專業(yè)英語【土木工程(路橋方向)】

1、專業(yè)英語English article in Civil Engineering (土木工程專業(yè)英語課文) Lesson1 Careers in Civil Engineering Engineering is a profession, which means that an engineer must have a specialized university education. Many government jurisdictions also have licensing procedures which require engineering graduates to pass

2、an examination, similar to the bar examination for a lawyer, before they can actively start on their careers. specialized專門的, 專科的 jurisdiction管轄權(quán)，權(quán)限 license許可（證），執(zhí)照 bar 律師業(yè) 土木工程是一個(gè)意味著工程師必須要經(jīng)過 專門的大學(xué)教育的職業(yè)。許多政府管轄部門 還有（一套）認(rèn)證程序，這一程序要求工科 畢業(yè)生在他們能積極地開始（從事）他們的 事業(yè)之前，通過（認(rèn)證）考試, 這種考試類似 于律師職業(yè)里的律師考試一樣。 In the univ

3、ersity, mathematics, physics, and chemistry are heavily emphasized throughout the engineering curriculum, but particularly in the first two or three years. Mathematics is very important in all branches of engineering, so it is greatly stressed. Today, mathematics includes courses in statistics, whic

4、h deals with gathering, classifying, and using numerical data, or pieces of information. mathematics n.數(shù)學(xué) curriculum n.課程 branch n. (學(xué)科)分科 stress 強(qiáng)調(diào) courses n.課程,路線 statistics n. 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué),統(tǒng)計(jì) deal with涉及，處理 An important aspect of statistical mathematics is probability, which deals with what may happen whe

5、n there are different factors, or variables, that can change the results of a problem. Before the construction of a bridge is undertaken, for example, a statistical study is made of the amount of traffic (which) the bridge will be expected to handle. In the design of the bridge, variables such as wa

6、ter pressure on the foundation, impact, the effects of different wind forces, and many other factors must be considered handle undertake vt.承擔(dān) amount of traffic n.交通量 impact碰撞，沖擊 Variable 變量 大學(xué)里, 工科課程中著重強(qiáng)調(diào)數(shù)學(xué)、物理, 和化學(xué),尤其在開始的二到三年。在工科所有 分支中，數(shù)學(xué)非常重要, 因此它被著重地強(qiáng)調(diào)。 今天, 數(shù)學(xué)包括統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)中的課程主要涉及集合, 分類, 和使用數(shù)字?jǐn)?shù)據(jù), 或信息。 統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)

7、學(xué)的一個(gè)重要方面是概率, 它涉及當(dāng) 有改變問題的結(jié)果的不同的因素, 或變量時(shí)， 可能會(huì)發(fā)生什么。例如，在承擔(dān)橋梁的建設(shè) 之前, 運(yùn)用統(tǒng)計(jì)研究來預(yù)計(jì)未來橋梁期望承受 的交通量. 在橋梁的設(shè)計(jì)中，(各種)變量如作 用在基礎(chǔ)上的水壓, 碰撞, 不同的風(fēng)力的作用, 以及許多其它因素必須考慮。 Because a great deal of calculation is involved in solving these problems, computer programming is now included in almost all engineering curricula. Computer

8、s, of course, can solve many problems involving calculations with greater speed and accuracy than a human being can. But computer are useless unless they are given clear and accurate instructions and information-in other words, a good program.be involved in涉及 program 編程序，電腦程 序 curricula n.課程 instruc

9、tion指令 由于在解決這些問題涉及大量的計(jì)算, 現(xiàn) 在幾乎所有工科課程中都包括計(jì)算機(jī)編程。 當(dāng)然,計(jì)算機(jī)能比人類以更快的速度和準(zhǔn)確性 解決許多問題。但如果不給計(jì)算機(jī)清楚和準(zhǔn) 確指令和信息，換句話說，一個(gè)好程序，它 也是無用的。 In spite of the heavy emphasis on technical subjects in the engineering curriculum, a current trend is to require students to take courses in the social science and the language arts. T

