《英語國家概況》精講筆記

1、新版英語國家概況精講筆記Chapter1第一章LandandPeople英國的國土與人民1. DifferentNamesforBritainanditsParts英國的不同名稱及其各組成局部1 .Geographicalnames:theBritishIsles,GreatBritainandEngland.地理名稱：不列顛群島,大不列顛和英格蘭.2.Officialname:theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.官方正式名稱：大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯(lián)合王國.3 .TheBritishIslesaremadeupoftwolargeis

2、lands-GreatBritain(thelargerone)andIreland,andhundredsofsmallones.不列顛群島由兩個(gè)大島一大不列顛島(較大的一個(gè))和愛爾蘭島,及成千上萬個(gè)小島組成.4 .ThreepoliticaldivisionsontheislandofGreatBritain:England,ScotlandandWales.大不列顛島上有三個(gè)政治區(qū)：英格蘭、蘇格蘭和威爾士.(1) EnglandisinthesouthernpartofGreatBritain.Itisthelargest,mostpopuloussection.英格蘭位于大不列顛島南部

3、,是最大,人口最稠密的地區(qū).(2) ScotlandisinthenorthofGreatBritain.Ithasthreenaturalzones(theHighlandsinthenorth;theCentrallowlands;thesouthUplands)Capital:Edinburgh蘇格蘭位于大不列顛的北部.它有三大自然區(qū)：北部高地,中部低地及南部山陵.首府：愛丁堡.WalesisinthewestofGreatBritain.Capital:Cardiff威爾士位于大不列顛的西部.首府：加的夫4 4)NorthernIrelandisthefourthregionofthe

4、UK.Capital:Belfast.北愛爾蘭是英國第四個(gè)區(qū)域.首府：貝爾法斯特.5 .TheCommonwealthofnationsisafreeassociationofindependentcountriesthatwereoncecoloniesofBritain.Itwasfoundedin1931,andhas50membercountriesuntil1991.英聯(lián)邦是獨(dú)立的前英國殖民地組成的自由聯(lián)合體.它成立于1931年,至1990年止已有50個(gè)成員國.Chapter2第二章TheOriginsofaNation5000BC-1066英國的起源公元前5000年一1066年1

5、.ArrivalandsettlementoftheCelts克爾特人的到來和定居Celtswerepracticedfamers.Thedrainedmuchofmarshlandsandbuilthousesofwood.Theywreironworkers,too.Theirlanguages,theCeltslanguages,arethebasisofthelanguagewhichisstillusedbysomepeopleinScotlandandWales.TheirreligionwasDruidismn.德魯伊教.克爾特人是有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的農(nóng)民,他們排干沼澤地,用木材建造房屋.他

6、們還打造鐵器.蘇格蘭和威爾士語就是以他們的語言為根底開展而來的.I、 TheCeltsbegantoarriveBritainabout700BC.約公元前700年,克爾特人來到不列顛島.2、TheCeltscametoBritaininthreemainwaves.克爾特人來到不列顛有三次高潮.ThefirstwaveweretheGaels-cameabout600BC.第一次高潮是約公元前600年蓋爾人的來臨.ThesecondwaveweretheBrythons-cameabout400BC.第二次高潮是約公元前400年布列吞人的抵達(dá).ThethirdwaveweretheBelga

7、e-cameabout150BC.第三次是約公元前150年比利其人的到達(dá).II、 TheAnglo-Saxons446-871盎格魯一撒克遜人公元446-871年1. BasisofModernEnglishrace:theAnglo-Saxons.盎格魯一薩克遜時(shí)代奠定了英國的根底Inthemid-5thcenturyanewwaveofinvaders,Jutes,Saxons,andAnglescametoBritain.TheywerethreeTeutonictribes.TheJutes,whofishedandfarmedinJutland,cametoBritainfirst.

