《計(jì)算機(jī)英語(yǔ)(第4版)》課后練習(xí)參考答案

1、計(jì)算機(jī)英語(yǔ)（第4版）練習(xí)參考答案Unit One: Computer and Computer ScienceUnit One/Section AI.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1.Charles Babbage; Augusta Ada Byron2.input; output3.VLSI4.workstations; mainframes5.vacuum; transistors6.instructions; software7.digit; eight; byte8.microminiaturizat

2、ion; chipII.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.artificial intelligence 人工智能2.paper-tape reader 紙帶閱讀器3.optical computer 光計(jì)算機(jī)4.neural network 神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)5.instruction set 指令集6.parallel processing 并行處理7.difference engine 差分機(jī)8.versatile logical element 通用邏輯元件9.s

3、ilicon substrate 硅襯底10.vacuum tube 真空管11.數(shù)據(jù)的存儲(chǔ)與處理 the storage and handling of data12.超大規(guī)模集成電路 very large-scale integrated circuit13.中央處理器 central processing unit14.個(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī) personal computer15.模擬計(jì)算機(jī) analogue computer16.數(shù)字計(jì)算機(jī) digital computer17.通用計(jì)算機(jī) general-purpose computer18.處理器芯片 processor chip19.操作指

4、令 operating instructions20.輸入設(shè)備 input deviceIII.Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:We can define a computer as a device that accepts input, processes data, stores data, and produces output. According to the mode of processing, co

5、mputers are either analog or digital. They can also be classified as mainframes, minicomputers, workstations, or microcomputers. All else (for example, the age of the machine) being equal, this categorization provides some indication of the computers speed, size, cost, and abilities.Ever since the a

6、dvent of computers, there have been constant changes. First-generation computers of historic significance, such as UNIVAC (通用自動(dòng)計(jì)算機(jī)), introduced in the early 1950s, were based on vacuum tubes. Second-generation computers, appearing in the early 1960s, were those in which transistors replaced vacuum t

7、ubes. In third-generation computers, dating from the 1960s, integrated circuits replaced transistors. In fourth-generation computers such as microcomputers, which first appeared in the mid-1970s, large-scale integration enabled thousands of circuits to be incorporated on one chip. Fifth-generation c

8、omputers are expected to combine very-large-scale integration with sophisticated approaches to computing, including artificial intelligence and true distributed processing.IV.Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:計(jì)算機(jī)將變得更加先進(jìn)，也將變得更加容易使用。語(yǔ)音識(shí)別的改進(jìn)將使計(jì)算機(jī)的操作更加容易。虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)，即使用所有人類官能與計(jì)算機(jī)進(jìn)行交互的技術(shù)

9、，也將有助于創(chuàng)建更好的人機(jī)接口。人們正在開發(fā)其他的奇異計(jì)算模型，包括使用生物機(jī)體的生物計(jì)算、使用具有特定屬性的分子的分子計(jì)算，以及使用遺傳基本單位DNA（脫氧核糖核酸）存儲(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)和執(zhí)行運(yùn)算的計(jì)算。這些都是可能的未來(lái)計(jì)算平臺(tái)的例子，而它們迄今還能力有限或完全屬于理論范疇。科學(xué)家們研究它們，是因?yàn)榍度牍柚械碾娐返奈⑿⌒突艿轿锢硐拗?。還有一些限制與即使最微小的晶體管也會(huì)產(chǎn)生的熱量有關(guān)。Unit One/Section BI.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1.erfacing3

10、.interdisciplinary4.microprocessorII.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.artificial neural network 人工神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)2.computer architecture 計(jì)算機(jī)體系結(jié)構(gòu)3.robust computer program 健壯的計(jì)算機(jī)程序4.human-computer interface 人機(jī)接口5.knowledge representation 知識(shí)表示6.數(shù)值分析 numerical ana

11、lysis7.程序設(shè)計(jì)環(huán)境 programming environment8.數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu) data structure9.存儲(chǔ)和檢索信息 store and retrieve information10.虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí) virtual realityUnit One/Section CI.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1.output2.supercomputer3.microcontroller4.handheld; convergenceII.Translate the following terms or ph

