材料英語翻譯

1、Transportation,housing,clothing,communication,recreation and food production-virtually every segment of our everyday lives is influenced to one degree or another by material. Historically, the development and advancement of societies have been intimately tied to the members abilities to produce and

2、manipulate materials to fill their needs.交通、住房、衣服、通訊、娛樂和食品生產(chǎn)實際上我們?nèi)粘Ｉ畹拿總€部分某種程度上受到材料的影響。（被動語態(tài)）古往今來，社會的發(fā)展和進步已經(jīng)同人們制造和生產(chǎn)材料以滿足他們的需要的能力緊密的聯(lián)系起來了。The earliest humans has access to only a very limited number of materials， those that occur naturally stone，wood， clay，skins，and so on. With time they discovered

3、techniques for producing materials that had properties superior to those of natural ones: these new materials included pottery and various metals. Furthermore，it was discovered that the properties of a material could be altered by heat treatment and by the addition of other substance.（非限制定語從句）早期的人類僅

4、僅擁有少量的材料，這些材料是天然存在的石頭、粘土，皮毛等等。隨著時間的推移，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)了制備性能優(yōu)于陶瓷和各種各樣的金屬的天然材料的方法.除此之外，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)通過熱處理和添加其他物質(zhì)可以改變材料的性質(zhì)。At this point, materials utilization was totally a selection process, that is, deciding from a given, rather limited set of materials the one that was the best suited for an application by virtue of it

5、s characteristic. It was not until relatively recent times that scientist came to understand the relationships between the structural elments of materials and their properties. 在這一點上，材料利用完全是一個選擇過程，也就是說，從給定的、相當(dāng)有限的材料中，根據(jù)材料的性質(zhì)決定其最適合某種用途。直到最近，科學(xué)家才終于了解材料的結(jié)構(gòu)要素與其性能之間的關(guān)系。This knowledge，acquired in the past

6、60 years or so， has empowered them to fashion， to a large degree， the characteristic of materials. Thus, tens of thousands of different materials have evolved with rather specialized characteristics that meet the needs of our modern and complex society.在過去大約60年前獲得的知識使他們有能力最大程度地改變材料的特征。這樣，成千上萬的具有十分特殊

7、性質(zhì)的材料就出現(xiàn)了，這些材料特殊的性質(zhì)的可以滿足我們現(xiàn)代和復(fù)雜社會的需要.The development of many technologies that make our existence so comfortable has been intimately associated with the accessibility of suitable materials. Advancement in the understanding of a material type is often the forerunner to the stepwise progression of a t

8、echnology許多技術(shù)的發(fā)展已經(jīng)同適當(dāng)材料的可及性緊密的聯(lián)系起來了，這些技術(shù)使得我們的生存更加舒適。對材料種類的認(rèn)識的進步通常是一項技術(shù)的分階段發(fā)展的先行者.Materials science is an interdisciplinary study that combines chemistry, physics, metallurgy, engineering and very recently life sciences. One aspect of materials science involves studying and designing materials to mak

9、e them useful and reliable in the service of humankind.材料科學(xué)是一門交叉學(xué)科，它結(jié)合了化學(xué)、物理、冶金、工程和最新的生命科學(xué)。材料科學(xué)的一個方面包括研究和設(shè)計材料，使他們在為人類服務(wù)的過程中變得有用和可靠.In materials science there is also an emphasis on developing and using knowledge to understand how the properties of materials can be controllably designed by varying th

10、e compositions, structures, and the way in which the bulk and surface phase materials are processed.在材料科學(xué)中，也有一個值得注意的（強調(diào)）就是開發(fā)和使用知識來認(rèn)識材料的性能如何才能實現(xiàn)可控制設(shè)計，借助改變組成，結(jié)構(gòu)，和松散材料和表面材料的加工方式.In contrast, materials engineering is , on the basis of those structure properties correlations, designing or engineering the