8、AJutishchiefbecametheKingofKentin449.ThentheSaxons,usersoftheshort-swordfromnorthernGermany,establishedtheirkingdominEssex,SussexandWessexfromtheendofthe5thcenturytothebeginningofthe6thcentury.Inthesecondhalfofthe6thcentury,theAngles,whoalsocamefromnorthernGermanyandweretogivetheirnametotheEnglishpe

9、ople,settledinEastAnglia,MerciaandNorthumbria.ThesesevenprincipalkingdomsofKent,Essex,Sussex,Wessex,EastAnglia,MerciaandNorthumbriahavebeengiventhenameofHeptarchy.五世紀(jì)中葉,朱特人、撒克遜人和盎格魯人不斷入侵不列顛.這是三支日耳曼條頓部落.居住在日德蘭半島現(xiàn)丹麥南部上從事打漁農(nóng)耕的朱特人先抵不列顛.一個(gè)朱特人首領(lǐng)于449年當(dāng)上了國王.后來從德國北部來的使用短劍的撒克遜人在埃撒克斯、蘇塞克斯和威塞克斯建立了王國,統(tǒng)治期從五世紀(jì)末至六世

10、紀(jì)初.六世紀(jì)后半葉,同樣來自德國北部的盎格魯人,在東盎格利亞、麥西亞以及諾森伯利來定居,同時(shí)把他們的族名加諸在英國人夠上.這七個(gè)主要王國肯特、埃塞克斯、蘇塞克斯、威塞克斯、東英吉利亞、麥西亞和諾森伯利亞,合稱為七王國.2. TheearlyAnglo-SaxonsconvertedtoChristianity.最早的盎格魯一撒克遜人改信基督教.TheAnglo-SaxonsbroughttheirownTeutonicreligiontoBritain.Christianitysoondisappeared,exceptamongtheCeltsofCornwall,Wales,Scotlan

11、dandIreland.In597,PopeGregoryIsentSt.Augustine,thePriorofSt.AndrewsMonasteryinRome,toEnglandtoconverttheheathen異教的EnglishtoChristianity.In597St.AugustinebecamethefirstArchbishopofCanterbury.Hewasremarkablysuccessfulinconvertingthekingandthenobility,buttheconversionofthecommonpeoplewaslargelyduetothe

12、missionaryactivitiesofthemonksinthenorth.盎格魯一撒克遜人把日耳曼宗教帶到了英國.除了康瓦爾、威爾士、蘇格蘭和愛爾蘭中的克爾特人還信奉基督教外,基督教很快就消失了.公元597,教皇格里高一世把羅馬圣安德魯修道院的院長圣奧古斯丁派遣到英格蘭,其使命是使異教徒的英國人皈依基督教.公元579年圣奧古丁成為坎特伯雷大主教.在使國王和貴族皈依基督教方面,奧古斯丁特別成功.但是普通人的皈依很大程度上歸功于北方修道們的傳教活動(dòng).3. TheEarlyAnglo-SaxonsmakethecontributionstotheEnglishstate.formationo

13、ftheEnglishnation早期盎格魯一撒克遜人為英國做出的奉獻(xiàn).TheAnglo-SaxonslaidthefoundationsoftheEnglishstate.Firstly,theyCDdividedthecountryintoshireswhichtheNormanslatercalledcounties,withshirecourtsandshirereeves,orsheriffs,responsibleforadministeringlaw.Secondly,theydevisedthenarrow-strip,three-field2farmingsystemwhic

14、hcontinuedtothe18thcentury.Thirdly,theyalsoestablishedthemanorialsystem莊園制.Finally,theycreatedtheWitancouncilormeetingofthewisementoadvisetheking,thebasisofthePrivyCouncilwhichstillexiststoday.盎格魯一撒克遜人構(gòu)筑了英國的國家根底.首先,他們把國家劃分為郡,郡法庭和郡法官、或行政司法長官負(fù)責(zé)執(zhí)法.其次,他們設(shè)計(jì)的窄條三區(qū)輪作制延用至18世紀(jì).此外,他們還建立了領(lǐng)地制.最后,他們還創(chuàng)立了咨議會(huì)賢人會(huì)議,向國

15、王提供建議,這就成為了今天尚存的樞密院的前身.IV. VikingandDanishinvasions北歐海盜和丹麥人的入侵1. TheinvadersweretheNorwegiansandtheDanes.TheyattackedvariouspartsofEnglandfromtheendofthe8thcentury.Theybecameaseriousprobleminthe9thcentury,especiallybetween835and878.TheyevenmanagedtocaptureYork,animportantcenterofChristianityin867.By