12、rases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.Web page （萬(wàn)維）網(wǎng)頁(yè)2.touch screen 觸摸屏，觸屏3.blade server 刀片服務(wù)器4.removable storage device 移動(dòng)（式）存儲(chǔ)設(shè)備5.聲卡 sound card6.存儲(chǔ)服務(wù)器 storage server7.便攜式媒體播放器 portable media player8.硬盤 hard diskUnit Two: Computer ArchitectureUnit Two/Section AIFill in the blanks with th

13、e information given in the text:1.input; output; storage2.Basic Input/Output System3.flatbed; hand-held4.LCD-based5.dot-matrix; inkjet6.disk; memory7.volatile8.serial; parallelII.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.function key 功能鍵，操作鍵，函數(shù)鍵2.voice recog

14、nition module 語(yǔ)音識(shí)別模塊3.touch-sensitive region 觸敏區(qū)4.address bus 地址總線5.flatbed scanner 平板掃描儀6.dot-matrix printer 點(diǎn)陣打印機(jī)（針式打印機(jī)）7.parallel connection 并行連接8.cathode ray tube 陰極射線管9.video game 電子游戲10.audio signal 音頻信號(hào)11.操作系統(tǒng) operating system12.液晶顯示（器） LCD (liquid crystal display)13.噴墨打印機(jī) inkjet printer14.數(shù)據(jù)

15、總線 data bus15.串行連接 serial connection16.易失性存儲(chǔ)器 volatile memory17.激光打印機(jī) laser printer18.磁盤驅(qū)動(dòng)器 disk drive19.基本輸入輸出系統(tǒng) BIOS (Basic Input/Output System)20.視頻顯示器 video displayIII.Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:CD-ROM stands for comp

16、act disc read-only memory. Unlike floppy and hard disks, which use magnetic charges to represent 1s and 0s, optical discs use reflected light. On a CD-ROM disc, 1s and 0s are represented by flat areas and bumpy (高低不平的) areas (called “pits”) on its bottom surface. The CD-ROM disc is read by a laser t

17、hat projects a tiny beam of light on these areas. The amount of reflected light determines whether the area represents a 1 or a 0.Like a commercial CD found in music stores, a CD-ROM is a “read-only” disc. Read-only means it cannot be written on or erased by the user. Thus, you as a user have access

18、 only to the data imprinted (壓印) by the publisher.A single CD-ROM disc can store 650 megabytes (兆字節(jié)) of data. That is equivalent to 451 floppy disks. With that much information on a single disc, the time to retrieve or access the information is very important. An important characteristic of CD-ROM d

19、rives is their access rate.IV.Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:調(diào)制解調(diào)器是在模擬與數(shù)字信號(hào)之間進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換的設(shè)備。計(jì)算機(jī)使用的是數(shù)字信號(hào)，這種信號(hào)由離散單元組成，通常用一系列1和0表示。模擬信號(hào)是連續(xù)變化的；聲波就是模擬信號(hào)的一個(gè)例子。調(diào)制解調(diào)器經(jīng)常用于實(shí)現(xiàn)計(jì)算機(jī)之間通過電話線的互相通信。調(diào)制解調(diào)器將發(fā)送端計(jì)算機(jī)的數(shù)字信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)換成可通過電話線傳輸?shù)哪M信號(hào)。信號(hào)到達(dá)目的地后，另外一個(gè)調(diào)制解調(diào)器重構(gòu)原來(lái)的數(shù)字信號(hào)，供接收端計(jì)算機(jī)處理。如果兩個(gè)調(diào)制解調(diào)器可同時(shí)互相發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)，那么它們采用的就是

20、全雙工工作方式；如果一次只有一個(gè)調(diào)制解調(diào)器可以發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)，那么它們采用的則是半雙工工作方式。Unit Two/Section BI.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1.graphical2.file; scheduler3.virtual4.sliceII.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.interrupt handler 中斷處理程序2.virtual memory 虛擬存儲(chǔ)（

21、器），虛存，虛擬內(nèi)存3.context switch 上下文轉(zhuǎn)換，語(yǔ)境轉(zhuǎn)換4.main memory 主存（儲(chǔ)器）5.bit pattern 位模式6.外圍設(shè)備 peripheral device7.進(jìn)程表 process table8.時(shí)間片 time slice9.圖形用戶界面 graphical user interface10.海量存儲(chǔ)器 mass storageUnit Two/Section CI.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1.repository2.central; sub-systems3

