GMAT 邏輯推理題critical reasoning

1、Peter PanA000002股票在明天還會上漲到今天為止，A000002股票出現(xiàn)三天連續(xù)上漲該股票出現(xiàn)三天連漲后，第四天也會上漲PremiseConclusion Assumption AssumptionAssumptionPremisePremiseConclusionConclusionA000002股票在明天還會上漲到今天為止，A000002股票出現(xiàn)三天連續(xù)上漲根據(jù)數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計，該股票出現(xiàn)三天連漲后，第四天有80% 的情況都是上漲。這段時間該股票的運行情況和以前第四天出現(xiàn)上漲的情況相似中國股市從來沒有規(guī)律Studying regularly is one factor that has

2、 been shown to improve ones performance on the SAT. Melissa took the SAT and Scored a 1500. If she studies several times a weak, Melissa can expect to improve her score.Melissa can expect to improve her score.Studying regularly is one factor that has been shown to improve ones performance on the SAT

3、. Melissa took the SAT and Scored a 1500. Studying several times a weak qualifies as studying regularly AssumptionAssumptionPremisePremiseConclusionConclusion stated pieces of information or evidence that generally provide support for the given conclusion could be Facts, opinions, claims showing bac

4、kground telling a story Several industries have recently switched at least partly from older technologies powered by fossil fuels to new technologies powered by electricity. It is thus evident that less fossil fuel is being used as a result of the operations of these industries than would have been

5、used if these industries had retained their older technologies. PremiseConclusion AssumptionTherefore, As Therefore, As a a result, Suggests, result, Suggests, Indicates, Indicates, Accordingly, So, Accordingly, So, Consequently, Consequently, Thus, Hence, It Thus, Hence, It follows thatfollows that

6、SinceSinceDue toDue toAs a result ofAs a result ofBecauseBecauseGiven thatGiven thatAsAsManager: the new manufacturing process should save us time in the end,even though the first step of the five-step process will take twice as long asit does under the old process. Far fewer of the components will

7、be founddefective and the sole purpose of steps two and three under the old processis to weed out defective components. As a result, we should be able to eliminate two of the five steps in the existing manufacturing process.Which of the following would be most useful in evaluating the claim made int

8、he argument?Therefore TestTherefore Test(1) X, therefore Y. If this works, Y is the conclusion.(2) Y, therefore X. If this works, X is the conclusion.X: The new process should save us time.X: The new process should save us time.Y: we should be able to eliminate two of the five steps in the Y: we sho

9、uld be able to eliminate two of the five steps in the processprocess.Curbing government spending has been demonstrated to raise the value of Curbing government spending has been demonstrated to raise the value of a a countrys countrys currency over time. However, many economists no longer currency o

10、ver time. However, many economists no longer recommend recommend this policy. A currency of lesser value causes a countrys this policy. A currency of lesser value causes a countrys exports to exports to be more competitive be more competitive in the international market, encouraging in the internati

11、onal market, encouraging domestic domestic industries industries and making the economy more attractive to foreign and making the economy more attractive to foreign investmentinvestment. .The The statements above most strongly support which of the statements above most strongly support which of the

12、following following inferencesinferences? ?(A) Limited government spending can also lead to a reduction in A) Limited government spending can also lead to a reduction in the the national national deficit.deficit.(B) (B) Curbing government spending can make a countrys exports Curbing government spend

13、ing can make a countrys exports less less competitivecompetitive. .(C) Many economists now recommend higher levels of (C) Many economists now recommend higher levels of government spendinggovernment spending. .(D) (D) An increase in the value of a currency will result in reduced An increase in the v

14、alue of a currency will result in reduced government spendinggovernment spending. .(E)Competitive exports indicate a-weak currency(E)Competitive exports indicate a-weak currency. .Curbing government spending has been demonstrated to raise the value of Curbing government spending has been demonstrate

15、d to raise the value of a a countrys countrys currency over time. However, many economists no longer currency over time. However, many economists no longer recommend recommend this policy. A currency of lesser value causes a countrys this policy. A currency of lesser value causes a countrys exports

16、to exports to be more competitive be more competitive in the international market, encouraging in the international market, encouraging domestic domestic industries industries and making the economy more attractive to foreign and making the economy more attractive to foreign investmentinvestment. .T

17、he The statements above most strongly support which of the statements above most strongly support which of the following following inferencesinferences? ?(A) Limited government spending can also lead to a A) Limited government spending can also lead to a reduction in reduction in the national the na

18、tional deficit.deficit.(B) (B) Curbing government spending can make a Curbing government spending can make a countrys exports countrys exports less competitiveless competitive. .(C) Many economists now recommend higher levels of (C) Many economists now recommend higher levels of government spendingg

19、overnment spending. .(D) (D) An increase in the value of a currency will An increase in the value of a currency will result in reduced result in reduced government spendinggovernment spending. .(E)Competitive exports indicate (E)Competitive exports indicate a weak a weak currencycurrency. .F F）Gover