16、themiddleof9thcentury,theVikingandtheDaneswereposingathreattotheSaxonkingdomofWessex.入侵者是挪威人和丹麥人,從8世紀(jì)末開始,他們不斷襲擊英格蘭的各個(gè)地方.9世紀(jì),尤其是公元835-878年間已成為嚴(yán)重問題.他們甚至占領(lǐng)了約克郡,公元867年時(shí)的基督教中心.到9世紀(jì)中葉,北歐海盜和丹麥人威脅到撒克遜人的威撒克斯王國的平安.2. KingAlfred849-899andhiscontributions艾爾弗雷德國王849-899和他所做出的奉獻(xiàn)AlfredwasakingofWessex.Hedefeatedth

17、eDanesandreachedafriendlyagreementwiththemin879.TheDanesgainedcontrolofthenorthandeast,whileheruledtherest.HealsoconvertedsomeleadingDanesintoChristians.HeCDfoundedastrongfleetandisknownas“thefatheroftheBritishavyreorganizedtheSaxonarmy,makingitmoreefficient.He3translatedaLatinbookintoEnglish.Healso

18、establishedschoolsandformulatedalegalsystem.AllthisearnshimthetitleAlfredtheGreat.阿爾弗雷德是威塞克斯的國王.他打敗了丹麥人,并于公元879年與他們達(dá)成了友好協(xié)議.協(xié)議規(guī)定丹麥人限制英格蘭北部和西部丹麥法區(qū),而他統(tǒng)治其他地區(qū).他還勸服一些丹麥?zhǔn)最I(lǐng)成為基督教徒.他由于建立了強(qiáng)大艦隊(duì),而以英國海軍之父聞名于世.他改組了弗立德撒克遜軍隊(duì),使之更為高效.他將一本拉丁語的書譯成英語.同時(shí)他還建立了學(xué)校,并且說明了法律制度.所有這一切使他當(dāng)之無愧于阿爾弗雷德大王.的稱號(hào).V. TheNormanConquest1066諾曼征

19、服公元1066年1.ReasonsforWilliamsinvasionofEnglandafterEdwardsdeath.威廉在愛德華死后入侵英國的原因.ItwassaidthatkingEdwardhadpromisedtheEnglishthronetoWilliam,buttheWitanchoseHaroldasking.SoWilliamledhisarmytoinvadeEngland.InOctober1066,duringtheimportantbattleofHastings,WilliamdefeatedHaroldandkilledhim.OneChristmasDa

20、y,WilliamwascrownedkingofEngland,thusbeginningtheNormanConquestofEngland.據(jù)說,愛德華國王曾容許把英格蘭王位傳給諾曼底公爵威廉,但是賢人會(huì)議挑選了哈羅德為國王.公元1066年10月,在哈斯丁斯附近的劇烈交鋒中,威廉打敗了哈羅德軍隊(duì),同時(shí)哈羅德也在此戰(zhàn)爭中戰(zhàn)死.在圣誕節(jié)加冕,成為英國國王,從此開始了諾曼征服.2. TheNormanConquestanditsconsequences諾曼征服及其產(chǎn)生的影響.TheNormanConquestof1066isperhapsthebest-knowneventinEnglishh

21、istory.WilliamtheConquerorconfiscatedalmostallthelandandgaveittohisNormanfollowers.HereplacedtheweakSaxonrulewithastrongNormangovernment.SothefeudalsystemwascompletelyestablishedinEngland.RelationswiththeContinentwereopened,andthecivilizationandcommercewereextended.Norman-Frenchculture,language,mann

22、ersandarchitecturewereintroduced.TheChurchwasbroughtintocloserconnectionwithRome,andthechurchcourtswereseparatedfromthecivilcourts.1066年年的諾曼征服也許是英國歷史上的最著名事件.征服者威廉幾乎沒收了所有土地,將其分發(fā)給他的諾曼追隨者.他用強(qiáng)有力的諾曼政府代替了軟弱的薩克遜政府.于是,封建制度在英國完全建立.開放了與歐洲大陸的關(guān)系,文明和商業(yè)得到開展,引進(jìn)了諾曼一法蘭西文化、語言、行為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和建筑藝術(shù).教會(huì)與羅馬的聯(lián)系更為密切,教會(huì)法庭與民事法庭別離.3. The

