雅思閱讀基礎(chǔ)班教案step2‘學(xué)生教案

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上雅思閱讀基礎(chǔ)班教案step2教學(xué)目標(biāo)：1. 堅(jiān)定同義替換的概念：養(yǎng)成這樣的習(xí)慣是修煉內(nèi)功的第一步；2. 理解同義替換的手法：常見(jiàn)的手法并不多，一旦掌握，即可得心應(yīng)手；3. 積累考點(diǎn)詞：做過(guò)的閱讀真題已經(jīng)不具有測(cè)試意義了，但是可以幫你印證和理解考點(diǎn)詞的奧秘。同學(xué)們可以對(duì)照劍橋雅思閱讀考點(diǎn)詞真經(jīng)體驗(yàn)“無(wú)招勝有招”的絕妙佳境。4. 熟悉填詞題的出題形式和熟練典型題目。教學(xué)步驟：1. 堅(jiān)定同義替換的概念并通過(guò)真題理解同義替換的三種手法；2. 學(xué)習(xí)閱讀真經(jīng)原文標(biāo)注法，養(yǎng)成好的閱讀和做題方法；3. 熟悉單詞填寫(xiě)題的命題規(guī)律與解題要訣；4. 通過(guò)做題來(lái)掌握填詞題的做題步驟；5.教學(xué)

2、過(guò)程：I. 莫夸境界高，無(wú)招勝有招首先，請(qǐng)牢記： 無(wú)論什么招數(shù)，只要有招數(shù)，就有破綻。 無(wú)論什么題型，只要是題目，就有題干。 劉洪波只要是題目，就有題干，而題干中的每一個(gè)單詞必然來(lái)自原文或是原文的同義替換。題干中有first，原文中一定有first或是同義表達(dá)；題干中most或majority；題干中有最高級(jí)，原文中一定有最高級(jí)或它的同義表達(dá)；題干中有并列結(jié)構(gòu)，原文中也一定存在并列關(guān)系。如違反上述原則，題目表達(dá)的含義就會(huì)偏離原文，造成出題不嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)或有瑕疵。這顯然不是英國(guó)劍橋嚴(yán)格學(xué)術(shù)之風(fēng)范。所以，雅思閱讀考題只有一種命題方式 同義替換（Paraphrase）。同義替換的三種手法在題干中實(shí)現(xiàn)同義替換

3、表達(dá)有三種常用手法：同義替換多 單詞有靈犀同義替換方式雅思閱讀中出題概率1同義詞設(shè)計(jì)80%2雙重反義詞設(shè)計(jì)10%3對(duì)原文思想歸納總結(jié)10%手法1：同義詞設(shè)計(jì)真題示例A劍橋雅思7第25頁(yè)Test 1 Reading Passage 2第22題題型：TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN（是非判斷題）題目：Feeding increasing populations is possible due primarily to improved irrigation systems.原文：B Food production has kept pace with soaring populations

4、 mainly because of the expansion of artificial irrigation systems that make possible the growth of 40% of the worlds food.解析：注意題干中每一個(gè)單詞在原文中的來(lái)源：feeding 來(lái)自原文中的food production；increasing 來(lái)自soaring；due to 來(lái)自because of；primarily 來(lái)自mainly； improved來(lái)自expansion?？脊俸?chē)?yán)謹(jǐn)而敬業(yè)，改寫(xiě)很仔細(xì)而辛苦，所以答案是TRUE。手法2：雙重反義詞設(shè)計(jì)真題示例A劍橋

5、雅思7第20頁(yè)Test 1 Reading Passage 1第2題題型：Paragraph Matching（段落信息匹配）題目: How early mammals avoided dying out原文：A In the time when the dinosaurs dominated the daytime economy, our mammalian ancestors probably only managed to survive at all because they found ways of scraping a living at night解析：注意題目中early一

6、詞的含義來(lái)自原文ancestors（祖先）；avoid （避免，沒(méi)有做）的反義詞是manage to do （成功地做了）；die out （滅絕）的反義詞是survive（幸存）。所以題干是雙重反義表達(dá)原文的同義的設(shè)計(jì)。手法3：對(duì)原文思想歸納總結(jié)真題示例A劍橋雅思8第52頁(yè)Test 2 Reading Passage 3第35題題型：Multiple Choice（選擇題）題目: What is the writer doing in paragraph C?A. supporting other researchB. making a proposalC. rejecting a comm

