新視野大學(xué)英語(yǔ)3unit5單詞分析解析

1、Unit 5Ballerinas are as graceful as swan.blrin 舉止端莊，姿態(tài)優(yōu)美 graceful a. 1. showing a pleasing beauty of form, movement or manner 優(yōu)美的，優(yōu)雅的She has a graceful way of moving. 她的動(dòng)作十分優(yōu)雅。2. pleasing in both style and attitude 得體的She finally apologized, but she wasnt very graceful about it. 她最后道了歉，但卻不夠有風(fēng)度graceg

2、racefulgracious優(yōu)美的優(yōu)美的優(yōu)雅的優(yōu)雅的親切的親切的和善的和善的優(yōu)美優(yōu)美恩惠恩惠reis The prince fell in love with the graceful dancer. She had gracious manners and made us feel at home.親切的親切的 I am grateful to you for your kindness. I wish to express my gratitude to you for your kindness.gratefulgratitudeGrateGrate感恩，感激感恩，感激爆炸性四級(jí)詞匯爆

3、炸性四級(jí)詞匯 Ingrateful Ungrateful Ingratitude ungratitude忘恩負(fù)義忘恩負(fù)義你猜猜哪個(gè)你猜猜哪個(gè)對(duì)啦？對(duì)啦？ chart n a visual display of information圖表, V make a chart of 制成圖表制成圖表 chart, map, graph 這些名詞均有這些名詞均有“地圖、圖地圖、圖”之意。之意。chartchart: : 指航海地圖，也指圖表。指航海地圖，也指圖表。mapmap: : 指標(biāo)有國(guó)家大小、城市、鐵路、河流指標(biāo)有國(guó)家大小、城市、鐵路、河流、山脈、海洋等的地圖。、山脈、海洋等的地圖。graphgr

4、aph: : 多指用縱橫坐標(biāo)之間關(guān)系的曲線(xiàn)表多指用縱橫坐標(biāo)之間關(guān)系的曲線(xiàn)表示兩個(gè)量之間的圖表示兩個(gè)量之間的圖表 Huixing chart ofHuixing chart oflow-rent housinglow-rent housingSea chartSea chartmapgraphpreceding a. coming or going before in time, order, etc.previouspriorprecedingformer指指“時(shí)間上早于時(shí)間上早于的的”e.g. He cannot go for he has a previous appointment. 指

5、指“除時(shí)間外，還可在順序、重要性等方面在前的除時(shí)間外，還可在順序、重要性等方面在前的”e.g. This task is prior to all others. 指指“在時(shí)間或位置上緊接于前的在時(shí)間或位置上緊接于前的”e.g. the preceding night 指指“以前的以前的”、“前任的前任的”e.g. the former president cf. proceed: to begin and continue Tell us your name and then proceed with your ceed 英英prsid 美美prosid cf. proce

6、ed: to begin and continue vi. 開(kāi)始；繼續(xù)進(jìn)行；行進(jìn)；發(fā)生 Tell us your name and then proceed with your story. 先把你的名字告訴我們，然后再開(kāi)始敘述你的故事。 How would you like to proceed with the negotiations? 你想怎樣來(lái)（繼續(xù)）進(jìn)行這輪談判呢？ Proceed from 出于出于 Proceed from Custom 出自傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗出自傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗 Proceed from the reality 從實(shí)際出發(fā)從實(shí)際出發(fā) In the preceding years

7、/chapters 在前幾年在前幾年/章章 We went to see a film in the preceding night. 昨天晚上我們?nèi)タ措娪?。昨天晚上我們?nèi)タ措娪啊?He had been in Cuba the preceding summer. 去年夏天他曾在古巴。去年夏天他曾在古巴。Last nightYesterday evening優(yōu)先權(quán)優(yōu)先權(quán)priorityPrecedencepresidns, prisi:- A high/low priority 重點(diǎn)/非重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目 Education is a top priority. 教育是當(dāng)務(wù)之急。 You need to