23、Englishisamixtureofnationalitiesofdifferentorigins.TheancestorsofmanyEnglishpeopleweretheancientAnglesandSaxons.SomeEnglishpeopleareoftheNorman-Frenchorigin.英國是一個(gè)集不同民族于一體的國家.許多英國人的祖先是古盎格魯和撒克遜人.而還有一些英國人的是諾曼血統(tǒng).Chapter3第三章TheShapingoftheNation(1066-1381)英國的形成(公元1066-1381)1. NormanRule(1066-1381)諾曼統(tǒng)治公元1

24、066-13811. WilliamsRule(1066-1087)威廉一世的統(tǒng)治(公元1066-1087)EnglandsfeudalismundertheruleofWilliamtheConqueror在威廉統(tǒng)治下的英國封建制度UnderWilliam,thefeudalsysteminEnglandwascompletelyestablished.(2)Accordingtothissystem,theKingownedallthelandpersonally.WilliamgavehisbaronslargeestatesinEnglandinreturnforapromiseofm

25、ilitaryserviceandaproportionofthelandsproduce.Theseestateswerescatteredfarandwideoverthecountry,sothatthosewhoheldthemcouldnoteasilycombinetorebeltheking.Thebarons,whohadbecomeWilliamstenants-in-chief,parceledoutlandtothelessernobles,knightsandfreemen,alsoinreturnforgoodsandservices.Atthebottomofthe

26、feudalscalewerethevilleinsorserfs.OnepeculiarfeatureofthefeudalsystemofEnglandwasthatalllandownersmusttaketheoathofallegiance,notonlytotheirimmediatelord,butalsototheking.在威廉統(tǒng)治下,英國的封建制度得到完全確立.根據(jù)此制度,國王擁有全國所有土地.威廉把英國的大片土地分給貴族,條件是換取對方服役和物品.這些地產(chǎn)分散于各處,相距遙遠(yuǎn),這樣土地?fù)碛姓呔筒灰茁?lián)合起來反叛國王.已成為國王總佃戶的貴族又把土地分配給小貴族、騎士和自由民,

27、同樣換取貨物和服役.處于封建等級(jí)最底層的是農(nóng)奴.英國封建制獨(dú)有的特色就是,無論是土地承租人還是二佃戶,都必須要宣誓效忠于直接地主,而且要效忠于國王.II .ContentsandthesignificanceoftheGreatCharter?大憲章?的內(nèi)容及意義GreatCharterwassignedbyKingJohnin1215underthepressofthebarons.Itconsistsofsixty-threeclauses.Itsimportantprovisionsareasfollows:(1)notaxshouldbemadewithouttheapprovalof

28、theGrandCouncil;(2)nofreemenshouldbearrested,imprisonedordeprivedoftheirproperty;(3)theChurchshouldpossessallitsrights,togetherwithfreedomofelections;(4)Londonandothertownsshouldretaintheirtraditionalrightsandprivileges,and(5)thereshouldbethesameweightsandmeasuresthroughoutthecountry.(significance)A

29、lthoughTheGreatCharterhaslongbeenpopularlyregardedasthefoundationofEnglishliberties,itwasastatementofthefeudalandlegalrelationshipsbetweentheCrownandthebarons,aguaranteeofthefreedomoftheChurchandalimitationofthepowersoftheking.ThespiritoftheGreatCharterwasthelimitationofthepowersoftheking,keepingthe

