經(jīng)管學(xué)會網(wǎng)盤光華方向?qū)I(yè)財(cái)會

1、第七章 資本來源：負(fù)債 一、負(fù)債的性質(zhì)與類別 二、流動負(fù)債 三、非流動負(fù)債 一、負(fù)債的性質(zhì)與類別 w負(fù)債的性質(zhì) w負(fù)債的一般分類 Defined as debts or obligations arising from past transactions or events.Maturity = 1 year or lessMaturity 1 yearCurrent LiabilitiesNoncurrent Liabilities負(fù)債的性質(zhì)w 負(fù)債是負(fù)債是企業(yè)對債權(quán)人所承擔(dān)的經(jīng)濟(jì)責(zé)任；或曰債權(quán)人對企業(yè)資產(chǎn)的要求權(quán)。 w 會計(jì)所確認(rèn)的負(fù)債必須同時(shí)具備下列特征：會計(jì)所確認(rèn)的負(fù)債必須同時(shí)具備下列

2、特征：（1）由企業(yè)已完成的經(jīng)濟(jì)業(yè)務(wù)所引起；（2）能夠用貨幣計(jì)量； （3）將來須以提供資產(chǎn)（如現(xiàn)金）、勞務(wù)等方式予以清償。 負(fù)債的一般分類 w 企業(yè)的負(fù)債應(yīng)按其流動性流動性，分為流動負(fù)債和非流動負(fù)債w 負(fù)債滿足下列條件之一的，應(yīng)歸為流動負(fù)債：n預(yù)計(jì)在一個(gè)正常營業(yè)周期中清償。n自資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表日起一年內(nèi)到期應(yīng)予以清償。n企業(yè)無權(quán)自主地將清償推遲至資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表日后一年以上。w 流動負(fù)債以外的負(fù)債應(yīng)當(dāng)歸類為非流動負(fù)債，并應(yīng)按其性質(zhì)分類列示。二、流動負(fù)債 w 應(yīng)付金額確定的流動負(fù)債。應(yīng)付金額確定的流動負(fù)債。n短期借款短期借款n應(yīng)付帳款應(yīng)付帳款n應(yīng)付職工薪酬應(yīng)付職工薪酬n預(yù)收帳款預(yù)收帳款w 應(yīng)付金額須視經(jīng)營情況

3、而定的流動負(fù)債。應(yīng)付金額須視經(jīng)營情況而定的流動負(fù)債。w 應(yīng)付金額須予估計(jì)的流動負(fù)債。應(yīng)付金額須予估計(jì)的流動負(fù)債。 w 或有事項(xiàng)或有事項(xiàng)/ /負(fù)債負(fù)債 應(yīng)付金額須視經(jīng)營情況而定的流動負(fù)債w 特點(diǎn)：特點(diǎn)： 只有到期末計(jì)算出本期的經(jīng)營結(jié)果（利潤）后，才能相應(yīng)計(jì)算出負(fù)債金額，如應(yīng)交稅金（如所得稅）、應(yīng)付股利等。（注：期末時(shí)，這類負(fù)債的金額也是“確定”的，但“日常”利潤形成過程中，其金額是無法確定的。) 應(yīng)付金額須予估計(jì)的流動負(fù)債w 特點(diǎn)：特點(diǎn)：負(fù)債金額須依據(jù)過去的經(jīng)驗(yàn)等進(jìn)行估計(jì)。n產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量保證債務(wù)，產(chǎn)品銷售當(dāng)期（月）確認(rèn)時(shí)，按銷售收入的一定百分比估算，借記“營業(yè)（銷售）費(fèi)用”，貸記“產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量保證債務(wù)（

4、應(yīng)付保修費(fèi)）”；實(shí)際發(fā)生保修支出時(shí)，借記“產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量保證債務(wù)（應(yīng)付保修費(fèi)）”，貸記“現(xiàn)金”等。An existing uncertain situation involving potential loss depending on whether some future event occurs. Two factors affect whether a loss contingency must be accrued and reported as a liability:1. The likelihood that the confirming event will occur.2. Wh

