先先于謂語動(dòng)詞發(fā)生動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)于謂語動(dòng)詞發(fā)生動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，to have +過過去分詞表示動(dòng)作，去分詞表示動(dòng)作，to have been表示狀態(tài)。表示狀態(tài)。nI intended to have come to see y

8、ou. (我本打我本打算來看你的算來看你的)nHe was to have fetched you here他本該去他本該去把你帶來的。把你帶來的。nShe has to have passed Advanced Level in two subjects before she goes to university. (必先通過必先通過，才能，才能)nYou are lucky to have won the girls heart(You have won)n2.用在用在seem, appear, think, consider, believe 等后，不定式的完成式所表示的動(dòng)作（狀等后，不

9、定式的完成式所表示的動(dòng)作（狀態(tài)）態(tài)）發(fā)生在主要謂語動(dòng)詞或特定的某時(shí)間發(fā)生在主要謂語動(dòng)詞或特定的某時(shí)間之前之前，它一般強(qiáng)調(diào)事情的完成或結(jié)果。，它一般強(qiáng)調(diào)事情的完成或結(jié)果。nJudging from his manners at the party, he doesnt seem to have received much education.nHe was believed to have been a reporter. 3. 在在should/would like或或should/would have liked后用不定式完成式表示后用不定式完成式表示沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望望。nI sh

10、ould like to have gone with her. (但沒有但沒有去去)nI should have liked to have seen her face when she read the letter. (我真想見到她讀我真想見到她讀信時(shí)的表情。信時(shí)的表情。)1. AIDS is said _ the number-one killer of both men and women over the past few years in that region. (2002-46)nbeing B. to be C. to have been D. having beenn答案

11、：答案：CA.由句中的時(shí)間狀語由句中的時(shí)間狀語“over the past few years”可知?jiǎng)幼靼l(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前可知?jiǎng)幼靼l(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前,故應(yīng)用故應(yīng)用不定式的完成式作賓語。不定式的完成式作賓語。n2. Professor Johnson is said _ some significant advance in his research in the past year. (1999-43)nhaving made B. making C. to have made D. to maken答案：答案：CA.當(dāng)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前時(shí)，應(yīng)用不定式當(dāng)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前時(shí)，應(yīng)用不定式

12、的完成時(shí)表示。本句中的的完成時(shí)表示。本句中的Professor Johnson去去年的研究取得重大進(jìn)展先于謂語動(dòng)詞年的研究取得重大進(jìn)展先于謂語動(dòng)詞“據(jù)說據(jù)說”之前，故應(yīng)用動(dòng)詞不定式的完成式之前，故應(yīng)用動(dòng)詞不定式的完成式n3. At three oclock this morning, I seemed _ someone scream in the street. (1990-39)nhearing B. having heard C. to have heard D. to hear 答案答案 C練習(xí)n1. The Vikings are believed_ America. A. to h

13、ave discovered B. in discovering C. to discover D. to have been discovered答案：答案： A2. The students were to_ at the auditorium before 1:30 p. m. , but the lecture was cancelled at the last minute.nA. assembled B. have assembled nC. assembling D. be assembled答案：答案：B3. He was to_ the new ambassador, but

14、 he fell ill.n A. having telephoned B. have telephoned n C. has telephoned D. telephoning答案：答案：Bbe+動(dòng)詞不定式1. 表示最近，未來的計(jì)劃或安排（相當(dāng)于表示最近，未來的計(jì)劃或安排（相當(dāng)于be going to） You are to see him today at six oclock.2. 表示該做或不該做的事（相當(dāng)于表示該做或不該做的事（相當(dāng)于should/must/ought to/have to等）。等）。 You are to explain this.3. 表示能不能發(fā)生的事（相當(dāng)于表

15、示能不能發(fā)生的事（相當(dāng)于can/may等）等） Similar conditions are to be found in all other Latin American countries.n4. 表示不可避免將要發(fā)生的事。表示不可避免將要發(fā)生的事。ne.g. They said goodbye, little knowing that they were never to meet again.n5. 用于條件從句，表示如果用于條件從句，表示如果想，設(shè)想想，設(shè)想（相當(dāng)于（相當(dāng)于ifshould, 或或ifwant）。）。ne.g. If we are to be there in tim

16、e, well have to hurry up.nI _ writing the paper as scheduled, but my mothers illness interfered. I hope you will excuse me. (1993-54)nA. am to have finishednB. was to have finished nC. was to finishnD. ought to finish答案：答案：B Please show me how to do that.(做賓語做賓語) When to hold the meeting has not yet