8、 get your priorities right (=decide what is important to you.) 你需要把你自己的事情分出輕重緩急。 It was not till evening that we took priority over them. 我們到晚上才比他們領(lǐng)先。課文中重點(diǎn)詞匯shift移動(dòng)，轉(zhuǎn)移移動(dòng)，轉(zhuǎn)移She always shifts the blame on to someone else.他總是把一切錯(cuò)誤都?xì)w于別人。他總是把一切錯(cuò)誤都?xì)w于別人。Vt.重要詞組重要詞組The day (night) shiftThe day (night) shift

9、日夜班日夜班輪班工作輪班工作Work by shiftsMake shift with設(shè)法維持下去設(shè)法維持下去He had to make shift with what was on hand.他只好用現(xiàn)有的東西將就應(yīng)付他只好用現(xiàn)有的東西將就應(yīng)付。flash閃閃Whats that-Whats that-Flashing on the sunlight?Flashing on the sunlight?那個(gè)在陽(yáng)光下閃閃發(fā)光那個(gè)在陽(yáng)光下閃閃發(fā)光的東西是什么？的東西是什么？The cars flashed past.The cars flashed past.汽車(chē)飛馳而過(guò)。汽車(chē)飛馳而過(guò)。An i

10、dea flashed into his mind.An idea flashed into his mind.一個(gè)念頭突然閃過(guò)他的腦海。一個(gè)念頭突然閃過(guò)他的腦海。閃光燈閃光燈閃電閃電FlashlightFlash lampFlashinglightning曇花一現(xiàn)A flash in the pan(平底鍋）平底鍋）爛爛！decay Stone does not decay, and so the tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared with

11、out trace.試著翻譯翻譯試著翻譯翻譯? ?石頭是不腐爛的，因此遠(yuǎn)古年代的工具至今尚存，即使石頭是不腐爛的，因此遠(yuǎn)古年代的工具至今尚存，即使制造這些工具的人的骨頭已經(jīng)毫無(wú)痕跡地消失了。制造這些工具的人的骨頭已經(jīng)毫無(wú)痕跡地消失了。糖能蛀牙。糖能蛀牙。Sugar can decay the teeth.蛀牙蛀牙Tooth decayDecaying toothA decayed tooth羅馬帝國(guó)為何衰亡？ What made the Roman Empire decay?declineFall into decaydeclining 我對(duì)你的愛(ài)猶如滔滔江水連綿不絕，直到地老天荒，?？菔癄€。

12、 My love to you is just like the surging river, stretching but never have ends. The time limit outlasts even the heaven and the earth, furthermore, the seas run dry and the rocks decay.loveskeletonA long illness made a Skeleton out of him.長(zhǎng)期的生病使長(zhǎng)期的生病使他瘦骨如柴。他瘦骨如柴。骨架結(jié)構(gòu)骨架結(jié)構(gòu)A skeleton of structureA skel

13、eton of structureLoose a. 1. not tense; not tight 寬松的，不緊的寬松的，不緊的loose skin 松弛的皮膚松弛的皮膚2. free from control 自由的，散漫的The animals were loose in the zoo. 這些動(dòng)物在動(dòng)物園里自由走動(dòng)。 Come and see us if youre at a loose end. 閑著的時(shí)候到我們這兒來(lái)坐坐。 loosen作動(dòng)詞，指作動(dòng)詞，指“松開(kāi)，解開(kāi)松開(kāi)，解開(kāi)”。 to loosen ones coat 解開(kāi)外衣解開(kāi)外衣 The governments contro

14、l over the newspaper has loosened in recent years. 近幾年政府對(duì)報(bào)紙的控制放松了。近幾年政府對(duì)報(bào)紙的控制放松了。Relax Relax 放松，放松， 使松弛使松弛 Relax the musclesRelax the muscles 松弛肌肉松弛肌肉 A relaxing musicA relaxing music 使人放松的音樂(lè)使人放松的音樂(lè) 0909年年1212月聽(tīng)力例句月聽(tīng)力例句 Do you think what you do to is an _ way to beat stress? Effective 你認(rèn)為做什么來(lái)放松是戰(zhàn)勝壓力

15、的有效方式呢？secure vt. 1. make firm or tight; fasten 關(guān)緊，固定Secure all the doors and windows before leaving. 離開(kāi)之前把所有的門(mén)窗關(guān)緊。 2. make safe; protect 使安全，保護(hù)使安全，保護(hù)The wall was built to secure the village from attack. 建造這堵墻是為了保護(hù)村莊不受攻擊。 3. get, something with difficulty 得到，獲得Theyve secured the governments support