11、 structure of a materials to produce a predeterminded set of properties. In other words, materials engineering mainly deals with the use of materials in design and how materials are manufactured.相反，基于那些結(jié)構(gòu)和性質(zhì)之間聯(lián)系的材料工程是設(shè)計材料的結(jié)構(gòu)以產(chǎn)生預(yù)先設(shè)定的性質(zhì)。換句話說，材料工程主要是處理材料的使用過程中的設(shè)計和材料如何制造的問題.In brief, the structure of a

12、material usually relates to the arrangement of its internal components. Subatomic structure involves electrons within the individual atoms and interactions with their nuclei. On an atomic level, structure encompasses the organization of atoms or molecules relative to one another. 翻譯：簡單的說，材料的結(jié)構(gòu)通常同內(nèi)部成

13、分的排列有關(guān)。亞原子結(jié)構(gòu)包括每個原子內(nèi)部的電子和這些電子同核子之間的相互作用。在原子水平上，結(jié)構(gòu)包含原子的組織或者分子同其他分子之間的聯(lián)系. The next large structural realm, which contains large groups of atoms that are normally agglomerated together, is termed “microscopic” meaning that which is subject to direct observation using some type of microscope. Finally, st

14、ructural elements that may be viewed with the naked eye are termed “macroscopic”.下一個大的結(jié)構(gòu)領(lǐng)域被稱著“用顯微鏡可見的”，這個結(jié)構(gòu)領(lǐng)域包含了大的原子基團，這些原子基團通常團聚在一起， “用顯微鏡可見的”意思就是用某種顯微鏡可以直接進行觀察.最后，可以用肉眼觀察的結(jié)構(gòu)要素被稱著“肉眼可見的”.（句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析見后面科技英語特點部分）Virtually all important properties of solid materials may be grouped into six different categ

15、ories: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical, and deteriorative. For each there is a characteristic type of stimulus capable of provoking different responses.事實上，固體材料所有重要的性質(zhì)可以分為六個不同的種類：機械性能、電性能、若性能、光學(xué)性能和變化性能。對每一個性質(zhì)有一個特定的刺激能夠引起不同的反應(yīng)。Thus, the interrelationship between processing, structu

16、re, properties, and performance is linear as follows這樣，加工、結(jié)構(gòu)、性質(zhì)和性能之間的相互聯(lián)系如下面所示線性關(guān)系： 加工 結(jié)構(gòu) 性質(zhì) 性能Why do we study materials? Many an applied scientist or engineer, whether mechanical,civil, chemical, or electrical, will at one time or another be exposed to a design problem involving materials. Examples

17、 might include a transmission gear, the superstructure for a building, an oil refinery component, or an integrated circuit chip. Of course, materials scientists and engineers are specialists who are totally involved in the investigation and design of materials.為什么我們學(xué)習(xí)材料嗎?許多應(yīng)用科學(xué)家或工程師,不得以機械,民事、化工、電氣、會

18、在同一時間或另一種被暴露在一個設(shè)計問題涉及的材料。這類例子包括傳動齒輪,上部結(jié)構(gòu)為一棟樓房,一個煉油廠組件、或一個集成電路芯片。當(dāng)然,材料科學(xué)家和工程師,人們都是專家是完全參與研究、設(shè)計材料。Many times, a materials problem is one of selecting the right material from the many thousands that are available. There are several criteria on which the final decision is normally based. First of all, t

19、he in-service conditions must be characterized, for these will dictate the properties required of the material. On only rare occasions does a material possess the maximum or ideal combination of properties. Thus, it may be necessary to trade off one characteristic for another. The classic example in

20、volves strength and ductility; normally, a material having a high strength will have only a limited ductility. In such cases a reasonable compromise between two or more properties may be necessary.很多次,材料問題是選擇合適的材料,從幾千,是可得到的。有幾個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進行最后的決定通常是基礎(chǔ)。首先,必須具有在職條件,因為這些將指令性能要求的材料。只有很少的情況做一個資料具有最大或理想相結(jié)合的性質(zhì)。因此,也許