5、ether the loss amount can be reasonably estimated.或有事項(xiàng)/負(fù)債w 或有事項(xiàng)：或有事項(xiàng)：涉及不確定性的事項(xiàng)，如未決訴訟（可能勝訴，也可能敗訴）、為他人債務(wù)所作的擔(dān)保（可能無須承擔(dān)實(shí)際責(zé)任，也可能要承擔(dān)連帶清償責(zé)任）、應(yīng)收票據(jù)貼現(xiàn)（當(dāng)出票人不履行付款義務(wù)時(shí)，承擔(dān)連帶清償責(zé)任）等。w 或有負(fù)債的主要問題是或有負(fù)債的主要問題是：在資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表日，還不能確定這些負(fù)債是否業(yè)已存在。或有事項(xiàng)/負(fù)債（續(xù)1）w 對于或有負(fù)債，一般不予“正式”確認(rèn)入帳，因?yàn)?，它不完全符合?fù)債的基本規(guī)定。w 但是，由于這種“潛在”的責(zé)任一旦成立，將對企業(yè)財(cái)務(wù)狀況產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重影響，所以，

6、如果不作任何披露，會誤導(dǎo)投資者?；蛴惺马?xiàng)/負(fù)債（續(xù)2）w 或有負(fù)債的披露方式：或有負(fù)債的披露方式：（1）如果只是具有“合理的可能性”（即一般的可能性），如剛為他人提供擔(dān)保，則不“確認(rèn)”，但須作表外披露；（2）如果具有“很大的可能性”（如被擔(dān)保人到期債務(wù)未能清償），則應(yīng)“確認(rèn)”入帳；（3）如果具有“很大可能性”的或有負(fù)債的金額不好確定（如未決訴訟），通常按履行相關(guān)現(xiàn)時(shí)義務(wù)所需支出的最佳估計(jì)數(shù)進(jìn)行計(jì)量。 Estimated losses from loss contingencies are accrued as liabilities if:1.It is probable that a lia

7、bility has been incurred, and2.The amount of loss can be reasonably estimated.The interpretation of these terms is often based on lawyers opinions. w A study of 126 lawsuits lost by publicly traded companies found that 7(5.6%)were accrued in prior years financial statements before the suit was decid

8、ed,45(35.7%)were not mentioned in prior years financial statements, and 74(58.7) were mentioned in a footnote.Of those mentioned in a footnote, 9 (7.1%)were with a strong disclaimer of liability, 60(47.6)conceded the possibility of a liability,and only 5(4%)provided en estimated amount.Journal of Ac

9、countancy ,90三、長期負(fù)債w 長期借款長期借款w 應(yīng)付債券應(yīng)付債券長期借款w “長期借款”用于核算長期借款本金及應(yīng)付利息。w 本金借入時(shí)，借記“銀行存款”，貸記“長期借款”。 長期借款w 長期借款往往與固定資產(chǎn)購建相聯(lián)系，此時(shí)，固定資產(chǎn)竣工結(jié)算前的應(yīng)計(jì)利息，定期計(jì)入“在建工程”，貸記“長期借款”； 固定資產(chǎn)竣工結(jié)算后的應(yīng)計(jì)利息，借記“財(cái)務(wù)費(fèi)用”，貸記“長期借款”。w 付息和/或還本時(shí)，借記“長期借款”，貸記“銀行存款”。 某企業(yè)在1994年初向銀行借入期限為4年的借款500000元，年利率為10%，每年計(jì)息一次，復(fù)利計(jì)算，到期一次還本付息。借款用于購建一條新的生產(chǎn)流水線，假定該工程

10、兩年后完工交付使用并辦妥竣工決算手續(xù)。長期借款（例）長期借款（例） 每年應(yīng)計(jì)利息計(jì)算如下：第1年應(yīng)計(jì)利息：50000010% = 50000（元）第2年應(yīng)計(jì)利息： 550000 10%= 55000（元）第3年應(yīng)計(jì)利息：605000 10% = 60500（元）第4年應(yīng)計(jì)利息：665000 10% = 66550（元）4年應(yīng)計(jì)利息合計(jì)： 232050（元）第4年末到期應(yīng)付本利和為： 500000 + 232050 = 732050 （元）長期借款（例）長期借款（例）w 取得借款時(shí)： 借：銀行存款 500000 貸：長期借款 500000w 第1年末將借款利息50000元計(jì)入工程成本時(shí)： 借：在

