2012職稱英語理工新增文章

1、2012年職稱英語理工類新增文章篇目閱讀理解第六篇 Making Light of1 SleepAll we have a clock located inside our brains. Similar to your bedside alarm clock， your internal clock2 runs on a 24-hour cycle. This cycle，called a circadian rhythm，helps control whenyou wake，when you eat and when you sleep.Somewhere around puberty，s

2、omething happens in the timing of the biological clock. Theclock pushes forward，so adolescents and teenagers are unable to fall asleep as early as they used to. When your mother tells you it's time for bed，your body may be pushing you to stay up3 for several hours more. And the light coming from

3、 your computer screen or TV could be pushing you to stay up even later.This shift4 is natural for teenagers. But staying up very late and sleeping late can get your body's clock out of sync with the cycle of light and dark5. It can also make it hard to get out of bed in the morning and may bring

4、 other problems，too. Teenagers are put in a kind of a gray cloud6 when they don't get enough sleep，says Mary Carskadon，a sleep researcher at Brown University in Providence，RI7 .It affects their mood and their ability to think and learn.But just like your alarm clock，your internal clock can be re

5、set. In fact，it automatically resetsitself every day. How? By using the light it gets through your eyes.Scientists have known for a long time that the light of day and the dark of night play important roles in setting our internal clocks. For years，researchers thought that the signals that synchroni

6、ze the body's clock8 were handled through the same pathways that we use to see.But recent discoveries show that the human eye has two separate light-sensing systems. One system allows us to see. The second system tells our body whether it's day or night.詞匯：circadian/s3:'keidin/ adj. 晝夜節(jié)奏

7、的，生理節(jié)奏的adolescent/ædu'lesnt/ n青少年；adj青少年的puberty/ 'pju:bti/ n發(fā)育；青春期sync/sik/ n. （口語）同步；和諧，協(xié)調(diào)synchronize/'sikrnaiz / V.（使）同時發(fā)生；（使）同步注釋：1.make light of ：輕視，不在乎。例如： We should not make light of their achievements我們不應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)凸浪麄兊某删汀?. your internal clock ：指的是第一句中的a clock located inside our bra

8、ins ，也即是第二段第一句中的the biological clock （生物鐘）。3. stay up：不睡覺，熬夜4. This shift：這種調(diào)整。指上文所描述的由于生理時間的變化青少年上床時間越來越晚的現(xiàn)象。5. get your body's clock out of sync with the cycle of light and dark ：打亂了你的生物鐘與晝夜時間循環(huán)之間的平衡6. gray cloud ：提不起精神的狀態(tài)7. Brown University in Providence， RI：位于美國羅得島州普羅維登斯的布朗大學(xué)。RI是RhodeIsland（

9、羅得島）的首字母縮寫；Providence 是羅得島州的首府。布朗大學(xué)是美國一流大學(xué)，創(chuàng)建于1764 年，是世界聞名的美國“常春藤聯(lián)盟”（還包括哈佛大學(xué)、耶魯大學(xué)、普林斯頓大學(xué)、布朗大學(xué)、哥倫比亞大學(xué)、賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)、達(dá)特茅斯大學(xué)和康奈爾大學(xué)）中的一員。8. the signals that synchronize the body's clock：平衡生物鐘的光信號練習(xí)：1 .The clock located inside our brains is similar to our bedside alarm clock becauseA it controls when we wa

10、ke，when we eat and when we sleep.B it has a cycle of 24 hours.C it is a cycle also called circadian rhythm.D it can alarm any time during 24 hours.2. What is implied in the second paragraph?A Young children's biological clock has the same rhythm with that of the teenagers.B People after puberty

11、begin to go to bed earlier due to the change of the biological clock.C Children before puberty tend to fall asleep earlier at night than adolescents.D Teenagers go to bed later than they used to due to the light from the computer screen.3. In the third paragraph the author wants to tell the reader t

12、hatA it is natural for teenagers to stay up late and get up late.B staying up late has a bad effect on teenagers' ability to think and learn.C during puberty most teenagers experience a kind of gray cloud.D it is hard for teenagers to get out of bed in the morning.4. Which of the following state

13、ments is NOT true according to the fourth and fifth paragraphs?A Our biological clock resets itself automatically.B light gets through our eyes and resets our biological clock.C Our internal clock as well as the alarm clock can be reset automatically.D Our internal clock，like the alarm clock，can be