7、on beliefD. describing limitations原文：C In spite of its importance to our emotional and sensory lives, smell is probably the most undervalued sense in many cultures. The reason often given for the low regard in which smell is held is that, in comparison with its importance among animals, the human se

8、nse of smell is feeble and undeveloped. While it is true that the olfactory powers of humans are nothing like as fine as those possessed by certain animals, they are still remarkably acute. Our noses are able to recognize thousands of smells, and to perceive odours which are present only in extremel

9、y small quantities.解析：答案是C選項(xiàng)rejecting a common belief。注意C選項(xiàng)中的幾個(gè)單詞原文中沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)，也沒(méi)有明顯的同義詞。如果考生讀懂C段大意，會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)“在許多文化中人們低估了嗅覺(jué)這種感知”就是一種common belief。common 一詞=in many cultures; belief指的是嗅覺(jué)的low regard。 rejecting(反駁)一詞是來(lái)自一個(gè)句型：While it is true that, they are still這是一個(gè)讓步轉(zhuǎn)折：“雖然（你說(shuō)的有一定道理），但是（我還是要反駁你）?！毖潘济}者通過(guò)這個(gè)句子歸納總結(jié)出了r

10、eject 這個(gè)單詞。 歸納題是難題。以上三組例題分別對(duì)應(yīng)三種不同的同義改寫(xiě)，同時(shí)對(duì)應(yīng)了三種不同的雅思閱讀題型。所以我們?cè)俅螐?qiáng)調(diào)：不同的命題方式本質(zhì)只有一種-同義替換。莫夸境界高 無(wú)招勝有招II. 閱讀真經(jīng)原文標(biāo)注法用雙下劃線畫(huà)出某題目定位詞在原文的出處；盡可能找出題干中的所有單詞（a, the 可以不管）對(duì)應(yīng)于原文中的同義詞出處，并用下劃線把原文出處的對(duì)應(yīng)單詞畫(huà)出來(lái)；最后用圈將答案在原文中圈出來(lái)。示例：題型：Sentence Completion（句子填空）題目: The word “echolocation” was first used by someone working as _zo

11、ologist_(NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS)原文： The American zoologist Donald Griffin, who was largely responsible for the discovery of sonar in bats, coined the term “echolocation” to cover both sonar and radar, whether used by animals or by human instruments.心中的做題流程是：通過(guò)題目中帶引號(hào)“echolocation”一詞定位，找到原文出處。仔細(xì)閱讀發(fā)現(xiàn)：因

12、為它（word）等于它（term）;因?yàn)樗╯omeone）等于它（Donald Griffin）;因?yàn)樗╳orking as）等于它（zoologist）;因?yàn)樗╢irst used）等于它（coined）所以答案是它（zoologist）。在這個(gè)因果關(guān)系推導(dǎo)中，我們可以清晰地看到：原因越多，邏輯就越縝密，推導(dǎo)出的結(jié)果正確率就越高。 同義替換多 單詞有靈犀 這種同義詞原文標(biāo)注習(xí)慣養(yǎng)成后，考生可以迅速提升正確率，并且便于錯(cuò)題檢查，搞清楚錯(cuò)的原因；同時(shí)以便于將來(lái)的再次復(fù)習(xí)。因?yàn)槟阍谠闹型暾赜涗浟四惝?dāng)時(shí)的解題思路。 雅思考生做過(guò)的閱讀教材原文上不應(yīng)該是干凈無(wú)筆記的，也不應(yīng)該是亂勾亂劃沒(méi)有規(guī)