22、.network4.layered或abstract machineII.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.code generator 代碼生成程序，代碼發(fā)生器2.abstract machine 抽象機(jī)3.program editor 程序編輯程序，程序編輯器4.configuration item 配置項(xiàng)5.計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì) CAD (computer-aided design)6.數(shù)據(jù)冗余 data redundancy7.指揮與控制系統(tǒng) command

23、and control system 8.視頻壓縮與解壓縮 video compression and decompressionUnit Three: Computer Language and ProgrammingUnit Three/Section AI.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1.artificial; instructions2.low-level; high-level3.machine4.machine5.functional; logic6.statement7.module8.dig

24、italII.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.storage register 存儲(chǔ)寄存器2.function statement 函數(shù)語(yǔ)句3.program statement 程序語(yǔ)句4.object-oriented language 面向?qū)ο笳Z(yǔ)言5.assembly language 匯編語(yǔ)言6.intermediate language 中間語(yǔ)言，中級(jí)語(yǔ)言7.relational language 關(guān)系（型）語(yǔ)言8.artificial langua

25、ge 人工語(yǔ)言9.data declaration 數(shù)據(jù)聲明10.Structured Query Language 結(jié)構(gòu)化查詢語(yǔ)言11.可執(zhí)行程序 executable program12.程序模塊 program module13.條件語(yǔ)句 conditional statement14.賦值語(yǔ)句 assignment statement15.邏輯語(yǔ)言 logic language16.機(jī)器語(yǔ)言 machine language17.函數(shù)式語(yǔ)言 functional language18.程序設(shè)計(jì)語(yǔ)言 programming language19.運(yùn)行計(jì)算機(jī)程序 run a compute

26、r program20.計(jì)算機(jī)程序員 computer programmerIII.Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:A programming language is a language used to write instructions for the computer. It lets the programmer express data processing in a symbolic manner wi

27、thout regard to machine-specific details.The difficulty of writing programs in the machine language of 0s and 1s led first to the development of assembly language, which allows programmers to use mnemonics (助記符) for instructions and symbols for variables. Such programs are then translated by a progr

28、am known as an assembler (匯編程序，匯編器) into the binary encoding used by the computer. Other pieces of system software known as linking loaders (連接裝入程序) combine pieces of assembled code and load them into the machines main memory unit, where they are then ready for execution. The concept of linking sepa

29、rate pieces of code was important, since it allowed “l(fā)ibraries” of programs to be built up to carry out common tasksa first step toward the increasingly emphasized notion of software reuse. Assembly language was found to be sufficiently inconvenient that higher-level languages (closer to natural lan

30、guages) were invented in the 1950s for easier, faster programming; along with them came the need for compilers, programs that translate high-level language programs into machine code. As programming languages became more powerful and abstract, building efficient compilers that create high-quality co

31、de in terms of execution speed and storage consumption became an interesting computer science problem in itself.IV.Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:面向?qū)ο蟪绦蛟O(shè)計(jì)語(yǔ)言，如C+和Java，基于傳統(tǒng)的高級(jí)語(yǔ)言，但它們使程序設(shè)計(jì)員能夠從合作對(duì)象集而非命令列表的角度進(jìn)行思考。諸如圓之類的對(duì)象具有像圓的半徑一類的屬性，以及在計(jì)算機(jī)屏幕上繪制該對(duì)象的命令。一個(gè)對(duì)象類可以從其他的對(duì)象類繼承特征。例如，定義正方形

32、的類可以從定義長(zhǎng)方形的類那里繼承直角等特征。這一套程序設(shè)計(jì)類簡(jiǎn)化了程序設(shè)計(jì)員的工作，帶來(lái)了更多“可復(fù)用的”計(jì)算機(jī)代碼。可復(fù)用代碼使程序設(shè)計(jì)員可以使用已經(jīng)設(shè)計(jì)、編寫和測(cè)試的代碼。這使得程序設(shè)計(jì)員的工作變得比較容易，并帶來(lái)更加可靠和高效的程序。Unit Three/Section BI.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1.objects2.platform-independent3.multithreading4.runtimeII.Translate the following terms or phrases

33、from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.native code 本機(jī)（代）碼2.header file 頭標(biāo)文件；頁(yè)眉文件3.multithreaded program 多線程程序4.Java-enabled browser 支持Java的瀏覽器5.malicious code 惡意代碼6.機(jī)器碼 machine code7.匯編碼 assembly code8.特洛伊木馬程序 Trojan horse9.軟件包 software package10.類層次 class hierarchyUnit Three/Section CI.Fill in