11、建工程 50000 貸：長期借款 50000長期借款（例）長期借款（例）w 第2年末將借款利息55000元計(jì)入工程成本，在建工程完工，固定資產(chǎn)交付使用： 借：在建工程 55000 貸：長期借款 55000 借：固定資產(chǎn) 605000 貸：在建工程 605000（假定企業(yè)前已將500000元投入工程）長期借款（例）長期借款（例）w 第3年末將借款利息60500元計(jì)入財(cái)務(wù)費(fèi)用： 借：財(cái)務(wù)費(fèi)用 60500 貸：長期借款 60500w 第4年末歸還借款本息時(shí)： 借：長期借款 665500 財(cái)務(wù)費(fèi)用 66550 貸：銀行存款 732050長期借款（例）長期借款（例）應(yīng)付債券w 應(yīng)付債券應(yīng)付債券n長期債券

12、是企業(yè)籌集長期使用資金而發(fā)行的一種書面憑證。Long-term LiabilitiesMeasurement and ValuationRecord long-term liabilities at the fair value of the goods or services received.Interest expense is based on the interest rate on the date of the debt issuance and the balance of the liability.Book value is the of all future cash p

13、ayments, discounted at the market interest rate at issuance.Bonds PayableCash FlowCompany Issuing BondsInvestor Buying BondsBond Selling PriceBond CertificateAt Bond Issuance DateBonds PayableCash FlowCompany Issuing BondsInvestor Buying BondsFace Value Payment at End of Bond TermInterest Payments O

14、ver Bond TermBonds Payable BOND PAYABLEFace Value $1,000Interest 10%6/30 & 12/31Maturity Date 1/1/X5Bond Date 1/1/X01. Face Value = Maturity or Par Value2. Maturity Date3. Stated Interest Rate 4. Interest Payment Dates5. Bond DateBond Pricesw Market rate = stated ratenBonds sell at face or par v

15、alue.w Market rate stated ratenBonds sell at a (below face value).w Market rate stated ratenBonds sell at a (above face value).INTEREST RATES AND BOND PRICES BONDCONTRACTUALINTERESTRATE 10%Issuedwhen:8%10%12%PremiumFace ValueDiscountMarket Rates Bonds Sell at:How much is a future amount worth today?

16、Present ValueFutureValueInterest compounding periodsTodayTwo types of cash flows are involved with bonds:Today Principal payment at maturity is a lump sum payment.Periodic (interest) payments called annuities.MaturityBonds Issued at Face Value on Bond DateOn 12/31/X0 Graphics Inc. issues 10 bonds at

17、 face value. The market interest rate is 10%. The bonds have the following terms:Face Value = $1,000Maturity Date = 12/31/X5 (5 years) Stated Interest Rate = 10%Interest Dates = 6/30 & 12/31Bond Date = 12/31/X0Prepare the journal entry to record the issuance of the bonds on 12/31/X0.Bonds Issued

18、 at Face Value on Bond DateGENERAL JOURNALPage 77DateDescriptionPost. Ref.DebitCreditPrepare the journal entry to record the issuance of the bonds on 12/31/X0.Bonds Issued at Face Value on Bond DateGENERAL JOURNALPage 77DateDescriptionPost.Ref.DebitCreditDec 31 Cash10,000 Bonds Payable10,000To recor

19、d bond issue10 $1,000 = $10,000Long-term LiabilityPrepare the journal entry required every 6/30 and 12/31 to pay interest. Bonds Issued at Face Value on Bond DateGENERAL JOURNALPage 77DateDescriptionPost. Ref.DebitCreditPrepare the journal entry required every 6/30 and 12/31 to pay interest. Bonds I

20、ssued at Face Value on Bond DateGENERAL JOURNALPage 77DateDescriptionPost.Ref.DebitCreditJun30 Interest Expense500& Cash500Dec 31 To record bond interest payments$10,000 10% 1/2 = $500Prepare the journal entry to record the maturity of the bond on 12/31/X5. Bonds Issued at Face Value on Bond Dat