21、有必要賣掉一特點區(qū)別于另一個。典型的例子包括強度和優(yōu)良的延性;通常,一個資料有高強度將只有有限的延性。在這種情況下一個合理的妥協(xié)兩個或兩個以上的性能可能是必要的。A second selection consideration is any deterioration of material properties that may occur during service operation. For example, significant reductions in mechanical strength may result from exposure to elevated tempe

22、ratures or corrosive environments.第二個選擇是任何考慮材料性能退化的過程中出現(xiàn)的業(yè)務(wù)運作。例如,機械強度顯著降低可能由于高溫環(huán)境中或有腐蝕性環(huán)境。Finally, probably the overriding consideration is that of economics: What will the finished product cost? A material may be found that has the ideal set of properties but is prohibitively expensive. Here again,

23、 some compromise is inevitable. The cost of a finished piece also includes any expense incurred during fabrication to produce the desired shape.最后,也許是最重要的考慮發(fā)展經(jīng)濟學(xué):完成的產(chǎn)品成本嗎?一個材料可以被發(fā)現(xiàn)有理想的組的性能,但是一件非常昂貴。在這里,一些妥協(xié)是不可避免的。完成作品的成本費用也包括在生產(chǎn)過程中產(chǎn)生預(yù)期的形狀。The more familiar an engineer or scientist is with the variou

24、s characteristics and structureproperty relationships, as well as processing techniques of materials, the more proficient and confident he or she will be to make judicious materials choices based on these criteria.比較常見的是一個工程師或科學(xué)家與不同的特點,利用組織-性能關(guān)系的關(guān)系,以及加工工藝的材料,更熟練,自信他或她會做出明智的材料選擇基于這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。Unit 2 Classifi

25、cation of MaterialsSolid materials have been conveniently grouped into three basic classifications: metals, ceramics, and polymers. This scheme is based primarily on chemical makeup and atomic structure, and most materials fall into one distinct grouping or another, although there are some intermedi

26、ates. In addition, there are three other groups of important engineering materialscomposites, semiconductors, and biomaterials.譯文：固體材料被便利的分為三個基本的類型：金屬，陶瓷和聚合物。這個分類是首先基于化學(xué)組成和原子結(jié)構(gòu)來分的，大多數(shù)材料落在明顯的一個類別里面，盡管有許多中間品。除此之外， 有三類其他重要的工程材料復(fù)合材料，半導(dǎo)體材料和生物材料。Composites consist of combinations of two or more different

27、materials, whereas semiconductors are utilized because of their unusual electrical characteristics; biomaterials are implanted into the human body. A brief explanation of the material types and representative characteristics is offered next.譯文：復(fù)合材料由兩種或者兩種以上不同的材料組成，然而半導(dǎo)體由于它們非同尋常的電學(xué)性質(zhì)而得到使用；生物材料被移植進入人類

28、的身體中。關(guān)于材料類型和他們特殊的特征的一個簡單的解釋將在后面給出。METALSMetallic materials are normally combinations of metallic elements. They have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons; that is, these electrons are not bound to particularatoms. Many properties of metals are directly able to these electrons.be bound to 被約束于。be

29、attribute to 歸屬于。歸因于。譯文：金屬材料通常由金屬元素組成。它們有大量無規(guī)則運動的電子。也就是說，這些電子不是被約束于某個特定的原子。金屬的許多性質(zhì)直接歸屬這些不規(guī)則運動的電子。Metals are extremely good conductors of electricity and heat and are not transparent to visible light; a polished metal surface has a lustrous appearance. Furthermore, metals are quite strong, yet deform

30、able, which accounts for their extensive use in structural applications.科技英語在講述科學(xué)真理的時候通常用主動語態(tài)。如： Metals are extremely good conductors of electricity Deformable ？譯文：金屬是十分好的電和熱的導(dǎo)體，它們對可見光不透明；一個拋光的金屬表面有光輝的外表。除此之外，金屬是十分硬的，也是可變形的，這個性質(zhì)解釋了它們廣泛使用在結(jié)構(gòu)方面的應(yīng)用。CERAMICSCeramics are compounds between metallic and no

