初中中考英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)考點(diǎn)總結(jié)(全)

1、初中中考英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)考點(diǎn)總結(jié)一.修飾比擬級(jí)時(shí)常見(jiàn)的錯(cuò)誤1 . more不可修飾比擬級(jí),但much可以用來(lái)增強(qiáng)比擬級(jí),意為的多,更He looks more younger than I. xHe looks much younger than I. 力2 .比擬的對(duì)象或范圍出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤.1） The weather of Beijing is colder than Shanghai. x比擬的對(duì)象應(yīng)該是上海的天氣,而不是上海The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Shanghai. V2） China is larger than any cou

2、ntry in Asia.出現(xiàn)了邏輯上的錯(cuò)誤：中國(guó)就是亞洲國(guó)家,應(yīng)當(dāng)排除在外.China is larger than any country in Africa.,中國(guó)比非洲的任何國(guó)家都大.China is larger than any other country in Asia.,中國(guó)比亞洲的任何其他的 國(guó)家都大.特別提示Than后面接代詞時(shí),一般要用主格,但在口語(yǔ)中也可使用賓格.如果 than后 是一個(gè)句子,那么不可使用賓格.He works harder than me.He works harder than I do.二.形容詞的比擬級(jí)用于兩者比擬,表本比,更A+ 系動(dòng)詞 + 形

3、容詞比擬級(jí) +than+ B , e.g. I am two years older than my little sister.A+ 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 + 副詞比擬級(jí) +than+ B : e.g. She gets to school earlier than the other students.比擬級(jí)+and+比擬級(jí),這種結(jié)構(gòu)表示事物本身程度的逐漸增長(zhǎng),意為 越來(lái) 越 .eg. In spring the days are getting longer and longer.the+比擬級(jí)the+比擬級(jí)表示一方的程度隨著另一方的程度的增長(zhǎng)而增長(zhǎng), 表不越,越.eg. The mort you

4、practice using English , the better youll learn it 你英語(yǔ) 練得越多,就會(huì)學(xué)得越好.A十動(dòng)詞十the+比擬級(jí)+of短語(yǔ)比擬范圍,這種結(jié)構(gòu)表示兩者中更的那一個(gè).當(dāng)比擬雙方只出現(xiàn)一方?jīng)]有than及其后面的局部,且句中含 有of the two時(shí),比擬級(jí)前要加the.eg. Penny is the taller of the two girls.The larger of the two houses belongs to Mr. Black.表示兩者程度不同的其他方式可用 more than 多于, not more than 不多于,less

5、than 少于,not less than 不少于,less+形容詞 + than不如等.We havent got more than one hour left right now.It is less cold today than it was yesterday.not+比擬級(jí)+than與no+比擬級(jí)+than這兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)的意思完全不同： 前者往往表示“一方不比另一方U ,后者往往表示前者和后者一樣都不 口 ；修飾說(shuō)明數(shù)量時(shí),前者表示“最多,不比多,后者表示“僅僅,帶有感情色彩.I am not taller than you.我不比你高.I am no taller than y

6、ou. 我和你樣高.My French is not better than yours.My French is no better than yours.She is not more than seven years old.She is no more than seven years old.三.形容詞的最高級(jí)最高級(jí)是表示在三者或更多者中程度最高的比擬方式the+形容詞最高級(jí)+名詞+表示范圍的短語(yǔ)或從句Jack is the tallest student in his class.He is the fastest runner of the three boys.This is

7、the most boring book Ive ever read.one of the+形容詞最高級(jí)+名詞復(fù)數(shù)+表示范圍的短語(yǔ)或從句China is one of the largest countries in the world.用法比擬：介詞in和of引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)說(shuō)明比擬的范圍如果在一定的地域空間內(nèi)進(jìn)行比擬用in;如果在同一類(lèi)事物范圍內(nèi)進(jìn)行比擬用of.China is the largest country in Asia.China is the largest one of all the Asian countries.運(yùn)用比擬級(jí)表達(dá)最高級(jí)的概念：比擬級(jí)+than any oth