13、律章法的。每做一篇文章都應(yīng)該采用這種閱讀原文真經(jīng)標(biāo)注法來(lái)鞏固境界，提醒自己。真實(shí)考場(chǎng)上也要采用此標(biāo)注法，在考卷文章的原文上做標(biāo)注，這是雅思閱讀考試允許的，因?yàn)樽詈罂脊俨粫?huì)看你的閱讀考卷，只看答題卡。III. 填詞有規(guī)律，前后找規(guī)律不要說(shuō)答案詞匯不認(rèn)識(shí)，詞匯量不夠，所以卷子上才四大皆空，空空如也。“空格前后動(dòng)詞名詞處，才是醉翁之意。（我們從這種題型學(xué)起，是因?yàn)樗饕疾閱卧~理解，不像TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN是理解判斷一個(gè)句子；而選Headings則是理解歸納自然段。因此該題型難度居適中，閱讀6分水平的考生應(yīng)控制該題型錯(cuò)在兩道題以?xún)?nèi)。其實(shí)單詞填寫(xiě)題還可以包括填表格、填圖題；但填表格

14、、填圖題更為簡(jiǎn)單，而且出現(xiàn)概率不高，因此我們將在最后一種題型來(lái)歸納總結(jié)。）單詞填寫(xiě)題命題規(guī)律與解題要訣單詞填寫(xiě)題可細(xì)分為：原文選詞填空完成摘要；從題目后面的單詞列表中選詞填空完成摘要；從原文選詞填空完成句子；從原文選詞回答問(wèn)題。概率：真實(shí)考試40個(gè)題目中平均10個(gè)題難度：前三種第四種（從原文選詞回答問(wèn)題）難度為中等，變換四種題單詞填寫(xiě)題中出現(xiàn)概率最大的是填空完成摘要，簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)Summary。再此，我們?cè)俅螐?qiáng)調(diào)：第一，先看題，再讀文章；閱讀先看題，定位快尋覓 第二，單詞填寫(xiě)題是細(xì)節(jié)題，優(yōu)先做。兩種題后做，優(yōu)先細(xì)節(jié)題原文選詞填空完成摘要從原文選詞填空Summary 做題步驟Step1確定整個(gè)Summa

15、ry 在原文的出處具體技巧：1. 看題型描述中是否已給出信息。（e.g. The summary below is based on Part C of the passage.）2. 看summary 的題型位置。（如Summary是第二種題型，則大多數(shù)是對(duì)文章中間的13個(gè)自然段的總結(jié)；如Summary 是最后一種題型，則大多是對(duì)文章末尾的13個(gè)自然段的總結(jié)。注意Summary較少作為第一題型出現(xiàn)）3. 定位Summary首句中的keywords,在原文中查找。Step2判斷所需空格詞性真實(shí)考試中空格填名詞的概率占到80%；填動(dòng)詞占到10%；而填形容詞、副詞、和數(shù)詞共占到10%。注意不考介詞

16、、連詞、代詞、冠詞。Step3根據(jù)空格前后信息在原文中鎖定答案 這是最重要的一個(gè)解題步驟?！翱崭袂昂蟮男畔ⅰ敝傅氖强崭袂昂笾匾膯卧~，特別是動(dòng)詞和名詞。“鎖定答案”是一個(gè)夾心餅干原則：題目的空格就是夾心餅干的“心”，空格前后的單詞就是兩塊“餅干”；要找到“心”在原文的出處，我們就需要拿著這兩塊“餅干”在原文中一夾，就夾出來(lái)了。但要特別注意這兩塊“餅干”在原文的同義詞替換。填詞有規(guī)律，前后找痕跡Step4填完后通讀一遍Summary這種題型檢查起來(lái)簡(jiǎn)單有效，只需將所填答案帶入空格中，將Summary整個(gè)通讀一遍，從邏輯、語(yǔ)義和語(yǔ)法上即可檢查。NB（注意）1. 答案空格有字?jǐn)?shù)限制，如：Use NO

17、 MORE THAN THREE WORDS, 解題前要看清楚。2. 空格答案大多數(shù)情況下符合原文順序原則，有可能出現(xiàn)12個(gè)倒序。3. 一個(gè)Summary題型中會(huì)設(shè)置12道難題。4. 空格答案有可能需要變換原文單詞的詞性。5. 空格答案經(jīng)常是高難詞或生詞。生詞不用疑6. 該題型重點(diǎn)考查空格前后的單詞對(duì)應(yīng)原文中的同義詞理解。填詞有規(guī)律，前后找痕跡真題示例A劍橋雅思7第90頁(yè)Test 4 Reading Passage 1第8段Others feel there is more of a case for the theory. Harnessing the wind would not have

