應(yīng)用化學(xué)專業(yè)英語第二版萬有志主編版課后答案和課文翻譯

1、Unit 1The Roots of Chemi st ryI. Comprehension.I .C 2. B 3. D 4. C 5. BII . Make a sentence out of each item by rearranging the words in brackets.1. The purification of an organic compound is usually a matter of considerable difficulty, and it is necessary to employ various methods for this purpose.

2、2. Science is an ever-increasing body of accumulated and systematized knowledge and is also an activity by which knowledge is generated.3. Life, after all, is only chemistry, in fact, a small example of chemistry observed on a single mundane planet.4. People are made of molecules; some of the molecu

3、les in people are rather simple whereas others are highly complex.5. Chemistry is ever present in our lives from birth to death because without chemistry there is neither life nor death.6. Mathematics appears to be almost as humankind and also permeates all aspects of human life, although many of us

4、 are not fully aware of this.III. Translation.1. (a) chemical process (b) natural science (c) the technique of distillation2. It is the atoms that make up iron, water, oxygen and the like/and so on/and so forth/and otherwise.3. Chemistry has a very long history, in fact, human activity in chemistry

5、goes back to prerecorded times/predating recorded times.4. According to/From the evaporation of water, people know/realized that liquids can turn/be/change into gases under certain conditions/circumstance/environment.5. You must know the properties of the material before you use it. IV. Translation化

6、學(xué)是三種基礎(chǔ)自然科學(xué)之一，另外兩種是物理和生物。自從宇宙大爆炸以來，化學(xué)過 程持續(xù)進(jìn)行，甚至地球上生命的出現(xiàn)可能也是化學(xué)過程的結(jié)果。人們也許認(rèn)為生命是三步 進(jìn)化的最終結(jié)果，第一步非?？?，其余兩步相當(dāng)慢。這三步是：(I)物理進(jìn)化(化學(xué)元素的 產(chǎn)生)，(II )化學(xué)進(jìn)化(分子和生物分子的形成)；和(III )生物進(jìn)化(有機(jī)物的形成和 發(fā)展)。V. Solution:(1) The relative mass of 1H and 12C atoms can be calculated from their absolute masses in grams.If the mass of a 12C a

7、tom is exactly 12 amu,then the mass of a 1H atom to five significant figures must be 1.0078 amu.12 amu x 0.083986 = 1.0078 amu(2)First we calculate k and then use the first-order rate equation.The bone was tossed away (more precisely, the animal whose bone was died) about 6100 years ago, or about 41

8、00 B.C. We can thus be sure that a village was in existence at that place at that time.Unit 7 The Nomenclature of Inorganic SubstancesI. ComprehensionI .A 2.B 3.C 4.C 5.BII . Give the systematic name for the followingammonium ion ; Ccopper(I) ion; hydrogen ion; silver ion; Barium ;copper(II) ion ; i

9、ron(II) ion; lead(II) ion; magnesium ion; Manganese(II) ion;strontium ion;zinc ion;aluminum;chromium(III) ion; iron(III) ion;carbon monoxide; carbon dioxide; sulfur trioxide; arsenate ion; arsenite ion; phosphate ion; phosphate ion; carbonate ion; chromate ion; dichromate ion;oxide ion; sulfide ion;

10、 sulfate ion;calcium ion; mercury(II) ion; chromium(II) ion; tin(II) ion.ditrogen trioxide;diphosphorus pentoxide;dichlorine heptoxidesulfite ion;hydride ion;bromide ion;hydroxide ion;chlorate ion;hypochloriteion;chloride ion;iodate ion;chlorite ion;nitrate ion;cyanide ion;iodide ion;fluoride ion;ni

11、trate ion;hydrogen carbonate ion; nitrite ion;hydrogen sulfate ion; perchlorate ion;hydrogen sulfite ion; permanganate ion.III. Complete the table.FormulaOld nameSystematic nameFeOiron (II) oxideFe2O3iron (III) oxideSn(OH) 2tin(II) hydroxideSn(OH) 4tin(IV) hydroxideHg2SO4mercury (I) sulfateHgSO4merc

12、ury (II) sulfateNaCLOsodium hypochloriteK2Cr2O7potassium dichromateCu 3(AsO 4)2copper(II) arsenateCr(C 2H 3O2)3chromium(IV) acetateIV. Acid names may be obtained directly from its acid ion by changing the name of the acid ion (negative ion). Use the rule to give the name of the following acid.Formul