34、the blanks with the information given in the text:1.subscript; index2.fixed3.histogram4.two-dimensionalII.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.bar chart 條形圖2.frequency array 頻率數(shù)組3.graphical representation 圖形表示4.multidimensional array 多維數(shù)組5.用戶視圖 user(s)

35、view6.下標(biāo)形式 subscript form7.一維數(shù)組 one-dimensional array8.編程結(jié)構(gòu) programming constructUnit Four: Software DevelopmentUnit Four/Section AI.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1.application; erpreter5.debugger6.loop7.driver8.John von NeumannII.Trans

36、late the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.inference engine 推理機(jī)2.system call 系統(tǒng)調(diào)用3.compiled language 編譯執(zhí)行的語(yǔ)言4.parallel computing 并行計(jì)算5.pattern matching 模式匹配6.memory location 存儲(chǔ)單元7.interpreter program 解釋程序8.library routine 庫(kù)程序，程序庫(kù)例行程序9.intermediate program 中間程序，過渡程

37、序10.source file 源文件11.解釋執(zhí)行的語(yǔ)言 interpreted language12.設(shè)備驅(qū)動(dòng)程序 device driver13.源程序 source program14.調(diào)試程序 debugging program15.目標(biāo)代碼 object code16.應(yīng)用程序 application program17.實(shí)用程序 utility program18.邏輯程序 logic program19.墨盒 ink cartridge20.程序的存儲(chǔ)與執(zhí)行 program storage and executionIII.Fill in each of the blanks

38、with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:A compiler, in computer science, is a computer program that translates source code into object code. Software engineers write source code using high-level programming languages that people can understand. Computers cannot

39、 directly execute source code, but need a compiler to translate these instructions into a low-level language called machine code.Compilers collect and reorganize (compile) all the instructions in a given set of source code to produce object code. Object code is often the same as or similar to a comp

40、uters machine code. If the object code is the same as the machine language, the computer can run the program immediately after the compiler produces its translation. If the object code is not in machine language, other programssuch as assemblers, binders (聯(lián)編程序), linkers, and loaders (加載程序)finish the

41、 translation.Most computer languages use different versions of compilers for different types of computers or operating systems, so one language may have different compilers for personal computers (PC) and Apple Macintosh computers. Many different manufacturers often produce versions of the same prog

42、ramming language, so compilers for a language may vary between manufacturers.IV.Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:在軟件中，錯(cuò)誤是指導(dǎo)致程序發(fā)生故障或產(chǎn)生不正確結(jié)果的編碼或邏輯錯(cuò)誤。較輕微的錯(cuò)誤，如光標(biāo)表現(xiàn)異常，會(huì)造成不便或帶來(lái)挫折，但不會(huì)對(duì)信息產(chǎn)生破壞性影響。較嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)誤會(huì)導(dǎo)致程序“中止”（對(duì)命令停止反應(yīng)），可能使用戶別無(wú)選擇，只能重新啟動(dòng)程序，結(jié)果致使任何前面已經(jīng)做好但尚未保存的工作丟失。兩種情況無(wú)論是哪一種，程序員都必須憑借稱為

43、調(diào)試的過程，發(fā)現(xiàn)并改正錯(cuò)誤。由于錯(cuò)誤對(duì)重要數(shù)據(jù)的潛在危險(xiǎn)，商用應(yīng)用程序在發(fā)行前要經(jīng)過盡可能全面的測(cè)試與調(diào)試。程序發(fā)行后發(fā)現(xiàn)的較輕微錯(cuò)誤在下一次更新時(shí)改正；較嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)誤有時(shí)可用稱為補(bǔ)丁的特殊軟件加以修補(bǔ)，以規(guī)避問題或減輕其影響。Unit Four/Section BI.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1.entity2.duration3.data; process或process; data4.implementedII.Translate the following terms or phrases from

44、 English into Chinese and vice versa:1.check box 復(fù)選框，選擇框，校驗(yàn)框2.structured design 結(jié)構(gòu)化設(shè)計(jì)3.building block 積木塊，構(gòu)建模塊，構(gòu)件4.database schema 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)模式5.radio button 單選（按）鈕6.系統(tǒng)建模技術(shù) system modeling technique7.模型驅(qū)動(dòng)開發(fā) model-driven development8.數(shù)據(jù)流程圖 data flow diagram9.下拉式菜單 drop-down (或pull-down) menu10.滾動(dòng)條 scroll ba