20、nment Government investment investment can make a countrys can make a countrys exports less competitive.exports less competitive.超超出出前提討論范圍前提討論范圍超出前提討論范圍超出前提討論范圍偷換概念偷換概念因果倒置因果倒置因果倒置因果倒置 Increases in the level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in the human bloodstream lower bloodstream-cholesterol le

21、vels by increasing the body capacity to rid itself of excess cholesterol. Levels of HDL in the bloodstream of some individuals are significantly increased by a program of regular exercise and weight reduction. Which of the following can be correctly inferred from the statements above?A.Individuals w

22、ho are underweight do not run any risk of developing high level of cholesterol in the bloodstream.B.Individuals who do not exercise regularly have a high risk of developing high level of cholesterol in the bloodstream late in life.C.Exercise and weight reduction are the most effective methods of low

23、ering bloodstream cholesterol levels in humans.D.A program of regular exercise and weight reduction lowers cholesterol levels in the bloodstream of some individuals.E.Only regular exercise is necessary to decrease cholesterol levels in the bloodstream of individuals of average weight.The average fue

24、l efficiency of vehicles sold nationwide during the period 2000-2004 was 25 miles per gallon; the corresponding figure during the period 1995-1999 was 20 miles per gallon. The national average price of gasoline during the period 2000-2004 was $2 per gallon; the corresponding figure during the period

25、 1995-1999 was $1.60 per gallon.The statements above, if true, best support which of the following conclusions?(A) The average fuel efficiency of vehicles sold nationwide should reach 30 miles per gallon for the period 2005-2009.(B) The national average price of gasoline during 1997 was lower than t

26、he corresponding price during 2003.(C) Rising gasoline prices lead consumers to purchase more fuel-efficient cars.(D) Between the two described time periods, the national average fuel efficiency and the national average gasoline price both increased at roughly the same rate.(E) Consumers spent more

27、money on gasoline during the period 2060-2004 than during the period 1995-1999.Logic fallaciesIn certain congested urban areas, commuters who use public transportationoptions, such as trains and subways, spend approximately 25 percent lesstime in transit, on average, to reach their destinations than

28、 commuters whotravel by car. Even individuals who drive their entire commute in carpoollanes, which are typically the least congested sections of roadways, stillspend more time, on average, than commuters who use trains and subways.The statements above, if true, best support which of the following a

29、ssertions about commuting in the congested urban areas mentioned above?(A) Waiting in traffic accounts for approximately 25 percent of the commuting time for individuals who drive to their destinations.(8) Walking between a subway or train station and ones final destination does not, on average, tak

30、e longer than walking between ones car and ones final destination.(C) Using carpool lanes does not, on average, reduce driving time by morethan 25 percent.(D) Individuals who commute via public buses spend approximately 25 percent more time in transit than those who commute using public trains or su

31、bways.(E)Subways and trains are available in the majority of congested urban areas.(A) Viewers are more interested in sports and weather than in personal interest stories.(B) The programming content of Nighttime News is more closely aligned with the interests of the overall audience than is the cont

32、ent of World News.(C) Some World News viewers liked the new Nighttime News programming better than they liked the World News programming.(D) There are other possible causes for an increase in the number of viewers of Nighttime News, including a recent ad campaign that aired on many local affiliates.

33、(E) The quality of World News will remain constant even if Nighttime News improves.For several years, Nighttime News attracted fewer viewers than World News,which broadcasts its show at the same time as Nighttime News . Recently,the producers of Nighttime News added personal interest stories andincr

34、eased coverage of sports and weather. The two programs now have aroughly equal number of viewers. Clearly, the recent programming changespersuaded viewers to switch from World News to Nighttime News.Which of the following is an assumption on which the author relies?(1) bridge a gap between any premi

35、se and the conclusion, and(2) support/ strengthen/validate the conclusion.PremiseConclusion AssumptionThe local university recently hired a new soccer coach. Although she has several years worth of coaching experience and is a diligent student of the game, she was never a member of a collegiate socc

36、er team. For this reason, the new coach will be unable to build a successful program.The argument above is based on which of the following assumptions?(A) The local university should have hired a former collegiate soccer player as its new coach.(B) Coaching experience is one of the most crucial fact

37、ors for coaching success.(C) The previous coach at the university was dismissed due to her lack of success(D) To build a successful soccer program as a coach, one must be a former collegiate soccer player.(E) The university does not plan to provide the new coach with the resources necessary to build

38、 a successful program. 緊跟緊跟結論，不能轉移話題重心結論，不能轉移話題重心緊跟結論緊跟結論When news periodicals begin forecasting a recession, people tend to spendless money on discretionary purchases. Therefore, the perceived threat ofrecession decreases the willingness of people to purchase products that theyregard as optional or

39、 luxury goods.The argument above assumes that _(A) there are more luxury goods available after a recession is forecast(B) recently, the threat of recession has been increasingly publicized as newsperiodicals have grown more pervasive(C) most people do not regularly read news periodicals(D) peoples p

40、erception of the threat of recession increases when newsperiodicals begin forecasting a recession(E) the people who spent the most money before a recession was forecastwere among those who curtailed their spending after the recession becameapparent緊跟結論緊跟結論PremiseConclusion AssumptionNews periodicals