10、he relationship between engineering and society is getting closer; it is sufficient, therefore, to say again that the work performed by an engineer affects society in many different and important ways that he or she should be aware of. An engineer also needs a sufficient command of language to be ab

11、le to prepare reports that are clear and, in many cases, persuasive. An engineer engaged in research will need to be able to write up his or her finding for scientific publications. command 把握， 支配， 控制-翻譯時(shí)需要引申 engage in v.使從事于, 參加 write up v.詳細(xì)描寫 scientific publication 科技出版物 雖然，在工科課程中，對(duì)技術(shù)科目著重強(qiáng) 調(diào)，但當(dāng)前的

12、趨勢(shì)還是要求學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)社會(huì)科 學(xué)和語言藝術(shù)的課程。工程和社會(huì)間的關(guān)系 變得更加緊密; 因此,再一次充分說明, 工程師 負(fù)責(zé)（承擔(dān)）的工程在許多不同和重要的方 面影響社會(huì),這些方面是他們所知道的。并且， 工程師需要一種很肯定（自信）語言表達(dá)方 式來準(zhǔn)備報(bào)告，這個(gè)報(bào)告要清楚明了，且在 多數(shù)情況下, 是令人信服的。參與研究的工程 師要能為科學(xué)出版物詳細(xì)描述他們的發(fā)現(xiàn)。 The last two years of an engineering program include subjects within the students field of specialization. For the stu

13、dent who is preparing to become a civil engineer, these specialized courses may deal with such subjects as geodetic surveying, soil mechanics, or hydraulics. subject科目, 學(xué)科 geodetic surveying大地測(cè)量 soil mechanics n.土力學(xué) hydraulics n.水力學(xué) specialization 專業(yè) 最后兩年的工科課程計(jì)劃包括學(xué)生專業(yè)領(lǐng)域的學(xué) 科。為準(zhǔn)備使學(xué)生成為一名土木工程師, 這些專業(yè) 課程可

14、能會(huì)涉及諸如大地測(cè)量、土力學(xué)，或水力學(xué)。 Active recruiting for engineers often begins before the students last year in the university. Many different corporation and government agencies have competed for the services of engineers in recent years. In the science-oriented society of today, people who have technical train

15、ing are, of course, in demand. Young engineers may choose to go into environmental or sanitary engineering, for example, where environmental concerns have created many openings; or they may choose construction firms that specialize in highway work; or they may prefer to work with one of the governme

16、nt agencies that deal with water resource. Indeed, the choice is large and varied.近年來，許多不同的公 司和政府機(jī)構(gòu)為爭(zhēng)奪工程師而競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。在今天 這個(gè)重視科學(xué)技術(shù)的社會(huì)，受過技術(shù)訓(xùn)練的 人當(dāng)然是受歡迎的。年輕工程師也許選擇進(jìn) 入環(huán)境或衛(wèi)生工程領(lǐng)域工作, 例如, 在環(huán)境問 題方面創(chuàng)造的許多機(jī)會(huì); 或他們也許選擇專門 的高速公路工程的建筑公司; 或他們也許喜歡 與政府機(jī)構(gòu)當(dāng)中處理水資源的機(jī)構(gòu)之一共事。 的確, 選擇很多且多樣。 When the young engineer has finally started ac

17、tual practice, the theoretical knowledge acquired in the university must be applied, He or she will probably be assigned at the beginning to work with a team of engineers. Thus, on-the-job training can be acquired that will demonstrate his or her ability to translate theory into practice to the supe

18、rvisors. assign分配, 指派 on-the-job adj.在職的，現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的 demonstrate證明,示范,論證supervisor主管人，管 理人 當(dāng)年輕工程師最后開始了真正的實(shí)踐, 必須要運(yùn)用 到大學(xué)中學(xué)到的理論知識(shí)。最初，他或她可能會(huì)被 分配到與工程隊(duì)合作。從而, 他們會(huì)得到在職的培 訓(xùn)，這個(gè)培訓(xùn)將向管理人員證明他們將理論轉(zhuǎn)化為 實(shí)踐的能力。 The civil engineer may work in research, design, construction supervision, maintenance, or even in sales or manageme