30、mwithintheboundsofthefeudallawoftheland.?大憲章?是約翰國王1215年在封建貴族壓力下簽定的.?大憲章?總共63條,其中最重要的內(nèi)容是：(1)未經(jīng)大議會(huì)同意,不得征稅；(2)只有根據(jù)國家有關(guān)法律才能逮捕、監(jiān)禁自由人以及剝奪他們的財(cái)產(chǎn)；(3)教會(huì)應(yīng)享受其所有權(quán)利且有選舉自由；(4)倫敦和其它城鎮(zhèn)應(yīng)保存其貴族的傳統(tǒng)權(quán)力和特權(quán)；(5)全國要統(tǒng)一度量衡.盡管人們普遍認(rèn)為?大憲章?為英國的自由奠定了根底,但該憲章只是規(guī)定國王和貴族之間封建關(guān)系和法律關(guān)系的聲明書,保證了教會(huì)的自由,限制了國王權(quán)利.?大憲章?的精神實(shí)質(zhì)就是把國王的權(quán)利限制在英國封建法律允許的范圍之內(nèi).

31、III .TheoriginsoftheEnglishParliament英國議會(huì)的起源TheGreatCouncilisknowntobetheprototype原型ofthecurrentBritishParliament.In1265,SimondeMontfortsummoned召集theGreatCouncil,togetherwithtwoknightsfromeachcountyandtwocitizensfromeachtown.ItlaterdevelopedintotheHouseofLordsandtheHouseofCommons.Itsmainrolewastooff

32、eradvice,nottomakedecisions.Therewerenoelectionsorparties.AndthemostimportantpartofParliamentwastheHouseofLords.大議會(huì)是當(dāng)今英國議會(huì)的原型.1265年,西門德孟福爾召開大議會(huì),各縣有兩名騎士,各鎮(zhèn)有兩名市民參加.大議會(huì)開展到后來演變成議會(huì),分為上議院和下議院.其作用是咨詢而非決定；也沒有選舉和政黨.議會(huì)的最重要的局部是上議院.英語國家概況精講系列六IV .TheHundredYearsWaranditsconsequences.百年戰(zhàn)爭及其結(jié)果TheHundredYearsWarre

33、ferstothewarbetweenEnglandandFrancethatlastedintermittentlyfrom1337to1453.Thecausesofthewarwerepartlyterritorialandpartlyeconomic.TheterritorialcauseswererelatedwiththepossessionbytheEnglishkingsofthelargeduchyofAquitaineinFrance,astheFrenchkingsgrewstronger,theyincreasinglycovetedthislargeslice.The

34、economiccauseswereconnectedwithclothmanufacturingtownsinFlanders,whichweretheimporterofEnglishwool,buttheywereloyaltotheFrenchkingpolitically.Besides,EnglandsdesiretostopFrancefromgivingaidtoScotsandagrowingsenseofnationalismweretheothercauses.TheEnglishsbeingdrivenoutofFranceisregardedasablessingfo

35、rbothcountries.IftheEnglishhadremainedinFrance,thesuperiorsizeandwealthofFrancewouldhavehinderedthedevelopmentofaseparateEnglishnationalidentity,whileFrancewashinderedsolongasaforeignpoweroccupiedsomuchFrenchterritory.百年戰(zhàn)爭指1337年到1453年英法之間一場斷斷續(xù)續(xù)的戰(zhàn)爭,戰(zhàn)爭的起因既有領(lǐng)土因素又有經(jīng)濟(jì)因素.領(lǐng)土起因尤其是英國國王占領(lǐng)了法國的阿基坦大片公爵領(lǐng)地,這是戰(zhàn)爭的根源

36、,隨著法國國王勢力日增,他們渴望占領(lǐng)這片土地.經(jīng)濟(jì)原因那么與弗蘭德斯城有關(guān).弗蘭德斯地區(qū)生產(chǎn)棉布的城鎮(zhèn)是英國羊毛的主要進(jìn)口商,但這些城鎮(zhèn)在政治上卻效忠法國國王.其他原因還有英國試圖阻止法國對蘇格蘭人的援助,并且壓制不斷增強(qiáng)的民族意識(shí).戰(zhàn)爭的結(jié)果：把英國人趕出法國對兩個(gè)國家都是幸事：假設(shè)英國人繼續(xù)留在法國,那么法國人在領(lǐng)土和財(cái)富上所占的優(yōu)勢必然會(huì)阻礙獨(dú)立的英國的開展；而在英國占領(lǐng)大量法國領(lǐng)土的情況下,法國也很難統(tǒng)一.Threestagesofthewar戰(zhàn)爭的三個(gè)階段Inthefirsttwostages,theEnglishwonsomebigvictories.Butinthethirdst