14、reset.5. According to the last two paragraphs， what did the previous researchers think about the human eye's light-sensing system?A The human eye had two light-sensing systems.B The human eye had one light-sensing system.C The human eye could sense the light of day more quickly than the dark of

15、night.D The human eye could reset our internal clocks in accordance with the alarm clocks.答案與題解：1.B 第一段第二句提供了答案。句中的your internal clock 即指a clock located inside ourBrains。2. C 第二段主要內(nèi)容是告訴讀者，過了青春期（puberty），由于生物鐘節(jié)奏的變化，青少年（adolescents and teenagers）比以前要晚睡幾小時。所以C是該段所隱含的內(nèi)容。3. B 第三段的最后一句直接給出了答案。4. C 根據(jù)第四和第五

16、段的內(nèi)容，鬧鐘和生物鐘都可以重新設(shè)定時間，但生物鐘能通過眼睛接受的日光來自動調(diào)節(jié)生理節(jié)奏。所以A、B和D都是這兩段中所述內(nèi)容，C是正確選擇，因為鬧鐘不能自動重新設(shè)定時間。5.B 問題使用的是過去時，問的是研究者在最新發(fā)現(xiàn)（recent discoveries）之前對眼睛感光系統(tǒng)的認(rèn)識，即，the signals that synchronize the body's clock were handled through the samepathways that we use to see （眼睛所接受到的平衡生物鐘的光信號同樣作用于人類的視覺系統(tǒng)），也就是說，研究者之前認(rèn)為人類的眼睛

17、只有一個感光系統(tǒng)。但最新發(fā)現(xiàn)卻是，人的眼睛有兩個感光系統(tǒng)。第十九篇Graphene's Superstrength1Big technology comes in tiny packages. New cell phones and personal computers get smallerevery year，which means these electronics require even smaller components on the inside.Engineers are looking for creative ways to build these compone

18、nts，and they've turned their eyes to graphene，a superthin2 material，made of carbon，that could change the future of electronics.This year's Nobel Prize for Physics3 has been awarded to Andre Geim and Kostya Novoselovfrom the University of Manchester4，UK. for the discovery of graphene. Graphen

19、e isn't just small,it's“the thinnest possible material in this world，” says Novoselov. He calls it a“wondermaterial. ”It's so thin that you would need to stack about 25,000 sheets just to make a pile as thick as a piece of ordinary white paper. If you were to hold a sheet of graphene in

20、your fingers5，you'd have no idea because you wouldn't be able to see it.Carbon is one of the most abundant elements in the universe. Every known kind of lifecontains carbon. Graphene is a sheet of carbon，but only one atom thick. You don't have to lookfar to find grapheme it's all aro

21、und you.If you want this high-tech wonderstuff6，all you need is a pencil，paper and a little adhesivetape. Use the pencil to shade a small area on the paper, and then apply a small piece of adhesivetape over the area7. When you pull up the tape，you'll see that it pulls up a thin layer of some oft

22、he shading from your pencil. That layer is called graphite，one of the softest minerals in the world.Now stick the same piece of tape on another sheet of paper and pull the tape up there should be an even thinner layer，this time left on the paper. Now imagine that you do this over and over，until you

23、get the thinnest possible layer of material on the paper. This layer would be only one atom thick，and you wouldn't be able to see it. Graphite is made of layers of graphene，so when you get to the thinnest possible layer，you've found graphene.詞匯：graphene/ 'græfi:n/ n石墨烯abundant/bndnt

24、 / adj豐富的，充裕的atom/ 'ætm/n原子adhesive/ d'hi:siv/ n膠粘劑； adj. 黏著的stack/stæk/ v使成堆，堆放graphite / 'græfait / n石墨注釋：1. superstrength：超強(qiáng)的力量。該詞是一個合成詞，由兩部分組成， super（超級的）和strength （力量）。2. superthin：超薄。見注釋1。3. Nobel Prize for Physics ：諾貝爾物理學(xué)獎4. the University of Manchester：曼徹斯特大學(xué)。這是一所位