16、for the project. 他們已取得了政府對(duì)這一規(guī)劃的支持。 a. 1. safe安全的 Are we secure from attack here? 我們這里很安全，受不到攻擊吧？2. firm or tight enough for safety 牢固的 Make the window secure before leaving the house. Secure a position 獲得一份工作 Be secure against/from fire 確實(shí)沒(méi)有著火的危險(xiǎn) Security 安全，保障安全，保障 聽(tīng)力例句聽(tīng)力例句 Once they feel that sens

17、e of security, thats when they can be creative. 一旦他們有安全感的時(shí)候，他們就會(huì)有創(chuàng)意。一旦他們有安全感的時(shí)候，他們就會(huì)有創(chuàng)意。 What does the speaker say about young children? D They can be creative when they feel secure. 04年年1月四級(jí)真題月四級(jí)真題Refuge refju:d Is there enough oil beneath the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (保護(hù)區(qū)）to help secure Ame

18、ricas energy _ against _future? 北極國(guó)家野生保護(hù)區(qū)的地下有足夠的石油以滿(mǎn)足美國(guó)未來(lái)的能源需求嗎？ 05年6月閱讀例句 Secure oneself against/from against/from danger 使自己免受危險(xiǎn) Secure the companys future 使公司前途得到保障faint Adj.Adj.無(wú)力的，眩暈的無(wú)力的，眩暈的 N. N. 暈厥暈厥 Feel faint through hungerFeel faint through hunger 餓得頭昏要花餓得頭昏要花 完形填空完形填空 Most of them are not

19、 serious; Most of them are not serious; fainting and fainting and dizzinessdizziness are the most frequent complaints. are the most frequent complaints. 多數(shù)不是很?chē)?yán)重，暈厥，目眩是常見(jiàn)情況。多數(shù)不是很?chē)?yán)重，暈厥，目眩是常見(jiàn)情況。 0505年年1212月月 A faint light 暗淡的光線(xiàn) A faint sound 虛弱的聲音 Faint possibility 極小的可能性ThirstThirst These young childr

20、en thirst for knowledge. 這些孩子們都渴求知識(shí)。這些孩子們都渴求知識(shí)。 I thirst for steady love and happy family life. 我渴望穩(wěn)定的愛(ài)情和幸福的家庭生活。我渴望穩(wěn)定的愛(ài)情和幸福的家庭生活。渴望渴望Water flowed into the Water flowed into the thirst fieldsthirst fields. .水緩緩地流進(jìn)了干涸的土地。水緩緩地流進(jìn)了干涸的土地。Be thirsty forBe thirsty for渴望渴望hinthintDrop/give a hint to sb.Drop

21、/give a hint to sb.暗示某人暗示某人take a hint: take a hint: 接受暗示接受暗示Daphne: Okay. I can take a hint.Daphne: Okay. I can take a hint.好吧，我明白你的暗示好吧，我明白你的暗示。Sometimes a guy just wont take a hint.Sometimes a guy just wont take a hint.有時(shí)候男孩子就是不知道接受暗示有時(shí)候男孩子就是不知道接受暗示ImplyImply暗示，含有暗示，含有的意思的意思Imply a low standard o

22、f livingImply a low standard of living表明生活水平很低表明生活水平很低 As its name implies, descriptive writing simply describes, or provides an _image_ of, a piece of music, art, or literature. 正如名稱(chēng)所示，描述性文章只是進(jìn)行描述，提供一段音樂(lè)，藝術(shù)或者文學(xué)作品的意象。 09年12月四級(jí)真題（聽(tīng)力例句） Imply Imply 意思是提出一個(gè)沒(méi)有明確表示的想法或主意， 但可以從別的較明顯的事物，如一聲明中推斷出來(lái)： The effu

23、sive praise the professor heaped on one of the students seemed to imply indifference toward or disapproval of the rest. 教授堆在一個(gè)學(xué)生頭上的熱情的贊揚(yáng)似乎讓人感到他對(duì)其他學(xué)生的冷淡和否定。 Hint Hint 指的是通常包含線(xiàn)索的間接的或較隱密的暗示： He hinted that he would accept an invitation if it were extended. 他暗示如果邀請(qǐng)擴(kuò)大的話(huà)他將會(huì)接受。 suggestsuggest 指有意或無(wú)意的，直接或間接