45、rUnit Four/Section CI.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1.heterogeneous2.asynchronous3.bridges4.opennessII.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.procedure call 過程調(diào)用2.fault tolerance 容錯(cuò)3.homogeneous system 同構(gòu)系統(tǒng)4.autonomous agent 自主

46、主體5.路由算法 routing algorithm6.異構(gòu)型環(huán)境 heterogeneous environment7.多址通信協(xié)議 multicast protocol8.通信鏈路 communication(s) linkUnit Five: Software ProcessUnit Five/Section AI.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1.off-the-shelf2.exclusive3.cascade4.requirements; integration5.throwaway6.immed

47、iate; stable7.reuse-oriented; framework8.software; compromisesII.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1.system specification 系統(tǒng)規(guī)格說明2.unit testing 單位（或單元、部件）測(cè)試3.software life cycle 軟件生命周期（或生存周期）4.system validation testing 系統(tǒng)驗(yàn)證測(cè)試5.evolutionary development p

48、rocess 演化開發(fā)過程6.linear model 線性模型7.program unit 程序單元8.throwaway prototype 拋棄式原型9.text formatting 正文格式編排，文本格式化10.system evolution 系統(tǒng)演變11.系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)范例 system design paradigm12.需求分析與定義 requirements analysis and definition13.探索式編程方法 exploratory programming approach14.系統(tǒng)文件編制 system documentation15.瀑布模型 waterfal

49、l model16.系統(tǒng)集成 system integration17.商用現(xiàn)成軟件 commercial off-the-shelf (或COTS) software18.基于組件的軟件工程 component-based software engineering (CBSE)19.軟件維護(hù)工具 software maintenance tool20.軟件復(fù)用 software reuseIII.Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if nec

50、essary:There are three different types of software maintenance. Firstly, there is maintenance to repair software faults. Coding errors are usually relatively cheap to correct; design errors are more expensive as they may involve rewriting several program components. Requirements errors are the most

51、expensive to repair because of the extensive system redesign that may be necessary. Secondly, there is maintenance to adapt the software to a different operating environment. This type of maintenance is required when some aspect of the systems environment such as the hardware, the platform operating

52、 system or other support software changes. The application system must be modified to adapt it to cope with these environmental changes. And thirdly, there is maintenance to add to or modify the systems functionality. This type of maintenance is necessary when the system requirements change in respo

53、nse to organizational or business change. The scale of the changes required to the software is often much greater than for the other types of maintenance. In practice, there isnt a clear-cut distinction between these types of maintenance. When you adapt the system to a new environment, you may add f

54、unctionality to take advantage of new environmental features. Software faults are often exposed because users use the system in unanticipated ways. Changing the system to accommodate their way of working is the best way to fix these faults.IV.Translate the following passage from English into Chinese

55、:軟件過程比較復(fù)雜，而且像所有其他的智能和創(chuàng)造性過程一樣，依靠人們作出決定和判斷。由于需要判斷和創(chuàng)造性，使軟件過程自動(dòng)化的嘗試只取得了有限的成功。計(jì)算機(jī)輔助軟件工程工具可支持軟件過程的某些活動(dòng)。然而，至少是在未來(lái)幾年內(nèi)，不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)更廣泛的軟件過程自動(dòng)化，使軟件能夠接替參與軟件過程的工程師來(lái)從事創(chuàng)造性設(shè)計(jì)。計(jì)算機(jī)輔助軟件工程工具的有效性有限，原因之一是軟件過程多種多樣。不存在理想的過程，而且許多組織機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)展了自己的軟件開發(fā)方法。軟件過程不斷演變，以利用組織機(jī)構(gòu)中的人員的能力和開發(fā)中的系統(tǒng)的具體特點(diǎn)。對(duì)于一些系統(tǒng)來(lái)說，需要的是一個(gè)高度結(jié)構(gòu)化的開發(fā)過程，而對(duì)于另外一些系統(tǒng)來(lái)說，一個(gè)靈活敏捷的過程很可能更為有效。Unit Five/Section BI.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1.acceptance2.code3.automation; coverage4.regressionII.Translate the following terms or phra