37、age,theyweredrivenoutofFance.戰(zhàn)爭初期,英國取得輝煌勝利.但是最終被逐出法國ThebattleofArgencourt阿壤科之戰(zhàn)Ittookplacein1415andtheEnglishwonacrushingvictory.Afterthevictory,theEnglishkingHenryVwasrecognizedastheFrenchKing.1415年英國大獲全勝,亨利5世登上法國王位.JoanofArc(1412-1431)貞德女士JoanofArcwasanationheroineinFrenchhistory.Sheledandencourage

38、stheFrenchindrivingtheEnglishoutofFrenchintheHundredYears貞德是法國歷War的女英雄,她領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和鼓舞法國人民將英國軍隊(duì)驅(qū)逐處境.Consequencesofthewar戰(zhàn)爭的后果影響TheEnglishlostthewar.TheexpulsionoftheEnglishfromFrenchisregardedasablessingforbothcountries.IthelpedEnglishnationalidentityaswellasFrenchnationalidentity.Twoseparatenationwerebornaf

39、terthewar.V.TheBlackDeath黑死病TheBlackDeathisthemodernnamegiventothedeadlybubonicplague,anepidemicdiseasespreadbyratfleasacrossEuropeinthe14thcentury.ItsweptthroughEnglandinthesummerof1348.ItreducedEnglandspopulationfromfourmilliontotwomillionbytheendofthe14thcentury.TheeconomicconsequencesoftheBlackD

40、eathwerefar-reaching.Asaresultoftheplague,muchlandwasleftuntendedandtherewasaterribleshortageoflabour.Thesurvivingpeasantshadbetterbargainingpowerandwereinapositiontochangetheirserfdomintopaidlabour.Somelandlords,unableorunwillingtopayhigherwages,triedtoforcepeasantsbackintoserfdom.In1351thegovernme

41、ntissuedaStatuteofLabourerswhichmadeitacrimeforpeasantstoaskformorewagesorfortheiremployerstopaymorethantherateslaiddownbytheJusticesofthePeace.黑死病是指由鼠疫蚤傳播的致命的淋巴腺鼠疫,是一種流行疾病,在14世紀(jì)傳播了到歐洲.1348年夏天橫掃全英國.英國的人口在14世紀(jì)末從400萬銳減至200萬.黑死病對經(jīng)濟(jì)造成的后果更為深遠(yuǎn).鼠疫導(dǎo)致了大片土地?zé)o人照管和勞動(dòng)力極度匱乏.地主想把耕地變?yōu)槿肆π枨筝^少的牧場.存活的農(nóng)民處于有利的討價(jià)還價(jià)地位,從農(nóng)奴變?yōu)?/p>

42、雇傭勞動(dòng)力.于是一些支付不起或不愿意支付較高工資的地主想方設(shè)法迫使農(nóng)民重返農(nóng)奴地位.1351年政府公布勞工法令,規(guī)定農(nóng)民們漲工資的要求,或者是雇主支付比地方官制訂的工資水平要高的工資都是犯罪.Chapter4第四章TransitiontotheModernAge(1455-1688)向現(xiàn)代英國的過渡I. TransitiontotheModernAge(1455-1485)向近代英國的過渡(1455年-1485年)TheWarsofRose玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭ThenatureandconsequencesoftheWarsoftheRoses.ThenameWarsoftheRoseswasrefert

43、othebattlesbetweentheHouseofLancaster,symbolizedbythereadrose,andthatofYork,symbolizedbythewhite,from1455to1485.HenryTudor,descendantofDukeofLancasterwonvictoryatBosworthFireldin1485andputthecountryundertheruleoftheTudors.FromtheseWars,Englishfeudalismreceiveditsdeathblow.Thegreatmedievalnobilitywas