19、nt. Each of these areas involves different duties, different emphases, and different uses of engineers knowledge and experience. civil engineer.土木工程師 construction supervision施工監(jiān)督，施工管理 土木工程師可能在研究、設(shè)計(jì)、施工管理、 養(yǎng)護(hù)或者甚至銷售或管理單位工作。每一個(gè) 工作領(lǐng)域都涉及不同的職責(zé)，不同的著重點(diǎn) 以及運(yùn)用不同的工程理論和經(jīng)驗(yàn)。 Research is one of the most important as

20、pects of scientific and engineering practice. A researcher usually works as a member of a team with other scientists and engineers. He or she is often employed in a laboratory that is financed by government or industry. Areas of research connected with civil engineering include soil mechanics and so

21、il stabilization techniques, and also the development and testing of new structural materials. soil mechanics n.土力學(xué) finance vt.供給.經(jīng) 費(fèi), 負(fù)擔(dān)經(jīng)費(fèi) soil stabilization土壤加固法，研究是科學(xué)和工程實(shí)踐的當(dāng)中最重要的一 個(gè)方面。研究員通常作為一個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)的成員與 其它科學(xué)家和工程師一起合作。他或她經(jīng)常 受雇于政府或企業(yè)提供經(jīng)費(fèi)的實(shí)驗(yàn)室。與土 木工程相關(guān)的研究領(lǐng)域包括土力學(xué)和土壤加 固技術(shù), 并且還包括新結(jié)構(gòu)材料的開發(fā)和實(shí)驗(yàn)。 Civil engineer

22、ing projects are almost always unique; that is, each has its own problems and design feature. Therefore, careful study is given to each project even before design work begins. The study includes survey both of topography and subsoil features of the proposed site. It also includes a consideration of

23、possible alternatives, such as a concrete gravity dam or an earth-fill embankment dam. The economic factors involved in each of the possible alternatives must also be weighed. Today, a study usually includes a considerations of the environmental impact of the project. Many engineers, usually working

24、 as a team that includes surveyors, specialists in soil mechanics, and experts in design and construction, are involved in making these feasibility studies. Weighed 的翻譯-斟酌 topography n. 地形，地形學(xué) subsoil天然地基，下層土，底土 concrete gravity dam 混凝土重力式壩 embankment dam n.填筑壩,土石壩 specialist 專家 feasibility study可行性

25、研究 土木工程項(xiàng)目幾乎是唯一（獨(dú)一）的; 就是 說，每個(gè)工程有它自己的難題和設(shè)計(jì)特點(diǎn)。 所以, 在設(shè)計(jì)工作開始以前，要仔細(xì)的研究每 個(gè)項(xiàng)目。研究包括勘測(cè)工程位置的地形和地 基特點(diǎn)。它還包括考慮可能的比選方案, 譬如 一個(gè)混凝土重力式壩或填土的土石壩。經(jīng)濟(jì) 因素與在每個(gè)可能的比選方案有關(guān)，也必須 斟酌。今天, 研究通常包括項(xiàng)目的環(huán)境影響的 考慮。許多工程師, 通常在一起工作組成一個(gè) 團(tuán)隊(duì)，這個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)包括測(cè)量員、土力學(xué)方面的 專家和設(shè)計(jì)施工方面的專家，來參與制定這 些可行性研究。 Many civil engineers, among them the top people in the field

26、, work in design. As we have seen, civil engineers work on many different kinds of structures, so it is normal practice for an engineer to specialize in just one kind. In designing buildings, engineers often work as consultants to architectural or construction firms. Dams, bridges, water supply syst

27、ems, and other large projects ordinarily employ several engineers whose work is coordinated by a system engineer who is in charge of the entire project. In many cases, engineers from other disciplines are involved. In a dam project, for example, electrical and mechanical engineers work on the design

28、 of the Powerhouse and its equipment. In other cases, civil engineers are assigned to work on a project in another field; in the space program, for instance, civil engineers were necessary in the design and construction of such structures as launching pads and rocket storage facilities. consultant n

