英語專業(yè)八級(考研)閱讀理解模擬試題及解析

1、英語專業(yè)八級（考研）閱讀理解模擬試題及解析考研英語閱讀理解模擬試題及解析一The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihoods of success, making a decision, and only then taking action to implement the

2、 decision. Rather, in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed intuition to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency, novelty, and surprise； and to integrate action into the process of thinkin

3、g.Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is. Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for capriciousness.Isenbergs recent res

4、earch on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers intuition is neither of these. Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways. First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patt

5、erns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture, often in an Aha！ experience. Fourth, som

6、e managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools, and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which

7、run counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally, managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in this way, intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns.One

8、of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that thinking is inseparable from acting. Since managers often know what is right before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is inextricably tied to action in thinking/acting cycl

9、es, in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting, but by acting and analyzing in close concert.Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior managers often instigate a course

10、of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing the solution.1. According to the text

11、, senior managers use intuition in all of the following ways EXCEPT toA Speed up of the creation of a solution to a problem.B Identify a problem.C Bring together disparate facts.D Stipulate clear goals.2. The text suggests which of the following about the writers on management mentioned in line 1, p

12、aragraph 2？A They have criticized managers for not following the classical rational model of decision analysis.B They have not based their analyses on a sufficiently large sample of actual managers.C They have relied in drawing their conclusions on what managers say rather than on what managers do.D

13、 They have misunderstood how managers use intuition in making business decisions.3. It can be inferred from the text that which of the following would most probably be one major difference in behavior between Manager X, who uses intuition to reach decisions, and Manager Y, who uses only formal decis

14、ion analysis？A Manager X analyzes first and then acts； Manager Y does not.B Manager X checks possible solutions to a problem by systematic analysis； Manager Y does not.C Manager X takes action in order to arrive at the solution to a problem； Manager Y does not.D Manager Y draws on years of hands-on

15、experience in creating a solution to a problem； Manager X does not.4. The text provides support for which of the following statements？A Managers who rely on intuition are more successful than those who rely on formal decision analysis.B Managers cannot justify their intuitive decisions.C Managers in

16、tuition works contrary to their rational and analytical skills.D Intuition enables managers to employ their practical experience more efficiently.5. Which of the following best describes the organization of the first paragraph of the text？A An assertion is made and a specific supporting example is g

17、iven.B A conventional model is dismissed and an alternative introduced.C The results of recent research are introduced and summarized.D Two opposing points of view are presented and evaluated.答案與考點解析1. 答案D考點解析這是一道歸納推導(dǎo)題。本題題干中的senior managers暗示本題的答案信息在第三段,因為第三段首句包含題干中的senior managers。通過仔細(xì)閱讀和理解本段中所談到的五

18、點,我們可推導(dǎo)出本題的正確選項是選項D.本題選項A、B、C所涉及的內(nèi)容分別在本段的第五點、第一點和第三點提到。考生在解題時一定要學(xué)會認(rèn)真歸納和總結(jié)原文所表達的每一層含義。2. 答案D考點解析這是一道句間關(guān)系題。題干已將本題的答案信息圈定在第二段。本段中的第二句是本題答案信息的最主要來源,通過閱讀和理解此句,我們可推導(dǎo)出本題的正確選項是D.考生在解題時一定要適當(dāng)理解上下句之間的關(guān)系。3. 答案C考點解析本題是一道審題定位題。題干中的who uses intuition to reach decisions暗示本題的答案信息在第四段,因為第四段首句含有和題干中who uses intuition

19、to reach decisions大致相同的the intuitive style of executive management。通過仔細(xì)閱讀和理解第四段的每一句話,我們可發(fā)現(xiàn)第四段的第一句話都在強調(diào)act（行動）,可見本題的正確選項應(yīng)該是強調(diào)行動的選項C.本題的答案信息來源是第四段的第二句話。考生在解題時一定要首先準(zhǔn)確地審題定位,然后要善于歸納和理解原文中的中心主旨信息。4. 答案D考點解析本題是一道審題定位題。題干中并沒有明確指出本題答案信息在原文的準(zhǔn)確位置。在這種情況下,考生往往迷失解題思路。在考生迷失解題思路時一定要牢記全文中心主旨,并且抓住各段的核心句。本文的中心主旨句在第一段的