31、nmetallic elements; they are most frequently oxides, nitrides, and carbides. The wide range of materials that falls within this classification includes ceramics that are composed of clay minerals, cement, and glass.that引導(dǎo)的定語從句譯文：陶瓷是介于金屬和非金屬元素之間的化合物；它們通常是氧化物，氮化物和碳化物。落在這個分類種類中的寬的材料范圍包括陶瓷，它們由粘土礦物，水泥和玻璃

32、組成。These materials are typically insulative to the passage of electricity and heat, and are more resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments than metals and polymers. With regard to mechanical behavior, ceramics are hard but very brittle.more. Than.with regard to.譯文：這些材料是典型的電和熱的絕緣體，并且它們比金屬

33、和聚合物更加耐高溫和耐苛刻的環(huán)境。至于機械性能，陶瓷是硬的但是卻很脆。POLYMERSPolymers include the familiar plastic and rubber materials. Many of them are organic compounds that are chemically based on carbon, hydrogen, and other nonmetallic elements; furthermore, they have very large molecular structures. These materials typically h

34、ave low densities and may be extremely flexible.譯文：聚合物包括常見的塑料和橡膠材料。它們中的大多數(shù)是有機化合物，這些化合物是以化學(xué)的方法把碳、氫和其他非金屬元素組合而成。因此，它們有非常大的分子結(jié)構(gòu)。這些材料通常有低的密度并且可能十分柔軟。COMPOSITESA number of composite materials have been engineered that consist of more than one material type. Fiberglass is a familiar example, in which glas

35、s fibers are embedded within a polymeric material.more than譯文：許多復(fù)合材料被作用工程使用，它們由至少一種類型的材料組成。玻璃絲是一個熟悉的例子，玻璃纖維被埋入聚合物材料中。A composite is designed to display a combination of the best characteristics of each of the component materials. Fiberglass acquires strength from the glass and flexibility from the p

36、olymer. Many of the recent material developments have involved composite materials. 譯文：為了聯(lián)合顯示每一種組分材料最好的特性，一種復(fù)合材料被設(shè)計出來。玻璃絲從玻璃中獲得強度并且從聚合物中獲得柔軟性。最近發(fā)展中的絕大多數(shù)材料包含了復(fù)合材料。SEMICONDUCTORSSemiconductors have electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors and insulators. Furthermor

37、e, the electrical characteristics of these materials are extremely sensitive to the presence of minute concentrations of impurity atoms, which concentrations may be controlled over very small spatial regions. be sensitive to 對敏感的譯文：半導(dǎo)體有電的性質(zhì)，它們是介于電導(dǎo)體和絕緣體之間的中間物。除此之外，這些材料的電學(xué)性質(zhì)對微量雜質(zhì)原子的存在十分敏感，雜質(zhì)原子濃度可能只是在

38、一個十分小的區(qū)域內(nèi)可以控制。The semiconductors have made possible the advent of integrated circuitry that has totally revolutionized the electronics and computer industries (not to mention ourlives) over the past two decades.譯文：這些半導(dǎo)體使得集成電路的出現(xiàn)變得可能，在過去20多年間，這些集成電路革新了電子裝置和計算機工業(yè)（更不用說我們的生活）。BIOMATERIALSBiomaterials ar

39、e employed in components implanted into the human body for replacement of diseased or damaged body parts. These materials must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues (i.e., must not cause adverse biological reactions).譯文：生物材料被應(yīng)用于移植進入人類身體以取代病變的或者損壞的身體部件。這些材料不能產(chǎn)生有毒物質(zhì)而且必須