21、eGENERAL JOURNALPage 77DateDescriptionPost. Ref.DebitCreditPrepare the journal entry to record the maturity of the bond on 12/31/X5. Bonds Issued at Face Value on Bond DateGENERAL JOURNALPage 77DateDescriptionPost. Ref.DebitCreditDec31 Bonds Payable10,000 Cash10,000To record bond retirement Bonds Is

22、sued Above Face Value on Bond DateWhat happens when the market interest rates are different from the bonds stated interest rate?For example, the market is earning 8%. Would you want to invest in Graphics Inc.s 10% bond? What happens when the market interest rates are different from the bonds stated

23、interest rate?For example, the market is earning 8%. Would you want to invest in Graphics Inc.s 10% bond? Bonds Issued Above Face Value on Bond DateYES!Bonds Issued Above Face Value on Bond Date If the bond is paying 10% interest and the market is paying 8% interest, Graphics Inc. would:Sell the bon

24、d above face value-at a premiumBUTPay interest on only the face valueANDRepay only the face value at maturity.Bonds Issued Above Face Value on Bond DateThis arrangement will the effective interest rate of Graphics Inc. bonds to the market rate.Bonds Issued Above Face Value on Bond DateOn 12/31/X0 Gr

25、aphics Inc. sells 1,000 bonds at 108.1105. The market interest rate is 8%. The bonds have the following terms:Face Value = $1,000Maturity Date = 12/31/X5 (5 years)Stated Interest Rate = 10%Interest Dates = 6/30 & 12/31Bond Date = 12/31/X0Bonds Issued Above Face Value on Bond DateHow much cash is

26、 Graphics Inc. going to receive for the entire bond issue?Bonds Issued Above Face Value on Bond DateHow much cash is Graphics Inc. going to receive for the entire bond issue?$1,000 face value 1,000 sold = $1,000,000 $1,000,000 108.1105% = $1,081,105 cashBonds Issued Above Face Value on Bond DateGrap

27、hics Inc. agrees to repay the full face value at maturity.$1,000 face value 1,000 sold = $1,000,000Bonds Issued Above Face Value on Bond DateThe difference between the face value of the bonds and the cash received is the .$1,081,105 - $1,000,000 = $81,105The premium is a reduction in the interest fa

28、ctor for Graphics Inc. The premium will be to Interest Expense.Bonds Issued Above Face Value on Bond DatePrepare the journal entry to record the issue of the bonds on 12/31/X0.GENERAL JOURNALPage 77DateDescriptionPost. Ref.DebitCreditBonds Issued Above Face Value on Bond DatePrepare the journal entr

29、y to record the issue of the bonds on 12/31/X0.GENERAL JOURNALPage 77DateDescriptionPost. Ref.DebitCreditDec31 Cash1,081,105 Prem ium on Bonds Payable 81,105 Bonds Payable1,000,000To record bond issue at prem iumAdjunct-LiabilityAccountBonds Issued Above Face Value on Bond DateBook Value Partial Bal

30、ance Sheet at 12/31/X0Long-term Liabilities: Bonds Payable 1,000,000$ Add: Premium on Bonds Payable81,105 1,081,105$ Maturity ValueBonds Issued Above Face Value on Bond DatePrepare the journal entries required every 6/30 and 12/31. Use straight-line amortization of the premium. (The interest method

31、will be discussed later in the lecture.)Bonds Issued Above Face Value on Bond DateGENERAL JOURNALPage 77DateDescriptionPost.Ref.DebitCreditJun 30 Interest Expense50,000& Cash50,000Dec 31 To record bond interest payment$1,000,000 10% 1/2= $50,000 In addition to the interest payment entry, we also

32、 need to amortize the premium to Interest Expense.Bonds Issued Above Face Value on Bond DateGENERAL JOURNALPage 77DateDescriptionPost.Ref.DebitCreditJun 30 Interest Expense50,000& Cash50,000Dec 31 To record bond interest payment$1,000,000 10% 1/2= $50,000 Jun 30 Premium on Bonds Payable8,111&

33、; Interest Expense8,111Dec 31 To record premium amortization $81,105 5 yrs. = $16,221 per year $16,221 2 = $8,111 roundedBonds Issued Above Face Value on Bond DatePremium on Bonds Payable 81,1058,111 72,994As the premium account is amortized, the book value of the bonds payable decreases toward the