29、.顧問, 商議者, 咨詢者 water supply system 給水系統(tǒng) coordinate 協(xié)同 system engineer n.系統(tǒng)工程師 discipline學(xué)科 powerhouse n.發(fā)電站 launching pad n.導(dǎo)彈或火箭發(fā)射場(chǎng), 發(fā)射臺(tái) storage facility貯存設(shè)備 許多土木工程師在設(shè)計(jì)領(lǐng)域工作,他們中的許多人 是這個(gè)行業(yè)的佼佼者。正如我們所見，土木工程師 研究許多不同的結(jié)構(gòu), 因此工程師專門研究一類結(jié) 構(gòu)是通常的做法（一般的慣例）。在建筑設(shè)計(jì)中, 工程師經(jīng)常作為建筑或結(jié)構(gòu)公司的顧問。水壩、橋 梁、給水系統(tǒng), 和其它大項(xiàng)目通常；聘用幾位系統(tǒng) 工程

30、師（總工程師） ，他們的工作是協(xié)助負(fù)責(zé)整個(gè) 項(xiàng)目。在許多情況下, 也需要（涉及）其它學(xué)科的 工程師。例如,在水壩項(xiàng)目中, 電子和機(jī)械工程師負(fù) 責(zé)發(fā)電站及其設(shè)備的設(shè)計(jì)。在其它情況下, 土木工 程師被分配到其它領(lǐng)域的項(xiàng)目上工作; 例如,在空間 項(xiàng)目中, 需要土木工程師設(shè)計(jì)和施工諸如發(fā)射臺(tái)和 火箭存貯設(shè)施這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)。Construction is a complicated process on almost all engineering projects. It involves scheduling the work and utilizing the equipment and the ma

31、terials so that costs are kept as low as possible. Safety factors must also be taken into account, since construction can be very dangerous. Many civil engineers therefore specialize in the construction phase. Scheduling n 行程安排, 進(jìn)度安排 utilize 利 用，使用 take into account 考慮，重視 civil engineer n.土木工程師 spec

32、ialize in vt.專攻, 專門研究construction phase 施工階段 在幾乎所有土木工程項(xiàng)目中，施工是復(fù)雜的 過程。它包括項(xiàng)目的進(jìn)度安排和設(shè)備的使用 以及材料，以便使得造價(jià)盡可能降低。必須 考慮安全因素，因?yàn)槭┕ず芪ｋU(xiǎn)。許多土木 工程師因此專門研究施工階段。 Lesson2Modern Buildings and Structural Materials 現(xiàn)代建筑及結(jié)構(gòu)材料 Many great buildings (that are) built in the earlier ages are still in existence and in use. Among th

33、em are the Pantheon and the Colosseum in Rome, Hagia Sophia in Istanbul; the Gothic churches of France and England, and the Renaissance cathedrals, with their great domes, like the Duomo in Florence and St. Peters in Rome. They are massive structures with thick stone walls that counteract the thrust

34、 of their great weight. Thrust is the pressure exerted by each part of a structure on its other parts. Pantheon 帕提儂神廟 Colosseum n.羅馬圓形大劇場(chǎng)，角斗場(chǎng) Hagia Sophia 圣索非亞教堂 Istanbul 伊斯坦布兒(土耳其首都) renaissance文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期 cathedral n.大教堂 gothic church n.哥特式教堂 dome n.圓屋頂，穹頂 duomo n.大教堂, 中央寺院 Florence 佛羅倫薩 St. Peters 圣彼得

35、大教堂 massive adj.厚重的, 大塊的, 魁偉的, 結(jié)實(shí)的 counteract vt.抵消，對(duì)抗 thrust 推力引申為軸向壓力 exert 施加(壓力等) ，作用,施加 許多偉大的建筑很早就修建了現(xiàn)在仍然還 存在并在使用中。在他們之中就包括希臘的 帕提儂神廟和羅馬的角斗場(chǎng)，伊斯坦布爾的 圣索非亞教堂; 法國(guó)和英國(guó)哥特式教會(huì), 和有 著宏偉圓頂?shù)奈乃噺?fù)興時(shí)期大教堂,如佛羅倫 薩的中央寺院和羅馬的圣彼得大教堂。他們 是使用厚重石頭墻體來抵消他們巨大自重的 巨型結(jié)構(gòu)。軸向壓力來自于結(jié)構(gòu)的其它部份 對(duì)其的傳導(dǎo)。 These great buildings were not the pr