24、暗示，強(qiáng)調(diào)事物的表征等使人引起聯(lián)想。 Her expression suggested pleasure. 她面露喜色。 to injure ones healthto injure ones health 損害某人的健康損害某人的健康 to injure ones hand in a fireto injure ones hand in a fire 在火災(zāi)中傷了手在火災(zāi)中傷了手 to injure ones feelingsto injure ones feelings 傷害某人的感情傷害某人的感情 to injure somebodys reputationto injure someb

25、odys reputation 損害某人的名譽(yù)損害某人的名譽(yù)injureinjure傷害，損害傷害，損害 The mad man was put in the soft-padded The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.cell lest he injure himself. 這個(gè)瘋子被關(guān)在一個(gè)軟墻這個(gè)瘋子被關(guān)在一個(gè)軟墻 的單人小屋里面的單人小屋里面，以免他傷害自己。，以免他傷害自己。 An injury to health and lifeAn injury to health and life

26、 對(duì)健康和生命的損傷對(duì)健康和生命的損傷 Do sb. An injury/ do an injury to sb.Do sb. An injury/ do an injury to sb. 傷害某人傷害某人injuryPrivilegePrivilege 特權(quán)，優(yōu)惠特權(quán)，優(yōu)惠 Exclusive privilege Exclusive privilege 獨(dú)有的特權(quán)獨(dú)有的特權(quán) The privilege of doing sth.The privilege of doing sth. 做某事的特權(quán)做某事的特權(quán) Withdraw sb.s privilegesWithdraw sb.s priv

27、ileges 取消某人的特權(quán)取消某人的特權(quán) Members of the city council and Members of the city council and distinguished guests, it is my privilege to distinguished guests, it is my privilege to introduce to you today Mr. Robert introduce to you today Mr. Robert Washington.Washington. 08年12月聽(tīng)力例句 市議會(huì)的成員及尊貴的客人們， 我今天很榮幸地向大

28、家介紹羅伯特.華盛頓先生。Associate 聯(lián)合，結(jié)合聯(lián)合，結(jié)合Be associated with him in business在生意上與他有來(lái)往在生意上與他有來(lái)往Associate with criminals和罪犯交往和罪犯交往 Still， there are certain conditions associated with rising crime; increasing heterogeneity (混雜） of _populations_, greater cultural pluralism, higher immigration. 但是，犯罪率的上升與某些因素是相關(guān)聯(lián)

29、的，如，不同人口的混雜，文化多元化以及數(shù)量大的移民。 08年12月的聽(tīng)力例句heterogeneity ,hetrudini:ti Association Association 協(xié)會(huì)，聯(lián)盟，社團(tuán) 聯(lián)合，結(jié)合，交往She belongs to an She belongs to an association association of photographers.of photographers.她是一家攝影師協(xié)會(huì)的會(huì)員。她是一家攝影師協(xié)會(huì)的會(huì)員。AssociateAssociate An associate professorAn associate professor 一位副教授一位副教

30、授 drip v. (cause to) fall in drops 滴Can you hear the tap dripping? 你有沒(méi)有聽(tīng)到水龍頭滴水的聲音？n. 1. (sing.) series of drops of falling fluid (連續(xù)落下的)液滴 The patient is on a drip. 病人正在輸液。2. C any one of these drops 一滴Theres a drip coming from the roof. 屋檐上有水滴下來(lái)。 faint a. 1. lacking clearness, brightness, strength,

31、 etc. 微弱的Tom seemed to hear some faint sound coming from the graveyard. 湯姆好像聽(tīng)見(jiàn)從墳場(chǎng)傳來(lái)的微弱的聲音。I havent the faintest idea of what you mean. 我一點(diǎn)也不懂你的意思。2. weak and about to lose consciousness 虛弱He felt faint for lack of food. 由于沒(méi)有進(jìn)食，他感覺(jué)要昏倒了。 Slide v. 1. (cause to) move smoothly （使）滑動(dòng) The glasses slid off

