關(guān)鍵信息識(shí)別與濃縮

1、關(guān)鍵信息識(shí)別:語(yǔ)句根據(jù)其信息分布情況分為信息單位,小句(clause)常被看作一個(gè)信息單位:每一個(gè)信息單位中必然有一個(gè)負(fù)載最重要信息的成分,即 “信息焦點(diǎn)”.它是說(shuō)話人想要重點(diǎn)強(qiáng)調(diào)的信息,主要是新信息.v英語(yǔ)單句的焦點(diǎn)常在句子的尾部,即v除焦點(diǎn)信息外,還有比較新的信息,稱為重要信息包括焦點(diǎn)信息和重要信息,主要指焦點(diǎn)信息關(guān)鍵信息識(shí)別vE.g.vA. That he has kept talking about the heavy traffic to explain why he was late again is obvious.vB. It is obvious that he has ke

2、pt talking about the heavy traffic to explain why he was late again. (信息焦點(diǎn))vA句比較累贅,聽話人很難準(zhǔn)確及時(shí)理解信息,而B句遵循了次重要信息(obvious)到重要信息(he was kept talking about the heavy traffic),再到最重要信息(to explain why he was late again)的逐漸深入的原則,相對(duì)容易理解.聽話人在一定的舊信息基礎(chǔ)上理解(半)新信息,最后理解焦點(diǎn)信息,符合人們的認(rèn)知規(guī)律.關(guān)鍵信息識(shí)別v一般情況下,除強(qiáng)調(diào)句和倒裝句外,是:從一般到特定、從泛

3、指到特指、從已知到未知、從次重要到重要、從舊信息到（半）新信息，再到信息焦點(diǎn)。關(guān)鍵信息識(shí)別vE.g.vGreat efforts have beenvGreat efforts have been made by Chinese central governmentvGreat efforts have been made by Chinese central government to make surevGreat efforts have been made by Chinese central government to make sure that Chinese people ca

4、nvGreat efforts have been made by Chinese central government to make sure that Chinese people can have universal access tovGreat efforts have been made by Chinese central government to make sure that Chinese people can have universal access to the medical services.v信息逐漸釋放，但是直到最后才出現(xiàn)信息焦點(diǎn)： the medical

5、services 關(guān)鍵信息識(shí)別情況：v（1）。v e.g China is not only an engine for Asian economy but also an engine for global economyv（2）。v e.g. He is young, but he has made so many achievements.v she succeeded in the entrance examination though she did not work hard though.v vs. Though she did not work hard enough, she

6、 succeeded in the entrance examination. 關(guān)鍵信息識(shí)別v（3）。 e.g. He resigned as his health was decaying. vs. As his health was decaying, he resigned. You should have avoided the mistake if you had taken your parents advice. vs. If you had taken your parents advice, you should have avoided the mistake. The p

7、resident will remain calm and persevered no matter what difficulties he may encounter. vs. No matter what difficulties he may encounter, the president will remain calm and persevered. The European society is becoming a bit more chaotic as more and more immigrants are flocking in. vs. As more and mor

8、e immigrants are flocking in, the European society is becoming a bit more chaotic.關(guān)鍵信息識(shí)別v大多數(shù)情況下，是：從結(jié)論到分析，從結(jié)果到原因，從假設(shè)到前提，即重心前置。英語(yǔ)復(fù)句信息焦點(diǎn)分布沒(méi)有單句那么有規(guī)律性，但只要牢記信息焦點(diǎn)在主句，并進(jìn)行大量相關(guān)聽辯實(shí)踐，就很容易獲取關(guān)鍵信息。句子信息分布與句子成分v英語(yǔ)單句中，英語(yǔ)單句中，主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)都承載著不同的信息，其中前四種承載著大部分重要信息。v 主語(yǔ)：要么引出主題，要么引出上文并未出現(xiàn)的新主題即新信息，要么重復(fù)上文提出過(guò)的新信息（此處為半新信