20、尾句。如果考生能夠抓住第一段的尾句,并結(jié)合第三段的第四、五句,就可以推導(dǎo)出本題的正確選項應(yīng)該是D.考生在解題時,尤其是在迷失解題思路時,一定要首先抓全文的中心主旨句,同時還要抓一些明確表示啟承轉(zhuǎn)合關(guān)系的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。5. 答案B考點解析本題是一道段落結(jié)構(gòu)題。第一句話中的do not和第二句句首的rather是破解本題的關(guān)鍵。抓住這兩個關(guān)鍵就可以推導(dǎo)出本題的正確選項應(yīng)該是B.考生在解題時一定要注意表示否定的詞語以及表示啟承轉(zhuǎn)合的詞語,更要注意句子之間的相互關(guān)系。參考譯文 大部分成功的高層管理人員并不拘泥于傳統(tǒng)的推理模式,即：首先確定目標(biāo),然后估定問題,擺出各種可能性,估計成功率,再做決定,最后才付諸

21、行動去實施。相反,在這些人的日常決策過程中,他們靠一種定義模糊的直覺應(yīng)付大量相關(guān)問題,這些問題使他們必須在一堆含糊不清,自相矛盾,奇特?zé)o比或者令人驚異的事物中做抉擇,而且在考慮過程中就要有相應(yīng)的行動。管理學(xué)作品的寫作者早就注意到了實踐當(dāng)中一些管理者對直覺依賴很強。不過總的來說,這些寫作者未曾表達出什么叫做直覺。有些人將其視作理性的對立面,還有人認(rèn)為它是反復(fù)無常的（做法、性格）的一個借口。Isenberg最近對高層管理人員認(rèn)知過程的研究揭示了管理者的直覺并不是上述的任何一種情況。高層管理者是在五個不同的方面使用直覺。首先,他們直覺地感到有問題存在。第二,依靠直覺,管理者們能很快表現(xiàn)出有教養(yǎng)的行為

22、方式。這種直覺并不是任意,非理性的,而是在多年實踐磨練,和親身體驗培養(yǎng)出的技能的基礎(chǔ)上形成。第三,直覺把一些零散的數(shù)據(jù)和實際情況組合為一個完整畫面,這經(jīng)常表現(xiàn)為一聲Aha式的體驗。第四,有些管理者也應(yīng)用直覺來檢驗更理性化分析的結(jié)果。大部分高層管理人員熟知傳統(tǒng)的決策分析模式和工具,那些使用這些正式的系統(tǒng)化方法做出決定的人經(jīng)常會對一種情況保持警惕,那就是有時此方法得出的結(jié)論和他們對正確行為的感覺不符。最后,管理者可通過直覺繞開深奧的分析而快速產(chǎn)生一個可能的解決辦法。這么使用時,直覺幾乎是一個瞬間的思維過程,這一模式為管理者所熟悉。這些管理者用直覺方式的一個特點是思考和行動不能分開。由于（在這種方式

23、中）管理者在分析和解釋問題之前就已經(jīng)明白應(yīng)該怎么去做,他們經(jīng)常是先行動,后解釋。在思考?D行動的循環(huán)中,分析是必不可少的。在這其中管理者們不是靠分析他們面對的形勢來思考其公司、組織的情況,而是行動和分析在高度一致地進行。由于管理者們經(jīng)常面對許多不確定的情況,他們鼓勵采取各種行動來對問題作一番深入了解。他們藉此對問題做出更深的體會。這種思考行為循環(huán)的一個特點即：行動是確定問題的一部分,而不只是解決問題的步驟?？佳杏⒄Z閱讀理解模擬試題及解析二Roger Rosenblatts book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather th

24、an sociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes, criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history. Addison Gayles recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by ove

25、rtly political standards, rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds.Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances，its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instrume

26、nts of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. Rosenblatts literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored.Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfact

27、ory answers to a number of questions. First of all, is there a sufficient reason, other than the facial identity of the authors, to group together works by Black authors？Second, how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous？ Rosenblatt

28、 shows that Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable， coherent literary tradition. Looking at novels written by Black over the last eighty years, he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology. These structures are thematic, and they spring

29、, not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly white culture, whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it.Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open. Rosenblatts thematic analysis permits considerable objec

30、tivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works ?D yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a d

31、efect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic? In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomeys Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against wh

32、ich Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression？In spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process

33、 some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnsons Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is tightly constructed, and its forthright, lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.1. The author of the text is primarily concerned with _.A Evaluating the soun

34、dness of a work of criticism.B Comparing various critical approaches to a subject.C Discussing the limitations of a particular kind of criticism.D Summarizing the major points made in a work of criticism.2. The author of the text believes that Black Fiction would have been improved had Rosenblatt _.