25、于英國曼徹斯特市的公立研究型大學(xué)，創(chuàng)建于1851 年。5. If you were to hold a sheet of graphene in your fingers：句子使用的是虛擬語氣，因為不可能將幾乎肉眼看不到的石墨烯放在指尖上。6. wonderstuff：神奇物。該詞為合成詞，由wonder（神奇）和stuff（東西）兩個詞構(gòu)成。wonderstuff 指的是第二段提到的wonder material。7. apply a small piece of adhesive tape over ：將一小片膠帶敷在上。練習(xí)：1 .What would change the future

26、 of electronics according to engineers?A Big technology.B Creative ways.C Graphene.D Both A and B.2. According to the second and third paragraphs，what is true of graphene?A It can be used to make paper.B It is possible to see it with our naked eye.C It is easy to find graphene.D It is possibly the t

27、hickest material in the world.3. Which of the following can be used to replace the word “apply”in paragraph 4?A request.B polish.C use.D put.4. Which of the following is NOT meant in the last two paragraphs?A Graphene is made of graphite，one of the softest materials in the world.B Graphite is made o

28、f layers of graphene，the thinnest material in the world.C When we get to the thinnest possible layer of graphite，we find graphene.D With a pencil，a sheet of paper and a piece of adhesive tape，we can find graphene.5. Graphene's superstrength lies in the fact thatA It is the thinnest material in t

29、he world.B It is made of the most abundant elements in the world.C It can help to make electronic components smaller. D It helps engineers to produce more sensitive electronic products.答案與題解：1. C 第一段最后一句提供了答案：工程師將眼光投向石墨烯，一種由碳原子組成的超薄材料，這種材料能夠改變電子產(chǎn)品的未來。2.C 第二段倒數(shù)第二句告訴我們，25,000 層石墨烯才能堆砌成一張普通白紙的厚度，這是為了說明

30、石墨烯是多么的薄，而不是說它可以用來造紙，所以A不是正確答案。第三段最后一句說明石墨烯就在我們周圍，因此C是答案。B和D的表述內(nèi)容都與該兩段內(nèi)容不符合。3.D apply. over：將涂（敷）在上。4.A 最后兩段告訴我們，用一張紙，一支鉛筆和一片膠帶就能找到石墨烯；無數(shù)層石墨烯構(gòu)成石墨，當(dāng)鉛筆留在紙上的石墨被膠帶剝離到最薄一層時，我們就得到了石墨烯。因此只有A不是最后兩段的表述內(nèi)容。5. C 第一段提供了答案。隨著電子產(chǎn)品越來越小，需要更小的電子組件（components) ，而石墨烯作為最薄的材料可以幫助工程師實現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)。這就是石墨烯力量所在。*三十八篇 "Life Form

31、 Found" on Saturn's Titan*四十篇 Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety第三十八篇 "Life Form Found" on Saturn's TitanScientists say they have discovered hints of alien life1 on the Saturn's moon2. The discovery of a sort of life was announced after researchers at the US space agency,NASA

32、3,analyzed data from spacecraft Cassini4,which pointed to,the existence of methane-based form of life on Saturn's biggest moon.Scientists have reportedly discovered clues showing primitive alien beings are"breathing" inTitan's dense atmosphere filled with hydrogen.They argue that h

33、ydrogen gets absorbed before hitting Titan's planet-like surface covered with methane lakes and rivers. This,they say,points to the existence of some"bugs"5 consuming the hydrogen at the surface of the moon less than half the size of the Earth."We suggested hydrogen consumption be

34、cause it's the obvious gas for life to consume on Titan,similar to the way we consume oxygen on Earth,"says NASA scientist Chris McKay."If these signs do turn out to be a sign of life,it would be doubly exciting because it would represent a second form of life independent from water-ba

35、sed life on Earth."To date,scientists have not yet detected this form of life anywhere,though there are liquid-water-based microorganisms on Earth that grow well on methane or produce it as a waste product. On Titan, where temperatures are around 90 Kelvin6(minus 290 degrees Farenheit),a methan

36、ebased organism would have to use a substance that is liquid as its medium for living processes, but not water itself. Water is frozen solid on Titan's surface and much too cold to support life as we know it.Scientists had expected the Sun's interactions with chemicals in the atmosphere to p

37、roduce a coating of acetylene on Titan's surface. But Cassini detected no acetylene on the surface.The absence of detectable acetylene on the Titan's surface can very well have a non-biological explanation,said Mark Allen,a principal investigator7 of the NASA Titan team."Scientific cons