40、同人身體器官要相容（比如，不能導(dǎo)致相反的生物反應(yīng)）。All of the above materialsmetals, ceramics, polymers,composites, and semiconductorsmay be used as biomaterials. For example, some of the biomaterials such as CF/C (carbon fibers/carbon) and CF/PS (polysulfone) are utilized in artificial hip replacements.譯文：所有以上材料金屬，陶瓷，聚合物，復(fù)

41、合材料和半導(dǎo)體材料可能用作生物材料。比如，如CF/C和CF/PS（聚砜）這些生物材料被用作人工腎的取代物。ADVANCED MATERIALSMaterials that are utilized in high-technology (or high-tech) applications are sometimes termed advanced materials. By high technology we mean a device or product that operates or functions using relatively intricate and sophisti

42、cated principles; examples include electronic equipment (VCRs, CD players, etc.), computers, fiberoptic systems, spacecraft, aircraft, and military rocketry.譯文：用在高科技中的材料有時被稱作先進材料。借助于高科技，我們預(yù)定一個裝置或者產(chǎn)品，這些產(chǎn)品用相對復(fù)雜和熟練的原理運轉(zhuǎn)或者起作用；這些例子包括電子設(shè)備（ VCRs, CD 播放器），計算機，光纖系統(tǒng)，宇宙飛船，航天飛機和軍事火箭。These advanced materials are

43、 typically either traditional materials whose properties have been enhanced or newly developed, high-performance materials. Furthermore, they may be of all material types (e.g., metals, ceramics, polymers), and are normally relatively expensive.譯文：這些高級材料或是典型的傳統(tǒng)材料，它們的性質(zhì)被提高，最近開發(fā)出來的，高性能材料。除此之外，它們可能是所有材

44、料類型（比如，金屬、陶瓷和聚合物），通常相對較貴。In subsequent chapters are discussed the properties and applications of a number of advanced materialsfor example, materials that are used for lasers, integrated circuits, magnetic information storage, liquid crystal displays (LCDs),fiber optics, and the thermal protection s

45、ystem for the Space Shuttle Orbiter.譯文： 在下面的章節(jié)將討論眾多先進材料的性質(zhì)和應(yīng)用比如被用作激光，集成電路，磁信息存儲，液晶顯示器，光纖和空間艙軌道的熱保護系統(tǒng)的材料。MODERN MATERIALS NEEDSIn spite of the tremendous progress that has been made in the discipline of materials science and engineering within the past few years, there still remain technological chal

46、lenges, including the development of even more sophisticated and specialized materials, as well as consideration of the environmental impact of materials production. Some comment is appropriate relative to these issues so as to round outthis perspective.譯文：在過去幾年內(nèi)，不論材料科學(xué)與工程的規(guī)律取得了巨大的進步，仍然有一些技術(shù)挑戰(zhàn)，包括開發(fā)更

47、加熟練的專業(yè)化的材料，并且考慮材料生產(chǎn)對環(huán)境導(dǎo)致的影響。針對這個問題，一些評論是十分相關(guān)的。Nuclear energy holds some promise, but the solutions to the many problems that remain will necessarily involve materials, from fuels to containment structures to facilities for the disposal of radioactive waste.譯文：核能還保持著一些承諾，但是解決許多仍然存在的問題，將有必要把材料包括在里，從燃料

48、到保護結(jié)構(gòu)以便方便處置這些放射性廢料。Significant quantities of energy are involved in transportation. Reducing the weight of transportation vehicles (automobiles, aircraft, trains, etc.), as well as increasing engine operating temperatures, will enhance fuel efficiency. New high strength,low-density structural materi

49、als remain to be developed, as well as materials that have higher-temperature capabilities, for use in engine components.譯文：相當(dāng)數(shù)量的能源用在交通上。減少交通工具（汽車，飛機，火車等）的重量，和提高引擎操作溫度，將提高燃料的使用效率。新的高強，低密度結(jié)構(gòu)材料仍在發(fā)展，用作引擎部位能耐高溫材料也在發(fā)展中。Furthermore, there is a recognized need to find new, economical sources of energy, and