44、muchweakened.玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭是指,從1455年到1485年,以紅玫瑰為象征的蘭開斯特大家族和以白玫瑰為象征的約克家族之間戰(zhàn)爭的普遍接受的名稱.1485年,蘭開斯特家族的后代亨利都鐸取得了博斯沃恩戰(zhàn)役的勝利,建立了都鐸王朝.這些戰(zhàn)爭使英國的封建主義受到致命打擊,貴族階層受到了削弱.II. HenryVIIIandTheEnglishReformation亨利八世和英國的宗教改革HenryVIIIwasaboveallresponsibleforthereligiousreformofthechurch.Therewerethreemaincauses:adesireforchangeand

45、reforminthechurchhadbeengrowingformanyyearsandnow,encouragedbythesuccessofMartinLuther,manypeoplebelieveditstimehadcome;theprivilegeandwealthoftheclergywereresented;andHenryneededmoney.亨利八世最重要的改革是負(fù)責(zé)進(jìn)行教會(huì)的宗教改革.改革原因有三個(gè)主要方面：多年來,人們改革教會(huì)的意愿不斷增長,現(xiàn)在又受馬丁路德成功的鼓舞,許多人認(rèn)為時(shí)機(jī)已到；教職人員的特權(quán)和財(cái)富已引起民憤；亨利需要錢.Thereformbeganas

46、astruggleforadivorceandendedinfreedomfromthePapacy.HenryVIIIwantedtodivorceCatherineofAragonbutthePoperefused.HenrywastogetridoftheEnglishChurchsconnectionwiththePope,andtomakeanindependentChurchofEngland.HemadethisbreakwithRomegraduallybetween1529and1534.HedissolvedallofEnglandsmonasteriesandnunner

47、iesbecausetheyweremoreloyaltothePopethantotheirEnglishkings.ThelawssuchastheActofsuccessionof1534andtheActofSupremacyof1535madehisreformpossible.HeestablishedthechurchofEnglandasthenationalchurchofthecountry,andhemadehimselfthesupremeheadofthechurchofEngland.改革以爭取離婚而開始,以脫離教皇而告終.亨利八世欲與阿拉貢的凱瑟琳離婚,但是教皇拒

48、絕了.亨利改革的目的是擺脫英國教會(huì)與教皇的聯(lián)系,成立獨(dú)立的英格蘭教會(huì).1529年至1534年間逐漸地與羅馬脫離了關(guān)系.他解散了所有英國的修道院和修女院,由于后者對教皇比對英國國王更忠誠.1534年的?繼位法?和1535年的?王權(quán)法案?使改革具有了可行性.1535年他獲英格蘭教會(huì)最高首腦之稱號(hào).HenryVIIIsreformstressedthepowerofthemonarchandcertainlystrengthenedHenryposition;Parliamenthadneverdonesuchalongandimportantpieceofworkbefore,itsimporta

49、ncegrewasaresult.HisattackonthePopespowerencouragedmanycriticsofabusesoftheCatholicChurch.EnglandwasmovingawayfromCatholicismtowardsprotestantideology.改革的三大影響：亨利的改革強(qiáng)調(diào)了君主權(quán)力,自然穩(wěn)固了亨利的地位；議會(huì)以往從未做過如此漫長而重要的工作,自然其重要性也有所增強(qiáng)；他對教皇權(quán)力的打擊鼓舞許多人批評指責(zé)天主教會(huì),并希望從天主教轉(zhuǎn)向新教.英語國家概況精講系列(八)III. ElizabethI(1558-1603)伊莉莎白一世(1558年

50、-1603年)ElizabethIandparliament(1)ElizabethIwasthelastmonarchoftheTudorDynasty.ShewasabletoworkwithPaliament.SheavoidedtroublingParliamenttoooftenforpoundsbymakingstricteconomiesatCourt.Buttherelationshipwasoftenturbulent.BecauseParliamentdemandedthatitsrightoffreespeechbeconfirmedinwritinganditbeall

51、owedtodiscussallimportantquestionsatwill.ElizabethIdidnotagreetotheirdemands.為了防止經(jīng)常向議會(huì)索要資金,伊莉莎白在王室內(nèi)部制定了嚴(yán)格的節(jié)約制度.但是,她與議會(huì)的關(guān)系也經(jīng)常不穩(wěn)定.由于議會(huì)需要用文字形式對言論自由的一般權(quán)力加以確定,同時(shí)希望可以隨時(shí)對重要問題進(jìn)行討論.伊不同意他們的要求.Elizabethsreligiousreformandherforeignpolicy伊莉莎白的宗教改革和外交政策Elizabethsreligiousreformwasacompromiseofviews.ShebrokeMarys