17、 been decided.（做主語）（做主語） The problem is how to get there in time.（做表語）（做表語） I had no idea which to read first.（做名詞同位語）（做名詞同位語）疑問句疑問句+帶帶to的不定式的不定式nThe Clarks havent decided yet which hotel_. (1998-49)nA. to stay B. is to stay n C. to stay at D. is for stayingn答案：答案：C不定式的特殊句型n1. such as to, suchas to,

18、 soas to表程度表程度 His story was such as to deceive everyone. It was such an accident as to claim 20 lives. Who could be so mean as to do a thing like that?n2. so as (not) to, only to, in order to, so (such) as to(如此如此以便以便)表目的表目的 We have got so plenty of food as to treat our guests. He kept quiet about

19、the accident so as not to lose his job. I come here only to say goodbye to you. 1 His remarks were _ annoy everybody at the meeting. (2005-53) A. so as to B. such as to C. such to D. as much as to答案：答案：B2 His strong sense of humor was_ make everyone in the room burst out laughing. (1998-50) A. so as

20、 to B. such as to C. so that D. such that答案：答案：Bn3. tooto結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu): n1) 太太不能不能n2) 當(dāng)當(dāng)too前面有前面有only, all, but時(shí)，意思是時(shí)，意思是“非非常常”，too等于等于very。ne.g. He was but too eager to get home.n3) 當(dāng)當(dāng)too前或前或to前有否定詞構(gòu)成前有否定詞構(gòu)成雙重否定雙重否定時(shí)，時(shí)，too等于等于very。ne.g. He is too wise not to see that.n4) 當(dāng)當(dāng)too后是后是glad, pleased, happy, delig

21、hted, satisfied, ready, willing, kind, apt, good, true, east, near, careful, well, early, delicious, eager, anxious等形容詞或副詞時(shí)，等形容詞或副詞時(shí)，too等于等于very。nThey are too ready to help others.n5) too與與cannot連用，表示無止境。連用，表示無止境。ne.g. You cannot be too careful.越仔細(xì)越好。越仔細(xì)越好。無論怎么仔細(xì)也不過分無論怎么仔細(xì)也不過分n6) 當(dāng)不定式在句中做定語或真正的主語時(shí)，當(dāng)

22、不定式在句中做定語或真正的主語時(shí)，表示表示so (many/much)。ne.g. There are too many problems to be solved.n4 only to +動(dòng)詞原形（不料竟會(huì)動(dòng)詞原形（不料竟會(huì)，沒想，沒想到會(huì)到會(huì)）表示不好的結(jié)果）表示不好的結(jié)果。ne.g. They hurried to the station, only to find the train had left.nThe three men tried many times to sneak across the border into the neighboring country, _ by

23、 the police each time. (1999-42)nA. had been capturednB. being always capturednC. only to be capturednD. unfortunately captured答案：答案：C動(dòng)詞不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)n1. 強(qiáng)調(diào)不定式的行為屬性，可用強(qiáng)調(diào)不定式的行為屬性，可用“It is +形容形容詞詞for somebody+不定式不定式”句型。靜態(tài)形容句型。靜態(tài)形容詞多用于此句型。詞多用于此句型。nEasy difficult hard important possible impossible better nece

24、ssary comfortable not enough essential the first the next the last the best too much too littlene.g. It was very difficult for me to learn Spanish.n2. 強(qiáng)調(diào)人物的性格和特征，則用強(qiáng)調(diào)人物的性格和特征，則用“It is +形形容詞容詞of somebody+不定式不定式”句型。動(dòng)態(tài)句型。動(dòng)態(tài)形容詞多用于此句型。形容詞多用于此句型。nKind nice stupid rude clever thoughtful brave considerate s

25、illy selfish careless impolite good naughty bold honest sensible wrong right badnThe opening ceremony is a great occasion. It is essential _ for that. (2003-47)nA. for us to be preparednB. that we are prepared nC. of us to be preparednD. our being preparedn答案：答案：An在類似在類似essential, necessary之類的形容詞之類的

26、形容詞后面，句子的動(dòng)詞形式為后面，句子的動(dòng)詞形式為 (should)+動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞原形。故選項(xiàng)原形。故選項(xiàng)B不對。不對。 而而essential 后面一后面一般跟般跟to/for, 省略省略TO 的動(dòng)詞不定式的動(dòng)詞不定式1在情態(tài)成語之后在情態(tài)成語之后 在在would rather, would sooner, would (just) as soon (寧愿寧愿), may/might (just) as well (不妨，可不妨，可以以), cannot but/ cannot help but (不能不，不由得不能不，不由得不不)之后，接不帶之后，接不帶to不定式。不定式。Id rather