34、maturity value.Bonds Issued Above Face Value on Bond DateBook Value Partial Balance Sheet at 6/30/X1Long-term Liabilities: Bonds Payable 1,000,000$ Add: Premium on Bonds Payable72,994 1,072,994$ Maturity ValueBonds Issued Above Face Value on Bond DateNow, lets calculate how Graphics, Inc. determined

35、 the selling price of the bond.Bonds Issued Above Face Value on Bond DateInterest Methodw Interest Expense for each period is calculated as follows: Book Value of Bond at Beginning of PeriodMarket Interest Rate at Date of Bond Issuance Interest Expensew The amortization for the discount or premium i

36、s calculated as follows: Cash Payment for Interest - Interest Expense Amortization Amount Interest Method Amortization TableABCDEInterest InterestPremiumUnamortizedBookDatePayment Expense AmortizationPremiumValue1/1/X181,105$ 1,081,105$ 6/30/X150,000$ 43,244$ 6,756$ 74,349 1,074,349 12/31/X150,000 4

37、2,974 7,026 67,323 1,067,323 A: $1,000,000 10% 1/2= $50,000B: $1,074,349 4% = $42,974C: $50,000 - $42,974 = $7,026D: $74,349 - $7,026 = $67,323E: $1,000,000 + $67,323 = $1,067,323Interest Method Amortization TableABCDEInterest InterestPremiumUnamortizedBookDatePayment Expense AmortizationPremiumValu

38、e1/1/X181,105$ 1,081,105$ 6/30/X150,000$ 43,244$ 6,756$ 74,349 1,074,349 12/31/X150,000 42,974 7,026 67,323 1,067,323 6/30/X250,000 42,693 7,307 60,016 1,060,016 12/31/X250,000 42,401 7,599 52,417 1,052,417 6/30/X350,000 42,097 7,903 44,514 1,044,514 12/31/X350,000 41,781 8,219 36,295 1,036,295 6/30

39、/X450,000 41,452 8,548 27,747 1,027,747 12/31/X450,000 41,110 8,890 18,857 1,018,857 6/30/X550,000 40,754 9,246 9,611 1,009,611 12/31/X550,000 40,389 9,611 0 1,000,000 * RoundedBonds Issued Below Face Value on Bond DateWhat happens when the market interest rates are different from the bonds stated i

40、nterest rate?For example, the market is earning 12%. Would you want to invest in Graphics Inc.s 10% bond? Bonds Issued Below Face Value on Bond DateWhat happens when the market interest rates are different from the bonds stated interest rate?For example, the market is earning 12%. Would you want to

41、invest in Graphics Inc.s 10% bond? NO!Bonds Issued Below Face Value on Bond DateIf the bond is paying 10% interest and the market is paying 12% interest, Graphics Inc. would:Sell the bond below face value-at a discountBUTPay interest on the full face valueANDRepay the full face value at maturity.Bon

42、ds Issued Below Face Value on Bond DateThis arrangement will the effective interest rate of Graphics Inc. bonds to the market rate.Bonds Issued Below Face Value on Bond DateOn 12/31/X0 Graphics Inc. sells 1,000 bonds at 92.6395. The market interest rate is 12%. The bonds have the following terms:Fac

43、e Value = $1,000Maturity Date = 12/31/X5 (5 years)Stated Interest Rate = 10%Interest Dates = 6/30 & 12/31Bond Date = 12/31/X0Bonds Issued Below Face Value on Bond DateHow much cash is Graphics Inc. going to receive for the entire bond issue?Bonds Issued Below Face Value on Bond DateHow much cash

44、 is Graphics Inc. going to receive for the entire bond issue?$1,000 face value 1,000 sold = $1,000,000 $1,000,000 92.6395% = $926,395 cashBonds Issued Below Face Value on Bond DateGraphics Inc. agrees to repay the full face value at maturity.$1,000 face value 1,000 sold = $1,000,000Bonds Issued Belo

45、w Face Value on Bond DateThe difference between the face value of the bonds and the cash received is the discount.$1,000,000 - $926,395 = $73,605The discount is an additional interest factor for Graphics Inc. The discount will be to Interest Expense. Bonds Issued Below Face Value on Bond DatePrepare