35、A Evaluated more carefully the ideological and historical aspects of Black fiction.B Attempted to be more objective in his approach to novels and stories by Black authors.C Explored in greater detail the recurrent thematic concerns of Black fiction throughout its history.D Assessed the relative lite

36、rary merit of the novels he analyzes thematically.3.The authors discussion of Black Fiction can be best described as _.A Pedantic and contentious.B Critical but admiring.C Ironic and deprecating.D Argumentative but unfocused.4.The author of the text employs all of the following in the discussion of

37、Rosenblatts book EXCEPT： _.A Rhetorical questions.B Specific examples.C Comparison and contrast.D Definition of terms.5. The author of the text refers to James Weldon Johnsons Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man most probably in order to _.A point out affinities between Rosenblatts method of thematic

38、 analysis and earlier criticism.B Clarify the point about expressionistic style made earlier in the passage.C Qualify the assessment of Rosenblatts book made in the first paragraph of the passage.D give a specific example of one of the accomplishments of Rosenblatts work.答案與考點解析答案A考點解析這是一道中心主旨題。通過閱讀

39、本文各段尤其是首段第一句和尾段第一句，我們可以推斷出本題的正確選項應(yīng)該是突出“evaluating”（評價）一詞的選項A.考生在解題時一定要注意段落的中心主旨句，以及每句話所表達的內(nèi)含和作用。答案D考點解析這是一道審題定位與反推題。從本題題干中的“would have been improved”可推斷出考生要在原文中尋找到談?wù)撃骋环矫妗安蛔恪钡牡胤?。尾段首句的“such omissions”（這樣的忽略）暗示本題的答案信息來源應(yīng)該在倒數(shù)第二段。通過仔細(xì)閱讀和理解倒數(shù)第二段，可將本題的答案信息來源確定在倒數(shù)第二段的第二句。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段第二句的內(nèi)容進行反推，就可得出本題的正確選項是D.考生在解

40、題時一定要具備利用上下段之間的關(guān)系迅速審題定位的能力，更要具備反推即逆向思維的能力。答案B考點解析這是一道歸納推導(dǎo)題。從本題的題干可以看出本題的答案信息來源不局限于某一段或某一句，而是涉及全文的從頭至尾。但是只要抓住全文的中心主旨句就可以得出本題的正確答案B.本文的中心主旨句是第一段的首句和尾段的首句?？忌诮忸}時一定要抓住中心主旨句，并且對它們所表達的內(nèi)容要進行分析和歸納。答案D考點解析這是一道寫作手法題型。本題型旨在考察考生的語言基本功。這是一道較難的題目。本題A、B、C所涉及的內(nèi)容可分別在第三段的第二、三句、第四段的第三句以及第一段的第三句里找到。第一段的第三句涉及B和C兩個選項。選項D

41、“definition of terms”（給詞語下定義）在原文中沒有涉及，故本選項是正確答案。考生在解題時一定要注意英文中常見的寫作手段。答案D考點解析這是一道例（舉）證題。通過題干中的“Weldon Johnsons Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man”可將本題的答案信息來源迅速確定在尾段的第二句，本句中的“l(fā)ike”（例如）一詞暗示本題的正確選項應(yīng)該是含有“specific example”的選項D.考生在解題時一定要注意原文中某些關(guān)鍵詞的應(yīng)用和理解。參考譯文羅杰？羅森布萊特的著作黑人小說，試圖運用文學(xué)的而不是社會政治的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來研究黑人小說，這成功地改變了

42、大多數(shù)早先研究的方法。如羅森布萊特所注意到的，黑人著作的評論經(jīng)常被充當(dāng)為一種闡述黑人歷史的借口。例如，阿狄森？蓋爾的最新著作，就用了公開的政治標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來判定黑人小說的價值，按照作品中所提出的黑人個體的各觀念對每個作品進行評價。雖然小說確實是源于政治環(huán)境，但作者反映這些環(huán)境的方法是非意識形態(tài)的，如把小說和故事的討論作為意識形態(tài)的工具，則會忽視了許多小說的成就。羅森？布萊特對黑人文學(xué)的分析揭示了黑人小說著作間的密切關(guān)系和聯(lián)系，而純粹政治研究中忽視了這些聯(lián)系。然而寫出為人所接受的黑人小說評論的前提是要對許多問題做出令人滿意的回答。首先，除了這些作家的種族身份外，是否有充分的理由可將黑人作家的作品歸于一類

43、？其次，黑人小說如何將自己和其他現(xiàn)代小說分開？它們大半屬于同一時代的作品。羅森布萊特的研究闡明了黑人小說已構(gòu)成了一個與眾不同的作品群體，它們具有可識別的、連貫的文學(xué)傳統(tǒng)。著眼于最近八十年黑人創(chuàng)作的小說，羅森布萊特揭示了小說中與時代無關(guān)而反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的側(cè)重點和布局。這些結(jié)構(gòu)與主題相關(guān)，并不讓人感到驚奇的是，它們源于這樣一個中心事實，即小說中的黑人生存在一個白人文化支配的環(huán)境中，不管他們試圖迎合這一文化還是反叛這一文化。黑人小說確實對一些美學(xué)的問題沒有給予回答，羅森布萊特的主題分析允許相當(dāng)?shù)目陀^性；他甚至直言，對各個作品的優(yōu)劣判定不是他工作的意圖?D?D然而他的猶豫看起來是不合時宜的，尤其是因為嘗試評