8、er+名詞單數(shù),比擬級(jí)+than the other+ 名詞復(fù)數(shù)或比擬級(jí)+than the rest of +the+ 名詞復(fù)數(shù)Julia is taller than any other girl in her class.=Julia is taller than the other girls in her class. = Julia is taller than the rest of the girls in her class.四.表水移動(dòng)方向的介詞(1)to表示向,往到如：He will drive to Nanjing. 他將開(kāi)車(chē)去南京.from表示自,從,來(lái)自如：Where

9、 are you from 你是哪兒人I am from Jiangsu Province.我是江蘇人.(3)up 表示 向上,往上.如：Mr. Smith used a lift to go up and down.史密斯先生乘電梯上下.(4)down表示 向下,沿著往下如：Go down the street then you find the shop.沿著這條街走,你就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)那個(gè) 商店.round表示環(huán)繞,圍繞如：The students are running round the playground.學(xué)生們正繞著操場(chǎng)跑步.(6)across表示 橫過(guò),穿過(guò),跨過(guò)如：A boy wa

10、lked across the park just now.一個(gè)男孩岡U才穿過(guò)公園.7through表示 通過(guò),穿過(guò)空間如：The river ran through the city.那條河從城中流過(guò).8over表示越過(guò),從上邊過(guò)去如：There is a bridge over the river. 河上有座橋.五.相似介詞組辨析1貌似相同的 in front of 與 in the front ofin front of在的前面,指從外部看來(lái)一物在另一物的前面.如：There a big tree in front of the building.in the front of在的前面,

11、指從內(nèi)部看來(lái)一物在另一物的前部.如：The driver sits in the front of the car.2貌似相同的in time與on timein time意思是及時(shí),指在時(shí)間上有提前、剛好的意思,表示正趕上時(shí)候或恰在 需要的時(shí)候,作表語(yǔ)時(shí)常與for sth.或to do sth.連用.如：We rejust in time to catch the bus.on time意思是 按時(shí)、準(zhǔn)時(shí),通常指有時(shí)間限制,以規(guī)定的時(shí)間為界,在規(guī)定 時(shí)間內(nèi)即為按時(shí).如： We should get to school on time.The train arrived on time.3貌似

12、相同的beside與besidesbeside表示位置,意思是在的旁邊,與by, at同意.如：There is a big tree beside the house.besides意思是除了 以外,還與except, but同義.如:The girl is studying Japanese besides English.六.but :但是,可是,而He is old , but he looks very young.他老了,但他看起來(lái)很年輕.Li Li likes violin but doesnt like piano.李莉喜歡小提琴,但是不喜歡鋼琴.but后面省略了主語(yǔ)Li Li

13、,由于與前面的主語(yǔ)成分相同Mary likes violin , but Tom doesnt.瑪麗喜歡小提琴,而湯姆不喜歡.doesnt后面省略了 like violin,由于與前面的成分相同He isnt a teacher but a doctor.他不是一個(gè)老師,而是醫(yī)生.They came here not for money but for the life.他們到這兒來(lái),不是要錢(qián),而是要命.注意：but所連接的句子,句中如果某些成分與前面相同,那么可以省略.七.or ：或,或者,否那么Is Li Ming from Beijing or from Shanghai.李明是北京人還

14、是上海人呢？1 .根本用法or表示 或的意思,使用于兩者之中選擇一個(gè)的時(shí)候.Would you like coffee or tea ?你喜歡咖啡還是茶？Tom or I am right.我或者湯姆是對(duì)的.Li Ming or his classmates are cleaning the room.李明或者是他的同班同學(xué)在清掃房間.注意：“Aor B作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞隨or后面的詞B而定,因此例子中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 服從I,用am.2 .特別用法句型：祈使句,or =If you dont,youll同and一樣,or在祈使句中的用法,譯成 請(qǐng),否那么,有轉(zhuǎn)折的意思.Hurry up , or