52、tieswithRomeandrestoredherfathersindependentChurchofEngland,i.e.keepingtoCatholicdoctrinesandpracticesbuttobefreeofthePapalcontrol.HisreligioussettlementwasunacceptabletoboththeextremeProtestantsknownasPuritansandtoardentCatholics.Fornearly30yearsElizabethsuccessfullyplayedoffagainsteachotherthetwog

53、reatCatholicpowers,FranceandSpain,andpreventedEnglandfromgettinginvolvedinanymajorEuropeanconflict.Throughhermarriageallianceswhichwerenevermaterialized,ElizabethmanagedtomaintainafriendlyrelationshipwithFrance.SoEnglandwasabletofacethedangerfromSpain.伊莉莎白的宗教改革是對不同觀點(diǎn)的妥協(xié).她中斷瑪麗與羅馬的關(guān)系,恢復(fù)她父親在位時(shí)獨(dú)立的英格蘭教會(huì),

54、也就是說保持天主教教條及習(xí)俗,但不受教皇限制.她的宗教定論既不被以清教徒知名的新教極端分子所接受,也不為虔誠的天主教徒所接受.近30年的時(shí)間,伊莉莎白成功挑起了兩大天主教強(qiáng)國法國和西班牙互相斗殺,從而免于英國卷入任何主要的歐洲國的沖突.通過她從未具體化的聯(lián)姻,伊莉莎白設(shè)法與法國維持友好關(guān)系,因此英國能面對來自西班牙的危險(xiǎn).IV. TheEnglishRenaissance英國文藝復(fù)興DistinctivefeaturesoftheEnglishRenaissance英國文藝復(fù)興的特點(diǎn)1) Englishculturewasrevitalizednotsomuchdirectlybythecla

55、ssicsasbycontemporaryEuropeansundertheinfluenceoftheclassics;2) EnglandasaninsularcountryfollowedacourseofsocialandpoliticalhistorywhichwastoagreatextentindependentofthecourseofhistoryelsewhereinEurope;3) Owingtothegreatgeniusofthe14thcenturypoetChaucer,thenativeliteraturewassufficientlyvigorousande

56、xperiencedinassimilatingforforeigninfluenceswithoutbeingsubjectedbythem;4) EnglishRenaissanceliteratureisprimarilyartistic,ratherthanphilosophicalandscholarly;5)theRenaissancecoincidedwiththeReformationinEngland.英國文藝復(fù)興的五個(gè)特點(diǎn)：1)英國文化的復(fù)興直接受古典作品影響不大,更大的影響來自于受古典作品熏陶的當(dāng)代歐洲人；2)由于英國是一個(gè)島國家,其社會(huì)和政治歷史進(jìn)程與歐洲其他國家相去甚

57、遠(yuǎn)；3)由于14世紀(jì)偉大的天才詩人喬叟的出現(xiàn),英國本國文學(xué)得以蓬勃開展,能夠在吸收外國文學(xué)影響的同時(shí),并未處于附屬地位；4)英國文藝復(fù)興文學(xué)主要是文藝方面而不是哲學(xué)的和學(xué)術(shù)方面；5)文藝復(fù)興和英格蘭的宗教改革正好同步.VI.TheCivilWarsandtheirconsequencesBecauseoftheabsoluteruleofCharles,theconfrontationbetweenCharlesIandtheparliamentdevelopedintothecivilwar.ThewarbeganonAugust22,1642andendedin1651.CharlesIwascondemnedtodeath.TheEnglishCivilWarisalsocalledthePuritanRevolution.IthasbeenseenasaconflictbetweentheparliamentandtheKing,andaconflictbetweeneconomicinterestsoftheCrown.TheeconomicinterestsoftheurbanmiddleclassedcoincidedwiththeirreligiousPuritanideologywhiletheCrownstraditionaleconomicin