27、not have eggs and bacon for breakfast.Id sooner stay at home. I would as soon do it by myself.Since its a fine day we might as well walk.He would rather listen to others than talk himself.I would just as soon stay as go. ？Note: 在否定句中，在否定句中，not放在放在would rather, had better后，但在否定疑問句中，后，但在否定疑問句中，not放在放在

28、had, would 后。后。I would rather not drink anything.Hadnt you better make haste?Had I not better do it tomorrow?nThat man has a bad reputation. You_ anything to do with him. (1991-10)n A. had better not have n B. have better haven C. have better not haven D. had better not to have答案：答案：A 在介詞在介詞except /

29、but 之后之后 如果如果except/but之前有動(dòng)詞之前有動(dòng)詞do的某種形式，的某種形式，其后通常用不帶其后通常用不帶to的不定式，否則帶的不定式，否則帶to。 如果主語是由如果主語是由all, what等詞引導(dǎo)的從句，或等詞引導(dǎo)的從句，或者是主語受者是主語受only, first, one, least或形容詞最高或形容詞最高級級修飾，主語部分有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞修飾，主語部分有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do的某種形式，的某種形式，則作主語補(bǔ)語的不定式也是既可帶則作主語補(bǔ)語的不定式也是既可帶to，也可不，也可不帶帶to。They did nothing except work.Theres no choice bu

30、t to wait.What he will do is to spoil the whole thing.All you do now is to complete the form.The only thing I can do now is to go on by myself.The thing to do now is clear up this mess.3 在在“why./ why not.?”之后之后Why表示不滿，或者是委婉的批評；表示不滿，或者是委婉的批評；why not表示建議，二者都不帶表示建議，二者都不帶to Why argue with him?Why not gi

31、ve Mary some flowers?_ him tomorrow? (2001-43) Why not to call on B. Why dont call on C. Why not calling on D. Why not call on答案：答案：D必須帶必須帶to的特殊情況的特殊情況1. know better than(明事理而不至于做某事明事理而不至于做某事)后的不定式必須加后的不定式必須加to ne.g. He knows better than to lend her the money. 他很明智，不會(huì)把錢借給她。他很明智，不會(huì)把錢借給她。nHe knew bett

32、er than to argue with such a rascal. n2. “比較級比較級+名詞名詞+than”后的不定式要加后的不定式要加to ne.g. She had more sense than to be deceived by him.她有理智，不會(huì)上當(dāng)。她有理智，不會(huì)上當(dāng)。nHe has a better heart than to betray his country. 他有良心，不會(huì)叛國。他有良心，不會(huì)叛國。動(dòng)名詞只能加只能加+doingacknowledge, admit, advise, advocate, allow, appreciate, anticipat

33、e, avoid, cant help, comprehend, confess, consider, contemplate, defer, delay, deny, detest, dispute, endure, enjoy, escape, evade, fancy, favor, grudge, hinder, imagine, include, involve, justify, mind, object to, pardon, permit, postpone, prevent, quit, recall, resent, risk, resist, suggest, toler

34、ate, etc.動(dòng)名詞時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)意義主動(dòng)語態(tài)主動(dòng)語態(tài)被動(dòng)語態(tài)被動(dòng)語態(tài)一般式一般式 doingbeing done完成式完成式 having donehaving been done動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)n動(dòng)名詞和不定式一樣，沒有獨(dú)立的絕對的動(dòng)名詞和不定式一樣，沒有獨(dú)立的絕對的時(shí)態(tài)意義，其時(shí)態(tài)意義從屬于句中謂語動(dòng)時(shí)態(tài)意義，其時(shí)態(tài)意義從屬于句中謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。詞的時(shí)態(tài)。 n一般式：表明動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)作一般式：表明動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)同時(shí)發(fā)生或在其后發(fā)生發(fā)生或在其后發(fā)生, 或表示或表示一般情況一般情況。使用。使用doing.nSeeing is believing. 眼見為實(shí)。眼見為實(shí)。 n完成式完

35、成式: 表明動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作在謂語動(dòng)作前發(fā)生表明動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作在謂語動(dòng)作前發(fā)生, 使用使用having done.nHe was praised for having made a great contribution to his country.nHis having been elected chairman of the club surprised us greatly.nI never regretted _ offer, for it was not where my interest lay. (1993-53)nA. not to accept nB. not having accep