15、youll miss the bus.快點(diǎn)吧,否那么你就會(huì)誤了公共汽車(chē).=If you dont hurry up , youll miss the bus.如果你不快點(diǎn),你就會(huì)誤了這班車(chē).Study hard , or youll fail in the exam.好好學(xué)吧,否那么你測(cè)試就會(huì)不及格.=If you dont study hard , youll fail in the exam.如果你不努力學(xué)習(xí),你測(cè)試就會(huì)不及格.注意：or疑問(wèn)句的讀法or前面的局部用升調(diào),后面的局部用降調(diào).八.副詞和動(dòng)詞如果主要?jiǎng)釉~前有兩個(gè)助動(dòng)詞,修飾整個(gè)句子的副詞特別是頻度及肯定副詞要放在兩個(gè)助動(dòng)詞之間,

16、而修飾主要?jiǎng)釉~的副詞特別是方式副詞應(yīng)放在這個(gè)動(dòng)詞的前面：a） Tigers have often been discovered in this area .You can never have seen such a beautiful place .He will probably be made President of the Company .He has surely been punished for his offence .He may , unfortunately , be killed by robbers .b） This decision will be publi

17、cly announced .I would have carefully done it , if it had been useful .He must have seriously considered this matter .要使副詞短語(yǔ)盡可能靠近它修飾的動(dòng)詞：We went to deserted village almost ten miles away from the capitalyesterday . 不好We went yesterday to - capital. 較好Yesterday a guest who had come from a distant coun

18、try called on me .不好A guest - me yesterday . 較好Immediately , he told me to leave his house . 不好He told me to leave his house immediately . 較好九.冠詞應(yīng)用考點(diǎn)在有些詞組中,有冠詞和無(wú)冠詞意思不同,請(qǐng)注意區(qū)別：1 .有些個(gè)體名詞 “schooj college , prison , hospital , bed等詞與動(dòng)詞或介詞連 用時(shí),有無(wú)冠詞表示不同含義例：go to hospital去醫(yī)院看病go to the hospital去醫(yī)院并不是去看病,而是有

19、其他目的in hospital 生病住院in the hospital 在醫(yī)院里at table 進(jìn)餐at the table 在桌子旁by sea乘船by the sea 在海邊in front of 在前面in the front of 在范圍內(nèi)的前部2 .兩個(gè)形容詞都有冠詞,表示兩個(gè)不同東西.例：He raises a black and a white cat. 他養(yǎng)了一只黑貓和一只白貓.3 .如后一個(gè)形容詞無(wú)冠詞,那么指一物.例：He raises a black and white cat. 他養(yǎng)了一只花貓.a teacher and writer 一位教師兼作家一個(gè)人a teac

20、her and a writer 一位教師和一位作家兩個(gè)人十.辨析基數(shù)詞序數(shù)詞運(yùn)用對(duì)數(shù)詞的考查不在單純地停留在基數(shù)詞或序數(shù)詞的構(gòu)成與用法上了,更多地將 基數(shù)詞與序數(shù)詞同時(shí)用于一道題中,考查我們?nèi)绾握_地判定句子中什么地方 用基數(shù)詞,什么地方用序數(shù)詞.這就要求我們熟練地掌握對(duì)基數(shù)詞與序數(shù)詞的 構(gòu)成與用法.下面就2021年的考題來(lái)說(shuō)明怎樣做好這類(lèi)考題.【典型考例1J2021 四川涼山州There are people in Dale family. They live on the floor.A. five; nineB. fifth; nineC. five; ninthD. fifth; n

21、inth【析】正確答案：Co句意：在戴爾家里有5 口人,他們一家居住在九樓.第一句指的是名詞的數(shù)量, 故用基數(shù)詞；而第二句 居住在九樓,表示的是樓層的順序,故用序數(shù)詞.所以, 此題的正確答案為Co【典型考例2】2021 湖北鄂州 Our country is nearlyyears old. Well celebrate itsbirthday on October 1,2021 around the country.A. seventy, seventyB. seventy, seventiethC. seventieth, seventyD. seventieth, seventieth【