38、ervatism suggests that a biological explanation should be the last choice after all non-biological explanations are addressed,"Allen said. "We have a lot of work to do to rule out8 possible non-biological explanations. It is more likely that a chemical process,without biology,can explain t

39、hese results."詞匯：Saturn /'sætn/ n土星 methane/'mi:ein/ n甲烷，沼氣Titan/'taitn/ n土衛(wèi)六 acetylene/'setili:n/ n乙炔alien/'eiljn/ n外星人；adj外星球的；相異的 conservatism/kn's:vtizm/ n保守主義,守舊注釋：1.hints of alien life：外星生命跡象。2.the Saturn's moon：指土衛(wèi)六（Titan) 。土衛(wèi)六又稱泰坦星，是土星衛(wèi)星中最大的一顆。3.NASA：美國國

40、家航空航天局的縮寫，全稱是： National Aeronautics and Space Administration。4.spacecraft Cassini：卡西尼號探測器，以出生于意大利的法國天文學(xué)家卡西尼的名字命名，其任務(wù)是環(huán)繞土星飛行，對土星及其大氣、光環(huán)、衛(wèi)星和磁場進(jìn)行深人考察。1997 年10 月15日，重六噸的“卡西尼”號星際探測器被發(fā)射飛往土星的軌道。這是上世紀(jì)發(fā)射的最后一艘行星際探測的大飛船。“卡西尼”號用了將近七年時間，在2004 年7月1日飛達(dá)土星軌道。5.bugs：微生物。非正式口語表達(dá)，所以使用了引號。6.Kelvin：可翻譯成“絕對溫度”。Kelvin Scal

41、e ，絕對溫標(biāo)，開氏溫標(biāo)，是由Kelvin 勛爵于19世紀(jì)中葉發(fā)明的溫度計量方法，其零度相當(dāng)于攝氏一273. 15" C ，被認(rèn)為是宇宙中最低溫度。這種溫度計量方法多為科學(xué)家使用。7.principal investigator：研究項目負(fù)責(zé)人8.rule out：排除的可能性練習(xí)：1 .What have scientists found about Saturn?A They have found a new moon orbiting Saturn.B They have found methane-based life on Saturn.C They have found

42、methane-based life on Titan.D They have found earthlike life on a Saturn's moon.2. What do scientists say about Titan?A There are life clues there.B There is acetylene there.C Water on Titan exists in the form of ice.D Rivers and lakes there contain life formls.3. To date,scientists have not yet

43、 detected this form of life.(paragraph 5)What does"this formof life" refer to?A Water-based life.B Methane-based life.C Liquid-water-based microorganisms.D Gas-based life.4. What can be inferred from what Allen said?A Scientists have different arguments over whether there is life on Titan.

44、B Scientists all agree that there is life on Titan.C Scientists all suggest that a biological explanation is reasonable.D Scientists all agree that a non-biological chemical reaction is a possible explanation.5. Which of the following can replace the title of this passage?A Earthlike Living Beings F

45、ound on Titan.B Finding of One More Moon of Saturn.C Titan,a New Satellite Found.D A different Life Form, a Possibility.答案與題解：1. C 短文的第一段提供了答案。該段告訴讀者，科學(xué)家在土星的衛(wèi)星土衛(wèi)六（ Titan ）上發(fā)現(xiàn)了生命的跡象，這些生命的存在是以甲烷為基礎(chǔ)的。2.A根據(jù)第二段“Scientists have reportedly discovered clues showing primitive alien beings are'breathing&#

46、39; in Titan's dense atmosphere filled with hydrogen.”，說明土衛(wèi)六（Titan）有生命跡象。因此A是答案。3. B this form of life 指的是土衛(wèi)六（ Titan ）上以甲烷為生命基礎(chǔ)呼吸氫氣的生物，即該文討論的主題。4.A科學(xué)家至今對土衛(wèi)六是否存在生物有不同的觀點(diǎn)和解釋。Allen 說要做出土衛(wèi)六上有生物的結(jié)論，首先必須對Titan 上沒有生物的觀點(diǎn)做出回應(yīng)；要排除土衛(wèi)六上可能沒有生物的觀點(diǎn)，我們還須付出努力。所以只有A是正確選擇。5.D該短文的主題是，科學(xué)家在土衛(wèi)六（ Titan ）上發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種與地球生物不同的生