36、ted nC. having not acceptednD. not acceptingn答案：答案：B動(dòng)名詞的語態(tài)n被動(dòng)式被動(dòng)式:表明動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語是該動(dòng)作的表明動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語是該動(dòng)作的承受者承受者nHe did it without being asked.nThey insisted on being given the task.nBeing taken advantage of is not a good thing.n但要注意但要注意, 在在want, need, deserve, require, repay, bear, take需要，需要，brook忍受，忍受，stand

37、等等表示表示“需要、值得、忍受需要、值得、忍受”等動(dòng)詞及形容等動(dòng)詞及形容詞詞worth后后, 盡管表示的是被動(dòng)的意思盡管表示的是被動(dòng)的意思, 卻用卻用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式.nMy pen needs filling.nThe point deserves mentioning.nThis problem requires studying with great care.nHer method is worth trying. 在在need, want后用主動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)名詞表示被動(dòng)后用主動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)名詞表示被動(dòng)意義，與用被動(dòng)態(tài)的不定式意義并無差別，意義，與用被動(dòng)態(tài)的不定式意義并無差別，但以用動(dòng)

38、名詞較為普遍。但以用動(dòng)名詞較為普遍。The door is cracking. It needs oiling / to be oiled.The room wants cleaning / to be cleaned.require, deserve也能這樣用，但不及也能這樣用，但不及need, want普通。普通。動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)n如動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者不是謂語動(dòng)作的主如動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者不是謂語動(dòng)作的主語，則需有自己的邏輯主語。語，則需有自己的邏輯主語。n兩種形式：兩種形式：n1)形容詞性物主代詞形容詞性物主代詞+動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)名詞 He insisted on my going with hi

39、m to the party. nCompare: Tom insisted on going with them. n Tom insisted on my going with them.n2)名詞所有格名詞所有格+動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)名詞nShe dislikes her husbands coming back home late.nCompare: He hates working late. n He hates his wifes working late.n若動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語與句子主語相同，則若動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語與句子主語相同，則不應(yīng)再有主語。不應(yīng)再有主語。1 Though her fath

40、er never approved of _ to drama school, she became a well-known actress. (1991-16)nA. going B. her to go nC. her going D. her gon答案：答案：C2 She regrets _ idle when young.na. to have been b. her being nc. her having d. having beenn答案：答案： D 動(dòng)名詞和不定式的比較n1）動(dòng)名詞通常是泛指；）動(dòng)名詞通常是泛指；不定式通常是特指不定式通常是特指n2）動(dòng)名詞通常指持續(xù)、反復(fù)的

41、動(dòng)作；）動(dòng)名詞通常指持續(xù)、反復(fù)的動(dòng)作；不定不定式通常指一時(shí)、一次的動(dòng)作。式通常指一時(shí)、一次的動(dòng)作。n3）動(dòng)名詞通常用于書面語；）動(dòng)名詞通常用于書面語；不定式則傾向不定式則傾向口語?？谡Z。 4）動(dòng)名詞和不定式都可以作主語和表語。一般）動(dòng)名詞和不定式都可以作主語和表語。一般來說，來說，在表示抽象的、一般的行為時(shí)，多用動(dòng)名在表示抽象的、一般的行為時(shí)，多用動(dòng)名詞詞;在表示具體某次動(dòng)作，特別是將來的動(dòng)作時(shí)，在表示具體某次動(dòng)作，特別是將來的動(dòng)作時(shí)，多用不定式。多用不定式。Its no use crying over spilt milk. （抽象動(dòng)作）（抽象動(dòng)作）His mother had advise

42、d him, however, that it was no use to argue with Selma. （具體動(dòng)作）（具體動(dòng)作）（指抽象動(dòng)作（指抽象動(dòng)作, 泛指）泛指）（指具體的一次動(dòng)作）（指具體的一次動(dòng)作）Spitting everywhere is not polite.To spit here will be punished隨地吐痰是不禮貌的隨地吐痰是不禮貌的在這里吐痰要受懲罰。在這里吐痰要受懲罰。5）在）在Its no use (good)，its useless后面常用動(dòng)名后面常用動(dòng)名詞作主語詞作主語。nIts no use crying over spilt milk.