36、oduct of knowledge of mathematics and physics. They were constructed instead on the basis of experience and observation, often as the result of trial and error. One of the reasons they have survived is because of the great strength that was built into them-strength greater than necessary in most cas

37、es. But the engineers of earlier times also had their failure. In Rome, for example, most of the people lived in insulae, great tenement blocks that were often ten stories high. Many of them were poorly constructed and sometimes collapsed with considerable loss or life. 第二段 生詞 instead adv. 不是.而是，代替,

38、當(dāng)作, trial and error n.反復(fù)試驗(yàn),不斷摸索 insulae 公寓，群屋 tenement block n. 經(jīng)濟(jì)公寓 poorly adv. 拙 劣地,貧乏地 considerable adj.相當(dāng)大(或多)的 collapse n.倒塌，崩塌 這些偉大的建筑不是數(shù)學(xué)和物理知識(shí)的產(chǎn) 物。而是根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)和觀察建造的, 經(jīng)常是不斷 摸索的產(chǎn)物。他們依然存在的原因之一是由 于被修建得能承受很大的力量-在許多情況 下大于他們需要的力量。但更早的時(shí)期的工 程師也有過失敗。例如,在羅馬, 大多數(shù)人民 , , 居住在公寓里, 大的經(jīng)濟(jì)公寓經(jīng)常有十層樓高。 許多修建得很拙劣且不時(shí)倒塌，造成了

39、了相 當(dāng)大的財(cái)產(chǎn)或生命損失。 Today, however, the engineer has the advantage not only of empirical information, but also of scientific data that permit him to make careful calculations in advance. When a modem engineer plans a structure, he takes into account the total weight of all its component materials. This i

40、s known as the dead load, which is the weight of the structure itself, He must also consider the live load, the weight of all the people, cars, furniture, machines, and so on that the structure will support when it is in use. In structures such as bridges that will handle fast automobile traffic, he

41、 must consider the impact, the force at which the live load will be exerted on the structure, He must also determine the safety factor, that is, an additional capability to make the structure stronger than the combination of the three other factors. empirical adj.完全根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的, 經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義的 in advance 提前；預(yù)先 plan

42、 vt.計(jì)劃, 設(shè)計(jì) take into account v.重視, 考慮 component adj.組成的, 構(gòu)成的n.成分 dead load 恒載，永久荷載 live load 活載，活荷載 handle 處理，操作-承受 automobile 汽車 impact n.碰撞, 沖擊，撞擊 safety factor n.安全系數(shù) exert 作用，施加(壓力等) 然而，今天工程師不僅有經(jīng)驗(yàn)信息的優(yōu)勢(shì)， 而且還有科學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)，允許他在事先進(jìn)行仔細(xì) 的計(jì)算。當(dāng)現(xiàn)代工程師設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，他 要考慮所有組成材料的總重量。這就是所說 的恒載，他是結(jié)構(gòu)自身的重量，他還必須考 慮活載，即所有人群、汽車,

43、 家具, 機(jī)器, 等等 結(jié)構(gòu)在使用中需要承受的荷載。結(jié)構(gòu)，比如 橋梁將要承受高速的汽車通行（行使），它 必須考慮沖力力，這個(gè)力是活載作用在結(jié)構(gòu) 上的。他還必須確定安全因素，也即是，額 外的承載能力以確保結(jié)構(gòu)的強(qiáng)度大于這三個(gè) 其他因素的組合作用。 The modern engineer must also understand the different stresses to which the materials in a structure are subject. These include the forces of compression and tension. In compre