50、 to use the present resources more efficiently. Materials will undoubtedly play a significant role in these developments.譯文：除此之外，尋找新的、經(jīng)濟的能源資源，并且更加有效的使用目前現(xiàn)存的資源是公認(rèn)為必須的。材料將毫無疑問的在這些發(fā)展過程中扮演重要的角色。For example, the direct conversion of solar into electrical energy has been demonstrated. Solar cells employ s

51、ome rather complex and expensive materials. To ensure a viable technology, materials that are highly efficient in this conversion process yet less costly must be developed.譯文：比如，太陽能直接轉(zhuǎn)化為電能已經(jīng)被證實了。太陽能電池使用相當(dāng)復(fù)雜并且昂貴的材料。為了保證技術(shù)的可行，在這個轉(zhuǎn)化過程中的高效但不貴的材料必須被發(fā)展。Furthermore, environmental quality depends on our abi

52、lity to control air and water pollution. Pollution control techniques employ various materials. In addition, materials processing and refinement methods need to be improved so that theyproduce less environmental degradation, that is, less pollution and less despoilage of the landscape from the minin

53、g of raw materials.譯文：除此之外，環(huán)境質(zhì)量取決于我們控制大氣和水污染的能力。污染控制技術(shù)使用了各種材料。再者，材料加工和精制的方法需要改善以便它們產(chǎn)生很少的環(huán)境退化，也就是說，在生材料加工過程中，帶來更少的污染和更少的對自然環(huán)境的破壞。Also, in some materials manufacturing processes, toxic substances are produced, and the ecological impact of theirdisposal must be considered.Many materials that we use are

54、 derived from resources that are nonrenewable, that is, not capable of being regenerated.These include polymers, for which the prime raw material is oil, and some metals. These nonrenewable resources aregradually becoming depleted.譯文：也，在一些材料生產(chǎn)過程中，有毒物質(zhì)產(chǎn)生了，并且它們的處置對生態(tài)產(chǎn)生的影響必須加以考慮。我們使用的許多材料來源于不可再生的資源，不可再

55、生也就是說不能再次生成的。這些材料包括聚合物，最初的原生材料是油和一些金屬。這些不可再生的資源逐漸變得枯竭which necessitates: 1) the discovery of additional reserves, 2) the development of new materials having comparable properties with less adverse environmental impact, and/or 3) increased recycling efforts and the development of new recycling techno

56、logies.譯文：下面是必須的：1）發(fā)現(xiàn)另外的儲藏，2）開發(fā)擁有較少負(fù)環(huán)境影響的新材料，3)增加循環(huán)的努力并且開發(fā)新的循環(huán)技術(shù)。As a consequence of the economics of not only production but also environmental impact and ecological factors, it isbecoming increasingly important to consider the cradle-to-grave life cycle of materials relative to the overall manufac

57、turing process.譯文：結(jié)果，不僅是生產(chǎn)，而且環(huán)境影響和生態(tài)因子，和材料整個生產(chǎn)過程緊密相關(guān)的材料“一生”的生命周期的考慮變得越來越重要。Unit 3 Structure-Property Relationships of MaterialsTodays materials can be classified as metals and alloys, as polymers or plastics, as ceramics, or as composites; composites, most of which are man-made, actually are combina

58、tions of different materials.譯文：當(dāng)今的材料可以分為金屬和合金，聚合物或者塑料，陶瓷或復(fù)合材料；復(fù)合材料，它們大多數(shù)是人造的，實際上是不同材料組合而成。Application of these materials depend on their properties; therefore, we need to know what properties are required by the application and to be able to relate those specification to the material. 譯文：這些材料的應(yīng)用取決于它們的性質(zhì)；因此，根據(jù)應(yīng)用的場合，我們需要知道什么樣的性質(zhì)是必需的，我們需要能夠把這些詳細(xì)說明同材料聯(lián)系起來。For example, a ladder must withstand a