47、命形式的跡象，即以甲烷為生命基礎(chǔ)呼吸氫氣的生物，但科學(xué)家還未能最后驗證這一發(fā)現(xiàn)。第四段中的一個句子能夠揭示該短文的主題：“If these signs do turn out to be a sign of life, it would bedoubly exciting because it would represent a second form of life independent from water-based life on Earth.”第四十篇 Teaching Math,Teaching AnxietyIn a new study about the way kids l

48、earn math in elementary school,the psychologists at theUniversity of Chicagol1 Sian Beilock and Susan Levine found a surprising relationship between what female teachers think and what female students learn:If a female teacher is uncomfortable with her own math skills,then her female students are mo

49、re likely to believe that boys are better than girls at math."If these girls keep getting math-anxious female teachers2 in later grades,it may create a snowball effect on their math achievement3 said Levine. In other words,girls may end up learning math anxiety from their teachers4. The study s

50、uggests that if these girls grow up believing that boys are better at math than girls are,then these girls may not do as well as they would have ifthey were more confident.Just as students find certain subjects to be difficult, teachers can find certain subjects to bedifficult to learn - and teach.

51、The subject of math can be particularly difficult for everyone.Researchers use the word "anxiety" to describe such feelings:anxiety is uneasiness or worry.The new study found that when a teacher has anxiety about math, that feeling can influencehow her female students feel about math. The

52、study involved 65 girls,52 boys and 17 first- andsecond-grade teachers in elementary schools in the Midwest. The students took math achievement tests at the beginning and end of the school year, and the researchers compared the scores.The researchers also gave the students tests to tell whether the

53、students believed that a math superstar had to be a boy. Then the researchers turned to the teachers:To find out which teachers were anxious about math,the researchers asked the teachers how they felt at times when they came across math, such as when reading a sales receipt5. A teacher who got nervo

54、us looking at the numbers on a sales receipt, for example,was probably anxious about math.Boys,on average,were unaffected by a teacher's anxiety. On average,girls with math-anxiousteachers scored lower on the end-of-the-year math tests than other girls in the study did.Plus,on the test showing w

55、hether someone thought a math superstar had to be a boy,20 girls showed feeling that boys would be better at math - and all of these girls had been taught by female teachers who had math anxiety."This is an interesting study,but the results need to be interpreted as preliminary and in needof re

56、plication with a larger sample6," said David Geary,a psychologist at the University of Missouri7 in Columbia.詞匯：snowball /'snub:l/雪球；滾雪球式增長的事 replication/repli'kein/ n 重復(fù)，復(fù)現(xiàn)superstar/'sju:psta:/ n超級明星練習(xí)：1. University of Chicago：芝加哥大學(xué)。位于美國伊利諾伊州芝加哥市，是世界一流的私立大學(xué)，創(chuàng)建于1891 年。2. keep gettin

57、g math-anxious female teachers：一直由對數(shù)學(xué)有焦慮感的女教師教授數(shù)學(xué)。此處getting是having的意思，math-anxious指的是上文中提到的對數(shù)學(xué)沒有自信的心理狀態(tài)。另見第三段最后一句對anxiety的解釋。3. snowball effect on their math achievement：在數(shù)學(xué)成就上的雪球效應(yīng)。其含義是：在數(shù)學(xué)上越來越?jīng)]有信心。4. end up learning math anxiety from their teachers：最后從老師那里獲得的是對數(shù)學(xué)的焦慮。End up doing something：最終會做某事5.

58、 sales receipt：銷售清單6. in need of replication with a larger sample：需要用更大的調(diào)查樣本進(jìn)行重復(fù)驗證。replication在量化實證研究中的意思是“重復(fù)（實驗）”。7. the University of Missouri：密蘇里大學(xué)。位于密蘇里州，是美國一所公立研究型大學(xué)，創(chuàng)建于1839年。練習(xí)：1. What is the result of the research at the University of Chicago,according to the first paragraph?A Girls comfortab

59、le with their own math skills are better than boys at math.B Girls uncomfortable with their own math skills are not as good as boys at math.C Female teachers' math skills have influence over girl students' math skills.D Female teachers' confidence in their math skills is related to girl's math skills.2. What is implied in the t