43、覆水難收覆水難收 Her present job is teaching music. = Teaching music is her (泛指泛指) To teach music to Grade One is her present job. =Her present job is to teach (特指特指)分詞分詞的形式分詞的形式態(tài)態(tài)主動(dòng)態(tài)主動(dòng)態(tài)被動(dòng)態(tài)被動(dòng)態(tài)式式一般式一般式1.being2.doing being done完成式完成式having donehaving been done 現(xiàn)在分詞表示現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)主動(dòng)的意義；表示的意義；表示一般性的或正在進(jìn)行一般性的或正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作

44、；的動(dòng)作；在表面形式上有在表面形式上有“一般式一般式”和和“完成式完成式”與與“主動(dòng)式主動(dòng)式”和和“被動(dòng)式被動(dòng)式”之分。之分。 過去分詞一般表示過去分詞一般表示完成的和被動(dòng)完成的和被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作，只有一種的動(dòng)作，只有一種形式。形式。n分詞（分詞（v + ing 和和v + ed） n分詞的語法功能：分詞在句中可作分詞的語法功能：分詞在句中可作定語定語、狀語狀語、補(bǔ)足語補(bǔ)足語和和表語表語1）作定語）作定語現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞表示表示主動(dòng)，進(jìn)行主動(dòng)，進(jìn)行，過去分詞過去分詞表示表示被動(dòng)，完成被動(dòng)，完成。n現(xiàn)在分詞作定語時(shí)，表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，或表示現(xiàn)狀?，F(xiàn)在分詞作定語時(shí)，表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，或表示現(xiàn)狀。同時(shí)

45、表示主動(dòng)。同時(shí)表示主動(dòng)。 例如：例如：n Give the note to the man sitting at that desk.n過去分詞作定語時(shí)，表示完成的動(dòng)作。同時(shí)表示被動(dòng)。過去分詞作定語時(shí)，表示完成的動(dòng)作。同時(shí)表示被動(dòng)。有時(shí)過去分詞僅僅表示被動(dòng)有時(shí)過去分詞僅僅表示被動(dòng)。 例如：例如：Weve met the doctor sent to work here by the city hospital.（表被動(dòng)和完成）（表被動(dòng)和完成）nSome of the questions _ in the book are easy to perform.（僅表被動(dòng)）（僅表被動(dòng)）A.being

46、described B.describedC.to be described D.Having been described 答案：答案：Bn2）作狀語）作狀語 分詞或分詞短語可作狀語，說明謂語表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)分詞或分詞短語可作狀語，說明謂語表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間、條件、原因、結(jié)果、伴隨情況、行為方式或?qū)χ^語加以補(bǔ)間、條件、原因、結(jié)果、伴隨情況、行為方式或?qū)χ^語加以補(bǔ)充說明等。充說明等。現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語含有主動(dòng)的意思現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語含有主動(dòng)的意思，過去分詞作狀語過去分詞作狀語含有被動(dòng)的意思，或是表示狀態(tài)含有被動(dòng)的意思，或是表示狀態(tài)。 _ ,he had asked three persons be

47、fore he got there. A.Not knowing where was the bookstoreB.Knowing not where the bookstore wasC.Not knowing where the bookstore wasD.Not to know where the bookstore wasn答案：答案：C_ from space, our earth, with water covering 70% of its surface, appears as a blue planet.A.Seen B.SeeingC.To be seen D.Havin

48、g seenn答案：答案：An1. 表時(shí)間表時(shí)間n e.g. Hearing the news, we immediately set off for London.n2. 表原因表原因,相當(dāng)于相當(dāng)于as, since, because引導(dǎo)的從句引導(dǎo)的從句nNot knowing anything about the accident, he went to work as well.n3. 表方式或伴隨表方式或伴隨ne.g. She was sitting in an armchair reading a book.ne.g. They all returned to the village

49、 convinced that the danger was over.n4. 表?xiàng)l件，相當(dāng)于表?xiàng)l件，相當(dāng)于if, unless等引導(dǎo)的從句等引導(dǎo)的從句n e.g. Given another chance, he will do it much better.n5. 表結(jié)果，相當(dāng)于表結(jié)果，相當(dāng)于so that引導(dǎo)的從句引導(dǎo)的從句n e.g. The old scientist died all of a sudden, leaving the project unfinished.n6. 表讓步，相當(dāng)于表讓步，相當(dāng)于though, even if引導(dǎo)的從句引導(dǎo)的從句n e.g. Granti

50、ng his honesty, we still cant employ him.n1. _ at in this way, the present economic situation doesnt seem so gloomy. (2000-51)nA. Looking B. Looked n C. Having looked D. To looknBn2. _ enough time and money, the researchers would have been able to discover more in this field. (1998-51)nA. Giving B.