32、the table onto the floor.玻璃杯子全都從桌上滑落到了地板上。 2. (cause to) move quietly （使）悄悄地移動(dòng) to slide into the room 悄悄溜進(jìn)了屋里 n. 1. C (usu. sing.) the act of sliding 滑，滑行The car went into a slide on the ice. 汽車(chē)在冰上打滑。2. C a small piece of photographic film in a frame which, when light is passed through it, shows a l

33、arger image on a screen 幻燈片The lecture was illustrated with slides. 講座通過(guò)幻燈片加以說(shuō)明。 thirst n. 1. U (usu. sing.) the feeling caused by a desire or need to drink 渴，口渴The animals died of thirst. 這些動(dòng)物因干渴而死。2. (sing.) a strong desire 渴望(與after或for)連用)： 他極為貪財(cái)。 He has a burning thirst for wealth. They thirste

34、d for independence. 他們渴望獨(dú)立 famine n. U, C a very serious lack of food for a great number of people, causing illness and death 饑荒 War, famine and flood are terrible evils. 戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)、饑荒和洪水都是可怕的災(zāi)禍。 Under water, famine; under snow, bread. 諺洪水造饑饉，瑞雪兆豐年。 hurt, injure, wound, cut 這一組動(dòng)詞都有“受傷”的意思。hurt: 為普通用語(yǔ)，既可指肉體上

35、的傷害（可被badly, slightly, seriously等修飾），也可指精神上、感情上的傷害（被very muchratherdeeply修飾），多指?jìng)础?I hurt my leg badly in the football match.在那場(chǎng)足球賽中，我的腿受了重傷。 He felt rather hurt at your words.你的話(huà)使他很難過(guò)。 injure: 比hurt正式，主要指意外事故中損害健康、容貌等，強(qiáng)調(diào)功能的損失。 A bullet injured his left eye.一顆子彈傷了他的左眼。 wound: 指槍傷、刀傷、刺傷等皮肉之傷，是出血的、嚴(yán)重的

36、傷，尤其指用武器有意造成的傷口、傷疤或戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上受傷。也可指人們精神上的創(chuàng)傷。 The thief wounded him with a knife.那小偷用刀刺傷了他。 You have wounded his pride.你傷害了他的自尊心。 cut: 指無(wú)意中造成的輕傷。 How did you get that cut on your hand?你手上的傷口是怎么弄的？ hint n. 1. C a slight indication 細(xì)微的跡象They fled at the first hint of trouble. 他們一看苗頭不對(duì)，就拔腿溜了。2. C a subtle way

37、of indicating to sb. what one is thinking or what one wants 暗示，提示He received a broad hint that they did not want him to call again. 他得到明白的示意，他們不希望他再去拜訪(fǎng)。v. suggest sth. slightly or indirectly 暗示He hinted to us that an agreement had been reached. 他向我們暗示已達(dá)成了一項(xiàng)協(xié)議。 drop (或或 give, let fall) a hint露口風(fēng)，給人暗示

38、露口風(fēng)，給人暗示 take a (或或the) hint領(lǐng)會(huì)別人的暗示，心領(lǐng)神會(huì)；理領(lǐng)會(huì)別人的暗示，心領(lǐng)神會(huì)；理解解 being n. 1. C a person or thing that exists 生物，人 2. U the state of existing 存在 Being on sea, sail ; being on land, settle. 諺語(yǔ)在海則揚(yáng)帆，在陸則定居。(或：到什么山唱什么歌。) bring (或或call) into being使存在；使形成；使產(chǎn)生，使存在；使形成；使產(chǎn)生，使成立，使出現(xiàn)；實(shí)現(xiàn)使成立，使出現(xiàn)；實(shí)現(xiàn) come into being出現(xiàn)，開(kāi)始

39、存在；形成；產(chǎn)生出現(xiàn)，開(kāi)始存在；形成；產(chǎn)生 for the time being暫時(shí)；目前暫時(shí)；目前 interval n. 1. C a period between two events or times, or the space between two points 間隔，間距Tomorrow it will be mostly cloudy, with a few sunny intervals. 明天大部分時(shí)間是陰，有時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)晴。2. C a brief period between the parts of performance 幕間休息，中場(chǎng)休息During the interv