18、 been a problem for accomplished sailors like the Egyptians. And they are known to have used wooden pulleys, which could have been made strong enough to bear the weight of massive blocks of stone. In addition, there is some physical evidence that the ancient Egyptians were interested in flight. A wo

19、oden artefact found on the step pyramid at Saqqara looks uncannily like a modern glider. Although it dates from several hundred years after the building of the pyramids, its sophistication suggests that the Egyptians might have been developing ideas of flight for a long time. And other ancient civil

20、isations certainly knew about kites; as early as 1250 BC, the Chinese were using them to deliver messages and dump flaming debris on their foes.Questions 8-13Complete the summary below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 8-13 on your answer shee

21、t. Additional evidence for theory of kite-liftingThe Egyptians had 8 , which could lift large pieces of 9 and they knew how to use the energy of the wind from their skill as 10 . The discovery on one pyramid of an object which resembled a 11 suggests they may have experimented with 12 . In addition,

22、 over twothousand years ago kites were used in China as weapons, as well as for sending 13 真題示例B劍橋雅思6第27頁(yè)Test 4 Reading Passage 3 C、D段C  The Canadian Arctic is a vast, treeless polar desert that's covered with snow for most of the year. Venture into this terrain and you get some idea of the

23、 hardships facing anyone who calls this home. Farming is out of the question and nature offers meagre pickings. Humans first settled in the Arctic a mere 4,500 years ago, surviving by exploiting sea mammals and fish. The environment tested them to the limits: sometimes the colonists were successful,

24、 sometimes they failed and vanished. But around a thousand years ago, one group emerged that was uniquely well adapted to cope with the Arctic environment. These Thule people moved in from Alaska, bringing kayaks, sleds, dogs, pottery and iron tools. They are the ancestors of today's Inuit peopl

25、e.D  Life for the descendants of the Thule people is still harsh. Nunavut is 1.9 million square kilometres of rock and ice, and a handful of islands around the North Pole. It's currently home to 2,500 people, all but a handful of them indigenous Inuit. Over the past 40 years, most have aban

26、doned their nomadic ways and settled in the territory's 28 isolated communities, but they still rely heavily on nature to provide food and clothing. Provisions available in local shops have to be flown into Nunavut on one of the most costly air networks in the world, or brought by supply ship du

27、ring the few ice-free weeks of summer. It would cost a family around f7,000 a year to replace meat they obtained themselves through hunting with imported meat. Economic opportunities are scarce, and for many people state benefits are their only income.Questions 33-40Complete the summary of paragraph

28、s C and D below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from paragraphs C and D for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 33-40 on your answer sheet.If you visit the Canadian Arctic, you immediately appreciate the problems faced by people for whom this is home. It would clearly be impossible for the people

29、to engage in 33. as a means of supporting themselves. For thousands of years they have had to rely on catching 34. and 35. as a means of sustenance.The harsh surroundings saw many who tried to settle there pushed to their limits, although some were successful. The 36. people were an example of the l

30、atter and for them the environment did not prove unmanageable. For the present inhabitants, life continues to be a struggle. The territory of Nunavut consists of little more than ice, rock and a few 37. In recent years, many of them have been obliged to give up their 38. lifestyle, but they continue

31、 to depend mainly on 39. for their food and clothes. 40. produce is particularly expensive.從單詞列表中選詞填空完成摘要這種Summary 的解題方法與從原文選詞填空是一致的，只多了一個(gè)步驟：從原文中找出心目中的答案單詞后，還要在題目后面的單詞列表中選一選，看看哪一個(gè)選項(xiàng)單詞是原文答案，或原文答案的同義表達(dá)。 所以從這個(gè)角度來(lái)說(shuō)，這種題型可能需要考生多做一次同義替換理解：原文答案單詞和正確選項(xiàng)的同義替換。這樣就增加了難度。 但是從另外一個(gè)角度來(lái)說(shuō)，因?yàn)橄薅藛卧~選項(xiàng)，也提供了考生通過(guò)詞性詞義選擇或通過(guò)排除