44、ssion the material is pressed or pushed together; in tension the material is pulled apart or stretched, like a rubber band. In addition to tension and compression, another force is at work, namely shear, which we defined as the tendency of a material to fracture along the lines of stress. The shear

45、might occur in a vertical plane, but it also might run along the horizontal axis of the beam, the neutral plane, where there is neither tension nor compression. Subject使受到, 使遭到 compression 壓力，壓縮 tension拉力 Press 擠壓，受壓 pull apart v.撕開 stretch v.伸展, 伸長(zhǎng) rubber band n.橡皮圈 at work adv.在工作, 在運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，在起作用 shear

46、剪力 fracture v.(使)破碎, (使)破裂，斷裂 vertical plane n.垂直面 horizontal axis水平軸 neutral plane中性面 現(xiàn)代工程師還要知道結(jié)構(gòu)中材料承受的不 同的力。這些力包括壓力和拉力這對(duì)互反的 力。受壓時(shí)，材料受到擠壓或是被推倒一起； 受拉時(shí)，材料被撕開或是被拉長(zhǎng)，就像一根 橡皮圈。除了拉力和壓力以外，還有另一種 力作用于結(jié)構(gòu)上，也就是剪力，我們定義使 材料趨于沿著力的作用線斷裂的力為剪力。 剪力可能在垂直面作用，但是也有可能沿著 梁的水平軸，既不受拉也不受壓的中性軸作 用。 Altogether, three forces can a

47、ct on a structure: vertical-those that act up or down; horizontal-those that act sideways; and those that act upon it with a rotating or turning motion. Forces that act at an angle are a combination of horizontal and vertical forces. Since the structures designed by civil engineers are intended to b

48、e stationary or stable, these forces must be kept in balance. The vertical forces, for example, must be equal to each other. If a beam supports a load above, the beam itself must have sufficient strength to counterbalance that weight. The horizontal forces must also equal each other so that there is

49、 not too much thrust either to the right or to the left. And forces that might pull the structure around must be countered with forces that pull in the opposite direction. act on v.對(duì).起作用,作用于 act 產(chǎn)生.的效果，擔(dān)當(dāng)，見效 vertical 垂直的 horizontal 水平的 sideways adv.向一旁 rotating轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的, 旋轉(zhuǎn)的 turning n.旋轉(zhuǎn), 轉(zhuǎn)向 motion n.運(yùn)動(dòng),

50、動(dòng)作 stationary固定的 stable adj.穩(wěn)定的 counterbalance vt使平衡 thrust 推力 opposite direction相反方向，反向 總之，這三個(gè)力會(huì)作用在結(jié)構(gòu)上：豎直的-那些向上或向下作用的力；水平的那些向 一側(cè)作用的力；以及那些使旋轉(zhuǎn)或轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的作 用力。以一個(gè)角度作用的力是水平力和豎向 力的合力。因?yàn)橛赏聊竟こ處熢O(shè)計(jì)的結(jié)構(gòu)要 固定或者穩(wěn)定，這些力必須保持平衡。例如， 豎向力必須相互平衡。如果一片梁要支撐作 用在其上的荷載，梁自身必須要有足夠的強(qiáng) 度來平衡這個(gè)重量。水平力也必須相互平衡 以使得沒有向左或向右的太大推力。以及那 些可能使結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的力必須

51、和相反方向轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng) 的力相平衡。 One of the most spectacular engineering failures of modern times, the collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge in 1940, was the result of not considering the last of these factors carefully enough. When strong gusts of wind, up to sixty-five kilometers an hour, struck the bridge during a

52、 storm, they set up waves along the roadway of the bridge and also a lateral motion that caused the roadway to fall. Fortunately, engineers learn from mistakes, so it is now common practice to test scale models of bridges in wind tunnels for aerodynamic resistance. Spectacular 轟動(dòng)一時(shí)的 Tacoma 塔科馬美國(guó)華盛頓州