51、To give n C. Given D. Being givennCn3. _ time, hell make a first-class tennis player. (1996-42)nA. Having B. Given nC. Giving D. HadnBn4. _, he was chosen and trained as a professional swimmer. (1991-20)n A. He was born and raised in a fishing villagen B. Born and raised in a fishing villagen C. Tha

52、t he was born and raised in a fishing villagenD. In addition to he was born and raised in a fishing villagenB作狀語的分詞短語前的連詞作狀語的分詞短語前的連詞n分詞短語作狀語時(shí)，有時(shí)前面可以加一個(gè)連詞，表示強(qiáng)調(diào)分詞短語作狀語時(shí)，有時(shí)前面可以加一個(gè)連詞，表示強(qiáng)調(diào)或出于表達(dá)的需要。常用的連詞有：或出于表達(dá)的需要。常用的連詞有：when, while, after, before, if, though, whetheror, unless, as if等等n e.g. After takin

53、g the medicine, he felt better.n e.g. The soldier walked very slowly as if having been wounded.n如果如果這些連詞后的分詞是這些連詞后的分詞是being或含有或含有being，則，則being可以可以省略。省略。n e.g. While (being) at school, she began to write the novel.nIf (being) well read, the book will give you much to think. 注意：分詞作狀語時(shí)，它的邏輯主語必須與句子的主語一

54、致注意：分詞作狀語時(shí)，它的邏輯主語必須與句子的主語一致判斷對錯(cuò)：判斷對錯(cuò)：nWaiting for a bus, a stone hit me.nBy swimming an hour everyday, Janes weight was reduced from 120 to 110 pounds.nMade of plastic, I didnt expect the chairs would be that strong.nWhile I was waiting for the bus, a stone hit me.nBy swimming an hour everyday, Jane

55、 reduced her weight from 120 to 110 pounds.nAs the chairs were made of plastic, I didnt expect they would be that strong.和句子主語和句子主語不保持一致不保持一致的分詞短語形式。的分詞短語形式。1. _ the general state of his health , it may take him a while to recover from the operation. Given B. To giveC. Giving D. Having given AGiven作

56、作“鑒于，考慮到鑒于，考慮到”解，為介詞。解，為介詞。與此類似的有：與此類似的有：nConsidering(考慮到）考慮到） njudging from, seeing that ( 鑒于、由于）鑒于、由于）ngenerally speaking/nfrankly/strictly speakingnfollowing this .( 在在之后之后)ntaking all into consideration（從各方面（從各方面考慮）考慮）ntalking of（ 談到）談到） ntaken as a whole（從整體（從整體 上看）上看） Talking of cleaning, its

57、about time you did the windows , isnt it?Considering his age, the little boy reads very well.Following this, 60,000 Indians, including Gandhi, were put in prison.Taken as a whole, there is nothing wrong.n3）作賓語補(bǔ)足語）作賓語補(bǔ)足語注意注意1：使役動(dòng)詞使役動(dòng)詞have, make, get的后面可以接的后面可以接過去分詞作過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)賓補(bǔ)，keep的后面則接的后面則接現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)

58、。在作賓補(bǔ)。在“have+ sth.+過去分詞過去分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)中，賓語補(bǔ)語所表示的動(dòng)作往往的結(jié)構(gòu)中，賓語補(bǔ)語所表示的動(dòng)作往往是由別人來完成的。是由別人來完成的。nI cant see the blackboard very well.Perhaps you need _ .A.to examine your eyes.B.to have examined your eyes.C.having your eyes examined.D.to have your eyes examined. 答案：答案：D When visiting a foreign country, I sometimes

59、found it difficult_.A.to make myself understoodB.to make others understand myselfC.to make myself understandD.making others understand me答案：答案：AThere was so much noise outside that the speaker could hardly_.A.make the audience hearB.make himself be heardC.make that the audience would hearD.make hims

60、elf heard 答案：答案：D Its about the time we got the kitchen repainted. Ill try not to keep you waiting. Youd better keep the engine running all night.注意注意2：表示感覺的動(dòng)詞表示感覺的動(dòng)詞notice, find, see, watch, hear, smell, feel等后面可以接等后面可以接現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)，表示作賓補(bǔ)，表示動(dòng)作正在動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。進(jìn)行。Did you smell something _ .A.having burntB.to