32、法來(lái)正確解題的可能性。真題示例A劍橋雅思8第65頁(yè)Test 3 Reading Passage 1 第56段And anyway, who would want to fire streams of rockets in a populated area? 'What goes up must come down, ' points out Jean-Claude Diels of the University of New Mexico. Diels is leading a project, which is backed by EPRI, to try to use la

33、sers to discharge lightning safely - and safety is a basic requirement since no one wants to put themselves or their expensive equipment at risk. With around $500, 000 invested so far, a promising system is just emerging from the laboratory. The idea began some 20 years ago, when high-powered lasers

34、 were revealing their ability to extract electrons out of atoms and create ions. If a laser could generate a line of ionisation in the air all the way up to a storm cloud, this conducting path could be used to guide lightning to Earth, before the electric field becomes strong enough to break down th

35、e air in an uncontrollable surge. To stop the laser itself being struck, it would not be pointed straight at the clouds. Instead it would be directed at a mirror, and from there into the sky. The mirror would be protected by placing lightning conductors close by. Ideally, the cloud-zapper (gun)would

36、 be cheap enough to be installed around all key power installations, and portable enough to be taken to international sporting events to beam up at brewing storm clouds.Questions 7-10Complete the summary using the list of words, A-I, below. Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 7-10 on your answer

37、 sheet. In this method, a laser is used to create a line of ionisation by removing electrons from 7 . This laser is then directed at 8 in order to control electrical charges, a method which is less dangerous than using 9 . As a protection for the lasers, the beams are aimed firstly at 10. A clo

38、ud-zappers B atoms C storm clouds D mirrors E technique F ions G rockets H conductors I thunder 真題示例B劍橋雅思7第68頁(yè)Test 3 Reading Passage 1 第36段They(ants) have never mastered fire nor progressed. Their fungus farming and aphid herding crafts are sophisticated when compared to the agricultural skills of h

39、umans five thousand years ago but have been totally overtaken by modern human agribusiness. Or have they? The farming methods of ants are at least sustainable. They do not ruin environments or use enormous amounts of energy. Moreover, recent evidence suggests that the crop farming of ants may be mor

40、e sophisticated and adaptable than was thought. Ants were farmers fifty million years before humans were. Ants can't digest the cellulose in leaves but some fungi can. The ants therefore cultivate these fungi in their nests, bringing them leaves to feed on, and then use them as a source of food.

41、 Farmer ants secrete antibiotics to control other fungi that might act as 'weeds', and spread waste to fertilise the crop.It was once thought that the fungus that ants cultivate was a single type that they had propagated, essentially unchanged from the distant past. Not so. Ulrich Mueller of

42、 Maryland and his colleagues genetically screened 862 different types of fungi taken from ants' nests. These turned out to be highly diverse: it seems that ants are continually domesticating new species. Even more impressively, DNA analysis of the fungi suggests that the ants improve or modify t

43、he fungi by regularly swapping and sharing strains with neighbouring ant colonies.Questions 7-13Complete the summary using the list of words, A-0, below.Write the correct letter, A-0, in boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet.Ants as farmersAnts have sophisticated methods of farming, including herding live

44、stock and growing crops, which are in many ways similar to those used in human agriculture. The ants cultivate a large number of different species of edible fungi which convert 7 into a form which they can digest. They use their own natural8 as weed-killers and also use unwanted materials as 9 .Gene

45、tic analysis shows they constantly upgrade these fungi by developing new species and by 10 species with neighbouring ant colonies. In fact, the farming methods of ants could be said to be more advanced than human agribusiness, since they use 11 methods, they do not affect the 12 and do not waste 13

46、.A aphids B agricultural C cellulose D exchanging E energyF fertilizers G food H fungi I growing J interbreedingK natural L other species M secretions N sustainable 0 environment原文選詞填空完成句子填空完成句子解題方法和從原文選詞填空Summary一致?？衫斫鉃橐痪湓?huà)Summary題型。真題示例A劍橋雅思7第18頁(yè)Test 1 Reading Passage 1 E段EThe Sonar and Radar pioneers didn