22、析】正確答案：B.句意：我們的國(guó)家快70周歲了.我們將在2021年10月1日在全國(guó)慶祝她的生日.第一句表示數(shù)量,在結(jié)合被修飾的名詞為復(fù)數(shù)形式 years可知,故70使 用基數(shù)詞seventy o第二句由于被修飾的名詞birthday為單數(shù)形式,因此這里的 70表示順序,故用序數(shù)詞seventieth o所以,此題的正確答案為 B.十一 .There be 句型的用法1根本結(jié)構(gòu)：肯定句式：be +done 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞如果是不及物動(dòng)詞+相應(yīng)的介詞或副詞否認(rèn)句式： be +not +done疑問(wèn)句式：be動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞放句首被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的be為助動(dòng)詞,無(wú)意義.be可能是am , is , are

23、也可能是was ,were 或原形be.注：被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)是由be的時(shí)態(tài)決定的,be是什么時(shí)態(tài),全句就是什么時(shí)態(tài),be后面的過(guò)去分詞不變.eg：1. The song is liked by young people. 肯定句2. The song isn liked by young people. 否認(rèn)句3. Is the song liked by young people?一般疑問(wèn)句4. Who is the song liked by? = By whom is the song liked?特殊疑問(wèn)句十二.各種時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞以do為例：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)形式：am/is /are

24、 done例句:He is asked to do this.一般過(guò)去時(shí)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)形式：was/were done例句：The story was told by her mother.一般將來(lái)時(shí)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)形式：will /shall be doneIs/are going to例句：The problem will be discussed tomorrow.過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)形式：should/would be doneWas/were are going to例句： He said the trees would be planted soon.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)形式：am/is/a

25、re being done例句：The novel is being written.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)形式： was/were being done例句： At that time the desk was being made.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)形式：has/have been done例句：The house has been built.過(guò)去完成時(shí)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)形式：had been done例句：They said that their work had been finished.含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+ done Your homework must be han

26、ded in today.其它幾種特殊句型：It is said that It is well known that It is reported that 例：History is made by the people. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)The cars were made in Tianjin in 1995. 一般過(guò)去時(shí)The tree will be cut down next year. 般將來(lái)時(shí)The room must be kept clean.含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)The door is being opened.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)The film has been seen by me

27、.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)注：不同時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的差異主要表達(dá)在助動(dòng)詞be的變化上,同時(shí)助動(dòng)詞be還要在人稱(chēng)和數(shù)上與主語(yǔ)保持一致.2應(yīng)用情況行為的執(zhí)行者不明確或不必說(shuō)出來(lái).eg: A stranger was killed last night.用于強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者而不是執(zhí)行者.eg: The story is told everywhere in the city.3被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法1 . 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成：is / am / are +及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞Our classroom is cleaned everyday.2 . 一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成：was / were +及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞A

28、 new shop was built last year.3 .現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成：has / have + been + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞This book has been translated into many languages.4 . 一般將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成：will+ be +及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞Many more trees will be planted next year.5 .含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ be +及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞Young trees must be watered often.6 .現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成：am / is / a

29、re + being + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞Uncle Wang is mending my bike now. My bike is being repaired by Tomnow.7 .不定式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：to + be +及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞There are two books to be read. There are twenty more trees tobe planted.十三.狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句最?？嫉氖莡ntil,常常和非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞組合.其次是結(jié)合進(jìn)行時(shí)考察 when/while/as ,再次是結(jié)合主將從現(xiàn)考察 as soon as/whenever.原因狀語(yǔ)從句,主要考