40、al, we were taken to the coffee bar. 在幕間休息時(shí)，我們被領(lǐng)到咖啡廳。 at intervals每隔一定的時(shí)間每隔一定的時(shí)間(或距離或距離)；不時(shí)；到處；不時(shí)；到處 in the intervals不一會(huì)兒，不久不一會(huì)兒，不久 shallow a. 1. (of breathing) not taking much air into the lungs (呼吸)淺的，弱的shallow breathing 淺呼吸2. not showing serious or careful thought 膚淺的，淺薄的 我對(duì)她了解得越深，就越認(rèn)識(shí)到她的淺薄。 The

41、better I got to know her, the more shallow I realized she was. n. (pl.) the shallow part of an area of water 淺水處，淺灘This type of fish lives in the shallows. 這種魚(yú)生活在淺水處。 Privilege n. C, U a special advantage, opportunity or honor possessed by a particular person or group 特權(quán)，優(yōu)惠 She had led a life of lux

42、ury and privilege. 她過(guò)著養(yǎng)尊處優(yōu)的生活 It was a privilege to work with him. 和他在一起工作是一項(xiàng)殊榮。 episode n. 1. C a single event or group of related events 一個(gè)事件，一組事件The latest episode has shocked a lot of people. 最近發(fā)生的事件令許多人震驚。2. C one of the single parts into which a story is divided, esp. when it is broadcast on t

43、he television or radio (尤指電視或無(wú)線(xiàn)電廣播的)一集，一出，一部分This is the last episode of the serial. 這是這部連續(xù)劇的最后一集。 association n. 1. C a group of people joined together for a common purpose; an organization 協(xié)會(huì)，社團(tuán)，組織 He is a member of the Association of University Teachers. 他是大學(xué)教師聯(lián)合會(huì)的一名成員。 2. U action of associating

44、 or being associated 聯(lián)合，結(jié)交，結(jié)合I benefited a lot from my association with him. 我與他交往獲益良多。 in association with 與與.聯(lián)合聯(lián)合結(jié)交結(jié)交, 有關(guān)聯(lián)有關(guān)聯(lián) of the stomach the hollow place just below the bones of the chest, specially thought of as being the place where fear is felt 胸口，心窩I got a sick feeling in the pit of my sto

45、mach when the news of the attack was announced. 當(dāng)進(jìn)攻的消息宣布時(shí)，我感到胸口很難受。 hang around sth. (cause to) swing from or round sth. (使)在上掛著， （使）圍在上She has a strange object hanging around her waist. 她腰間掛著一件奇怪的物品。He was so rich that he liked to hang half his fortune around his wifes neck. 他十分富有，所以喜歡把他的一半家財(cái)掛在妻子的脖

46、子上。 so that with the aim that; in order that 為的是，以便 她努力干，以便到六點(diǎn)時(shí)把一切都準(zhǔn)備就緒。 She worked hard so that everything would be ready by 6 oclock. 把鑰匙放在外面，以便我能記著隨身攜帶 Leave the keys out so that I can remember to take them with me. so that引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，表示“以便；為了”，從句中常使用can /could /may /might /will /would /should等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞

47、或助動(dòng)詞；引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，從句中一般不用can和may等詞，在so that前可以用逗號(hào)，意思是“因此;所以”。如： The little boy saved every coin so that he could buy his mother a present on Mothers day so形容詞或副詞形容詞或副詞that .引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句，意思是“如此以致于”。如： When the football fans saw Beckham, they got so excited that they cried out. reach for stretch ones hand i

48、n order to touch or take 伸出手以觸到或拿到I reached across the table for the jam. 我伸手到桌子那端去拿果醬。 reach for the moonreach for the moon 想得到得不到的東西 reach for the roof 舉手投降 feel for search with the hands, the feet, a stick, etc. （用手、足、棍等）摸索，尋找She felt along the wall for the door. 她沿墻摸索著找門(mén)。Blinded by the soap, he had to feel for his glasses. 他被肥皂弄得睜不開(kāi)眼，只好摸索著找眼鏡。 turn towards change position or direction so as to face the particular direction 轉(zhuǎn)向Please turn towards me when you are speaking, so