53、西部港市 Narrows 紐約灣海峽(位于美國(guó))，海峽 gust of wind陣風(fēng) strike撞擊, 沖擊 lateral motion橫向運(yùn)動(dòng), 側(cè)擺 scale model縮尺模型，幾何相似模型 wind tunnel n.風(fēng)洞 aerodynamic resistance空氣動(dòng)力阻力 橋梁史上最有名的事故之一。 美國(guó)華盛頓州Tacoma Narrows大橋倒塌的錄 像。 這次事故令橋梁的設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范重新修改，風(fēng)力 和共振分析成為橋梁設(shè)計(jì)必不可少的一部分。 這次事故之所以有名，還在于大橋的倒塌過 程被人錄了下來。當(dāng)時(shí)有一對(duì)新人正在橋頭 舉行婚禮，攝影師本來是去拍喜慶場(chǎng)面的， 不想?yún)s記錄了一

54、座大橋的末日。大橋在風(fēng)中 扭動(dòng)的場(chǎng)面令人震撼，只使用了三個(gè)月。主 跨853m。 現(xiàn)代最為轟動(dòng)一時(shí)的工程事故之一：1940 年的Tacoma Narrows大橋，就是因?yàn)閷?duì)這些 因素的最后一個(gè)因素：扭轉(zhuǎn)考慮的不夠仔細(xì) 而導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果。當(dāng)時(shí)在一次暴風(fēng)雨中，時(shí)速 達(dá)到65公里每小時(shí)的強(qiáng)陣風(fēng)沖擊著大橋，他 們把大橋沿行車道吹成波浪形加上橫向扭動(dòng) 導(dǎo)致大橋的行車道落水。幸運(yùn)的是，工程師 從錯(cuò)誤中吸取教訓(xùn)，因此現(xiàn)在通常要在風(fēng)洞 試驗(yàn)室中進(jìn)行橋梁的縮尺模型試驗(yàn)以確定其 空氣動(dòng)力阻力。 The principal construction materials of earlier times were wood

55、 and masonry brick, stone, or tile, and similar materials. The courses or layers were bound together with mortar or bitumen, a tar-like substance or some other binding agent. The Greeks and Romans sometimes used iron rods or clamps to strengthen their buildings. The columns of the Parthenon in Athen

56、s, for example, have holes drilled in them for iron bars that have now rusted away. The Romans also used a natural cement called pozzolana, made from volcanic ash, that became as hard as stone under water. principal adj.主要的, 首要的 masonry砌石 brick磚 tile 瓦 course行列, 層 layer n.層 mortar砂漿，灰漿 bitumen n.瀝青

57、tar焦油, 柏油，焦油瀝青 binding agent蟲膠粘合劑，接合劑 rod n.桿, 棒 clamp n.夾子, 夾具, 夾鉗 drill 鉆孔 rust 生銹 natural cement天然水泥 pozzolana n.火山灰(可用作水泥原料) volcanic ash 火山灰 早期主要的建筑材料是木材和砌石磚，石頭 或是瓦片以及類似這類的材料。用砂漿或是 瀝青，一種類似焦油的物質(zhì)或是其他粘合劑 將各層結(jié)合在一起。希臘人和羅馬人有時(shí)使 用鐵桿或是夾子來加強(qiáng)他們的建筑。例如， 希臘帕提農(nóng)神廟的立柱，為了插鐵棒在立柱 中鉆孔，這些鐵棒現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)銹蝕了。羅馬人 也使用稱為火山灰的天然水泥，

58、從火山灰中 制成，當(dāng)在水中時(shí)就會(huì)變得和石頭一樣硬。 Both steel and cement, the two most important construction materials of modern times, were introduced in the nineteenth century. Steel, basically an alloy of iron and a small amount of carbon, had been made up to that time by a laborious process that restricted it to such s

59、pecial uses as sword blades. After the invention of the Bessemer process in 1856, steel was available in large quantities at low prices. The enormous advantage of steel is its tensile strength; that is, it does not lose its strength when it is under a calculated degree of tension, a force which, as we have seen, tends to pull apart many materials. New alloys have further increased the strength of steel and eliminated some of its problems, such as fatigue, which is a tendency f