30、察since作為既然的意思.目的狀語(yǔ)從句,考察較少.結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句常常考察so.that與such.that的辨析,so+many/few/much/little+名詞結(jié)構(gòu)用用的是so而不是such是一個(gè)重要考點(diǎn).條件狀語(yǔ)從句最?？嫉氖莡nless ,相當(dāng)于if not意為除非,如果不.其次結(jié)合 主將從現(xiàn)考察if的用法讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,主要考察句子的讓步關(guān)系引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞主要有以下這些：though, although,while, as; even if,even though; whether.or.; no matter+ 疑問(wèn)詞,疑問(wèn)詞-ever,般譯為 盡管或即使無(wú)論用法如下:1

31、though, although表示雖然,縱然之意.這兩個(gè)連詞意思大致相同,在一 般情況下可以互換使用.在口語(yǔ)中,though較常使用,although比though正 式,二者都可與yet, still或never, the less連用,但不能與but連用.例如：Although/Though he is very old, (yet) he is quite strong.他雖然年名己大了,身體還很健壯.值得注意的是,although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句位于主句之前的情況較多,though 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句可位于主句之前或主句之后.2、as, though表示 雖然但是,縱使之意.as引

32、導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句 必須以局部倒裝的形式出現(xiàn),被倒裝的局部可以是表語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)或動(dòng)詞原形, though也可用于這樣白結(jié)構(gòu)中,但 although不可以這樣用.例如：Hard as/ though he works, he makes little progress. (=Though he works hard, he makes little progress.)盡管他學(xué)習(xí)很努力,但幾乎沒(méi)取得什么進(jìn)步.3、even if, even though 表示 即使,縱使之意,含有一種假設(shè).這兩個(gè)復(fù)合連詞的意思根本相同.它們常互換使用,但意義有細(xì)微差異.even if引導(dǎo)的讓步從句含有強(qiáng)烈的假定性,可用

33、來(lái)表示與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè),但 不能用來(lái)描述已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事實(shí).而even though引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí),是以從句的內(nèi)容為先決條件的,即說(shuō)話人肯定了從句的事實(shí),表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生了的事.例如：We ll make a trip even if/though the weather is bad,即使天氣不好,我們也要作一次旅行.4、whether.or.表示 不管是否,不管是還是之意.由這一個(gè)復(fù)合連詞引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句旨在說(shuō)明正反兩方面的可能性都不會(huì)影響主句的 意向或結(jié)果.例如：Youll have to attend the ceremony whether youre free or busy.不管你

34、忙不忙,都要參加這個(gè)典禮.5、 “nonatter+疑問(wèn)詞或 疑問(wèn)詞-ever的含義為都；不管都它們引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句可以互換.例如：No matter what happened, he would not mind. (=Whatever happened, hewould not mind.)無(wú)論發(fā)生了什么,他都不會(huì)介意的.但“nonatter+疑問(wèn)詞結(jié)構(gòu)只能引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,而 疑問(wèn)詞-ever還可以引導(dǎo) 名詞性從句.例如：Whatever (=No matter what) you say, Iwon believe you. (Whatever 弓I導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句)無(wú)論你說(shuō)什么,我

35、都不會(huì)相信你.Ill eat whatever (豐 nonatter what) you give me. (whatever弓 I 導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句)你給我吃什么,我就吃什么.十四.根本句型結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單句：只存在一個(gè)主謂關(guān)系的句子,即一個(gè)主語(yǔ)局部和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)局部組成.并列句：當(dāng)我們需要把幾個(gè)意思連在一起時(shí),可用標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)或等立連詞或連接副詞把幾 個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句連接成一個(gè)并列句.它們之間的關(guān)系是同等的.復(fù)合句：當(dāng)一個(gè)句子由一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)從句構(gòu)成時(shí),這就是復(fù)合句.復(fù)合句的主語(yǔ)往往 可以獨(dú)立存在,從句那么只作一個(gè)句子成分.句型結(jié)構(gòu)舉例S+V1) The student works very hard.2) She apologized to me again.3) The accident happened yesterday evening.SVP4) This is an English-Chinese dictionary.5) T