46、 the journal entry to record the issue of the bonds on 12/31/X0.GENERAL JOURNALPage 77DateDescriptionPost. Ref.DebitCreditBonds Issued Below Face Value on Bond DatePrepare the journal entry to record the issue of the bonds on 12/31/X0.GENERAL JOURNALPage 77DateDescriptionPost. Ref.DebitCreditDec 31

47、Cash926,395Discount on Bonds Payable73,605 Bonds Payable1,000,000To record bond issue at discountContra-LiabilityAccountBonds Issued Below Face Value on Bond DateBook Value Partial Balance Sheet at 12/31/X0Long-term Liabilities: Bonds Payable 1,000,000$ Less: Discount on Bonds Payable73,605 926,395$

48、 Maturity ValueBonds Issued Below Face Value on Bond DatePrepare the journal entries required every 6/30 and 12/31. Use straight-line amortization of the discount. (The interest method will be discussed later in the lecture.)Bonds Issued Below Face Value on Bond DateGENERAL JOURNALPage 77DateDescrip

49、tionPost.Ref.DebitCreditJun 30 Interest Expense50,000& Cash50,000Dec 31 To record bond interest payment$1,000,000 10% 1/2= $50,000In addition to the interest payment entry, we also need to amortize the discount to Interest Expense.Bonds Issued Below Face Value on Bond DateGENERAL JOURNALPage 77D

50、ateDescriptionPost.Ref.DebitCreditJun 30 Interest Expense50,000& Cash50,000Dec 31 To record bond interest payment$1,000,000 10% 1/2= $50,000 Jun 30 Interest Expense7,360& Discount on Bonds Payable7,360Dec 31 To record discount amortization $73,605 5 yrs. = $14,721 per year $14,721 2 = $7,360

51、 roundedBonds Issued Below Face Value on Bond DateDiscount on Bonds Payable73,605 7,36066,245As the discount account is amortized, the book value of the bonds payable increases toward the maturity value.Bonds Issued Below Face Value on Bond DateBook Value Partial Balance Sheet at 6/30/X1Long-term Li

52、abilities: Bonds Payable 1,000,000$ Less: Discount on Bonds Payable66,245 933,755$ Maturity ValueBonds Issued Below Face Value on Bond DateCalculate how Graphics, Inc. determined the selling price of the bond.Bonds Issued Below Face Value on Bond DateInterest Method Amortization TableABCDEInterest I

53、nterestDiscount UnamortizedBookDatePayment Expense AmortizationDiscountValue1/1/X173,605$ 926,395$ 6/30/X150,000$ 55,584$ 5,584$ 68,021 931,979 12/31/X150,000 55,919 5,919 62,102 937,898 A: $1,000,000 10% 1/2= $50,000B: $931,979 6% = $55,919C: $55,919 - $50,000 = $5,919D: $68,021 - $5,919 = $62,102E

54、: $1,000,000 - $62,102 = $937,898Interest Method Amortization TableABCDEInterest InterestDiscount UnamortizedBookDatePayment Expense AmortizationDiscountValue1/1/X173,605$ 926,395$ 6/30/X150,000$ 55,584$ 5,584$ 68,021 931,979 12/31/X150,000 55,919 5,919 62,102 937,898 6/30/X250,000 56,274 6,274 55,8

55、28 944,172 12/31/X250,000 56,650 6,650 49,178 950,822 6/30/X350,000 57,049 7,049 42,129 957,871 12/31/X350,000 57,472 7,472 34,657 965,343 6/30/X450,000 57,921 7,921 26,736 973,264 12/31/X450,000 58,396 8,396 18,340 981,660 6/30/X550,000 58,900 8,900 9,440 990,560 12/31/X550,000 59,434 9,440 - 1,000

56、,000 * RoundedInterest Method QuestionOn 1/1/X1 Graphics Inc. issued $1,000,000, 10%, 5-year bonds at a discount of 92.6395. The bonds pay interest semiannually. The market interest rate was 12%. Using the effective interest method, what would be the for the first 6 months?a. $60,000.00b. $55,583.70c. $73,605.00d. $46,319.75 Interest Method QuestionOn 1/1/X1 Graphics Inc. issued $1,000,000, 10%, 5-year bonds at a discount of 92.6395. The bonds pay interest semiannually. The market interest rate was 12%. Using the e