41、 publish the forecast of a recessionPeople spend less money on discretionary itemsTherefore, the perceived threat causes people to spend less moneyAs a result, peoples perception of the threat of a recession increases As a result, peoples perception of the threat of a recession does not does not inc

42、reases Negating any correct assumption will destroy the argument 緊跟結論緊跟結論Sam is currently the deputy mayor of Geneva County. Therefore, Sam should be the next mayor of Geneva when the current mayor retiresWhich of the following is an assumption on which the author relies?Imagine two possible answer

43、choices:(A) Sam is the most honest person in the whole county.(B) The deputy mayor is always the best person to become the next mayor when a current mayor retires.Sam is NOT NECESSARILY the most honest person in the whole county.The deputy mayor is NOT NECESSARILY the best person to become the next

44、mayor when a current mayor retires.Always. only. all: insert Not necessarily. or Some . not in place of All.(B) Tomatoes are always red.LEN: Tomatoes are NOT NECESSARILY always red.Never. none, not one. not once: change to At least one or at least once.(D) Not one player was late for practice.LEN: A

45、T LEAST ONE player was late for practice.Some, a few, several: change to No or None. (Notice that this may sound extreme)(A) Some cats purr when you pet them.LEN: NO cats purr when you pet them.Sometimes, on Occasion, often: change to Never. (Notice that this may sound extreme)(A) Cats sometimes pur

46、r when you pet them.LEN: Cats NEVER purr when you pet them.At least, at most. more than, less than: change to the mathematically opposite term.(C) She has at least three different job offers.LEN: She has LESS THAN THREE different job offers.緊跟結論緊跟結論For several years, Nighttime News attracted fewer v

47、iewers than World News,which broadcasts its show at the same time as Nighttime News Recently,the producers of Nighttime News added personal interest stories andincreased coverage of sports and weather. The two programs now have aroughly equal number of viewers. Clearly, the recent programming change

48、spersuaded viewers to switch from World News to Nighttime News.Which of the following is an assumption on which the author relies?(A) Viewers are more interested in sports and weather than in personal interest stories.(B) The programming content of Nighttime News is more closely aligned with the int

49、erests of the overall audience than is the content of World News.(C) Some World News viewers liked the new Nighttime News programming better than they liked the World News programming.(0) There are other possible causes for an increase in the number of viewers of Nighttime News, including a recent a

50、d campaign that aired on many local affiliates.(E) The quality of World News will remain constant even if Nighttime News improves.Assumptions can serve to fill in a logic gapAssumptions can establish the feasibility of the premises of the argumentAssumptions can eliminate alternate paths to reach a

51、given conclusionCategories of AssumptionSidneys get-rich-quick scheme is sure to succeed. He will buy Sidneys get-rich-quick scheme is sure to succeed. He will buy undervalued properties undervalued properties in foreclosure. Then he will resell the in foreclosure. Then he will resell the properties

52、 to properties to a local real estate a local real estate developer and generate large developer and generate large fits.Undervalued Undervalued properties exist in foreclosure properties exist in foreclosure and easily and easily can be found can be found and purchased by Sidney.and purc

53、hased by Sidney.Assumptions can serve to fill in a logic gapAssumptions can establish the feasibility of the premises of the argumentAssumptions can eliminate alternate paths to reach a given conclusionAssumptions can eliminate alternate causes for a given conclusion.Categories of AssumptionA magazi

54、ne published an article proclaiming that one can get a A magazine published an article proclaiming that one can get a promotion by promotion by playing golf with ones boss. Kevin concludes that the playing golf with ones boss. Kevin concludes that the best way for him best way for him to get to get

55、promoted is to take golf lessons and join his promoted is to take golf lessons and join his bosss country clubbosss country club. .There There are no other better ways to gain a are no other better ways to gain a promotion than promotion than to play golf to play golf with ones boss.with ones boss.A

56、ssumptions can serve to fill in a logic gapAssumptions can establish the feasibility of the premises of the argumentAssumptions can eliminate alternate paths to reach a given conclusionAssumptions can eliminate alternate causes for a given conclusion.Categories of AssumptionScientists have discovere

57、d that people with Elmers disease have Scientists have discovered that people with Elmers disease have elevatedelevatedlevels of elastomer in their blood.levels of elastomer in their blood.The scientists concluded that a person without Elmers The scientists concluded that a person without Elmers dis

58、ease but disease but with elevated with elevated levels of elastomer in the blood is likely to develop levels of elastomer in the blood is likely to develop Elmers disease Elmers disease in the in the future.future.Correlation but not causationElmers disease is not the cause of the elastomer Elmers

59、disease is not the cause of the elastomer levelslevelsEconomists have noticed that countries with more developed cultures ofEconomists have noticed that countries with more developed cultures ofentrepreneurship entrepreneurship and risk-taking have higher and risk-taking have higher economic economi

60、c growth rates.growth rates.Therefore, they have concluded that cultures of entrepreneurship and Therefore, they have concluded that cultures of entrepreneurship and risk-risk-taking generate higher rates of taking generate higher rates of growth growth over timeover time. .A.A. Higher growth rates