44、定可能會導(dǎo)致一些有趣的結(jié)果。例如，一些小說所顯示的結(jié)構(gòu)散漫冗長。這是否是一個缺陷，或者是作者這樣做是出于一種美學(xué)考慮，還是作者試圖創(chuàng)造一種不同類的美學(xué)？另外，象金？圖莫的手杖那樣的黑人小說風(fēng)格，近于表現(xiàn)主義和超現(xiàn)實主義；難道這個技巧只是用更自然主義的表現(xiàn)方式為表達流行的黑人英勇反抗命運的主題提供一個對應(yīng)物嗎？盡管存在這些遺漏，羅森布萊特所做的包括他的討論，已包括了足以構(gòu)成精明而有價值的研究內(nèi)容。黑人小說考察了廣泛的小說，在此過程中我們的注意力被吸引到一些引人入勝但鮮為人知的作品上，如詹姆士？威爾頓？約翰遜的一個曾是有色人的自傳。這本書的主題結(jié)構(gòu)緊密，直率、明晰的風(fēng)格例示了一種冷靜而敏銳的文學(xué)評

45、論?？佳杏⒄Z閱讀理解模擬試題及解析三Bernard Bailyn has recently reinterpreted the early history of the United States by applying new social research findings on the experiences of European migrants. In his reinterpretation, migration becomes the organizing principle for rewriting the history of preindustrial North Am

46、erica. His approach rests on four separate propositions.The first of these asserts that residents of early modern England moved regularly about their countryside; migrating to the New World was simply a natural spillover. Although at first the colonies held little positive attraction for the English

47、 ?D they would rather have stayed home ?D by the eighteenth century people increasingly migrated to America because they regarded it as the land of opportunity. Secondly, Bailyn holds that, contrary to the notion that used to flourish in America history textbooks, there was never a typical New World

48、 community. For example, the economic and demographic character of early New England towns varied considerably.Bailyns third proposition suggest two general patterns prevailing among the many thousands of migrants: one group came as indentured servants, another came to acquire land. Surprisingly, Ba

49、ilyn suggests that those who recruited indentured servants were the driving forces of transatlantic migration. These colonial entrepreneurs helped determine the social character of people who came to preindustrial North America. At first, thousands of unskilled laborers were recruited; by the 1730s,

50、 however, American employers demanded skilled artisans.Finally, Bailyn argues that the colonies were a half-civilized hinterland of the European culture system. He is undoubtedly correct to insist that the colonies were part of an Anglo-American empire. But to divide the empire into English core and

51、 colonial periphery, as Bailyn does, devalues the achievements of colonial culture. It is true, as Bailyn claims, that high culture in the colonies never matched that in England. But what of seventeenth-century New England, where the settlers created effective laws, built a distinguished university,

52、 and published books？ Bailyn might respond that New England was exceptional. However, the ideas and institutions developed by New England Puritans had powerful effects on North American culture.Although Bailyn goes on to apply his approach to some thousands of indentured servants who migrated just p

53、rior to the revolution, he fails to link their experience with the political development of the United States. Evidence presented in his work suggests how we might make such a connection. These indentured servants were treated as slaves for the period during which they had sold their time to America

54、n employers. It is not surprising that as soon as they served their time they passed up good wages in the cities and headed west to ensure their personal independence by acquiring land. Thus, it is in the west that a peculiarly American political culture began, among colonists who were suspicious of

55、 authority and intensely anti-aristocratic.Which of the following statements about migrants to colonial North America is supported by information in the text？A A larger percentage of migrants to colonial North America came as indentured servants than as free agents interested in acquiring land.B Mig

56、rants who came to the colonies as indentured servants were more successful at making a livelihood than were farmers and artisans.C Migrants to colonial North America were more successful at acquiring their own land during the eighteenth century than during the seventeenth century.D By the 1730s,migr

57、ants already skilled in a trade were in more demand by American employers than were unskilled laborers.The author of the text states that Bailyn failed toA Give sufficient emphasis to the cultural and political interdependence of the colonies and England.B Describe carefully how migrants of different ethnic backgrounds preserved their culture in the United States.C Take advantage of social research on the experiences of colonists who migrated to colonial North America specifica