9、息）；v 賓語(yǔ)或補(bǔ)語(yǔ)對(duì)主語(yǔ)處的新信息或半新信息進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明、闡釋、強(qiáng)調(diào)、歸納、分析等，從而產(chǎn)生本句內(nèi)部真正的新信息；v 謂語(yǔ)則連接主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)，其信息含量相對(duì)較少，且可以通過(guò)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)推理出來(lái)v因此：四大成分所承載的信息重要程度依次是：v一般來(lái)說(shuō)（除主謂句外），句子信息分為：）vE.g句子信息分布與句子成分vPast experience demonstrates that a partnership between China and the United States is beneficial to both nations.vThe rapid growth of Chinas eco

10、nomy has brought opportunities and benefits to many countries, in particular the United States.vStatistics show that among Chinas large and medium-sized industrial enterprises, large enterprises account for nearly 40 percent of the annual revenue.vChina aims to maintain average annual economic growt

11、h rate of 7.5% from 2006 to 2010.句子信息分布與句子成分 To continue efforts to cool investment growth in some overheated sectors, the government has made macro-economic control a top priority.vGovernor Huang said Guangdong has one of the most dynamic marketplaces in China plus well-developed foreign trade, and

12、 is overall an attractive place to invest in.vHong Kong has a sound legal and regulatory system, which undoubtedly attracts a huge volume of investment from the mainland and overseas.英語(yǔ)話語(yǔ)信息呈現(xiàn)規(guī)則v英語(yǔ)句子一般遵循末尾焦點(diǎn)原則，而本句的焦點(diǎn)信息即新信息到下文或許就成了半新信息或者重要信息而不再是焦點(diǎn)信息，從而引出更新信息，并以此類推。所以： 依此類推 句1 句2 信息轉(zhuǎn)移關(guān)鍵信息濃縮與信息儲(chǔ)存是口譯記憶非常

13、重要的一個(gè)操作,可以極大減輕譯員儲(chǔ)存負(fù)擔(dān)從而提高口譯效率v簡(jiǎn)化關(guān)鍵信息又成為,可以通過(guò)不同方式來(lái)完成.v (1)可以用簡(jiǎn)化了的語(yǔ)言符號(hào)、數(shù)學(xué)符號(hào)、標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)和特殊來(lái)完成，這些符號(hào)可以是大腦中的，也可以是書面的。vE.g. Chinas progress has aroused some fear in the world community. Some countries led by the United States are concerned about how China will use its ever-increasing strength.v關(guān)鍵信息可以濃縮為：中或C 美或US擔(dān)

14、或worry關(guān)鍵信息濃縮與信息儲(chǔ)存（2）可以借助大腦中的進(jìn)行記憶。vE.g The 15-year period following the Cold War has demonstrated that if China and the United States co-operate with each other, they not only find significant common interests on the strategic level but also realize conditions of mutual benefit in respective economic

15、 development.v本例可以通過(guò)形象化來(lái)記憶關(guān)鍵信息，即中美合作的情景以及給雙方帶來(lái)的經(jīng)濟(jì)戰(zhàn)略利益的相關(guān)圖畫；也可以選擇符號(hào)記憶或記錄，如 中美合 經(jīng)戰(zhàn)略關(guān)鍵信息濃縮與信息儲(chǔ)存v經(jīng)過(guò)符號(hào)或意象濃縮過(guò)的信息，在大腦或記錄紙上起到的是（）的作用，即可以激起或釋放整個(gè)意群的信息。v選擇什么形式的trigger會(huì)因人而異，只要可以起到激起整個(gè)意群的作用，無(wú)論是什么符號(hào)或者什么意象都是可以的。練 習(xí)vartifact 手工制品 partisan 黨派的vFossil fuels 化石燃料 rectify 矯正，調(diào)整vEco-friendly vehicles 環(huán)保汽車va 26 0C energy-saving campaign 一場(chǎng)倡導(dǎo)26度空調(diào)溫度的節(jié)能運(yùn)動(dòng)vMaglev line 磁懸浮線路vResumption of uranium enrichment 濃縮鈾活動(dòng)重啟練 習(xí)vPandemic （大范圍）傳染病的；大流行病的vIPR abbr. (Intellectual Property Right)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)vR&D (Research and Development)研究與開發(fā)vInfringement 違反，侵害 whitewash 粉飾，掩飾vSpectrum 范圍，領(lǐng)域，系列練 習(xí)vEmblem n. 象征,符號(hào) inaugura