13、a of acidOld nameName of acidH2CO3carbonic acidHClO 2chlorous acidHClO 4perchloric acidHCNhydrocyanic acidHBrhydrobromic acidH4SiO4silicic acidH3AsO4arsenic acidV. Complete the sentences with the proper form of the word given at the end of the sentence.1.is altered; 2.To illustrate 3.indicates 4.sho

14、uld expect 5.would cancel6. are pulled 7.depend on 8.are; referred 9.formed 10.have discussedVI. Translation1. Matter can neither be created nor be destroyed/eliminated.2. It is necessary that a scientist must know how to use fingures to get an accutate answer to question.3. Any substance is made of

15、 atoms whether it is solid, liquid or gas.4. The experiment was successful. It's results was the same as what we had expected.5. It will not be long before we finish the experiment.VII. Write equations for the following acid-base reactions. Use the information in inorganic textbook to predict wh

16、ether the equilibrium will favor the reactants or the products. (Partially Solved)Solutin to (a): Cyanide is the conjugate base of HCN. It can accept a proton from formic acid:Reading from inorganic textbook, formic acid (pKa=3.76) is a stronger acid than HCN (pKa=9.22), and cyanide is a stronger ba

17、se than formate. The products (weaker acid and base) are favored.VIII. Write equations for the net reactions which occur when the following materials are added to a sodium-ammonia solution.Answer: (1) 2CH 3GeH3 + 2eam- - H2 + 2CH3GeH2-(2) I2 + 2eam- 2I-(3) (C2H5)2S + 2&m- + NH3 - C2H5S- + C2 H6

18、+ NH2-Unit 10 Nomenclature of Hydrocarbons1. Comprehension1 .C 2.D 3.B 4.A 5.B 6.BII. Name the following compounds by the IUPAC s)/stem1CH3(CH2)nCH3 (n=2, 3, 4, 6, respectively)butane, pentane, hexane, octane2(CH3)2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH32-methylpentane3(CH3)3C-CH2-CH(C2H5)-CH2-CH34-ethyl-2,2-dimethylhexan

19、e4(CH3)2CH-CH2CH2-CH(CH2CH2CH3)-CH(CH3)25-isopropyl-2-methyloctane5CH3-CH2-CH2-C(CH2CH2CH3)2-CH(CH3)24-isopropyl-4-propylheptane6 -CH2-CH(CH3)2isobutylcyclobutane7CH2=C(C2H5)(CH(CH3)2)2-ethyl-3-methyl-1-butene8CH3-CH2-CH=CH-CHCl-CH 32-chloro-3-hexene9CH3-CH(CH3)-CH(C2H5)-C 三 C-CH34-ethyl-5-methyl-2-

20、hexyne10CH2=CH-C m CH1-buten-3-yne11(CH3)2CH-CH2CH(OH)CH 34-methyl-2-pentanol12CH3CH2CH=CHCH(OH)CH 33-hexen-2-ol13(CH3)3C-OH2-methyl-2-propanol14(CH3)3C-OCH2H52-ethoxy-2-methylpropane15(CH3)2CH-CH2-O-C2H51-ethoxy-2-methylpropane16(CH2OH)21,2-ethanediol17CH3-CH(OH)-CH 2(OH)1,2-proanediol18CH2(OH)-CH(

21、OH)-CH 2(OH)1,2,3-propanetriol19CH3CH2NH2aminoethane20CH3CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH-NH-CH 3N-methyl-1-amino-2-methylpent aneIII. Draw structures for the following compounds.13-octeneC-C-C=C-C-C-C-C23-methy-2-heptene3cyclohexene42-pentyneC-C C-C-C53,3-dimethylhexyne63-bromotoluene7vinyl chlorideC=C-Cl8acetylene

22、C C9para-dichlorobenzene10m-chlorobromobenzene11toluene12chlorobenzene131,2-dibromobenzene14naphthalene15anthracene16phenanthrene172-methyl-1-propanol18Cyclohexanol19Methoxyethene20trans-2-ethoxycyclohexanolIV. Decide which item best completes each unfinished sentence.1 .A 2.A 3.B 4.CV. Each of the

23、following names is incorrect. Draw the structure represented by the incorrect name (or a consistent structure if the name is ambiguous), and give your drawing the correct name.()Unit 11 Carboxylic Acids and Their DerivativesI. Comprehension1.B 2.B 3.C 4.D 5.A 6.CII. Fill in the blanks with the phras

24、es given below.1 .brought out 2.dozen or so; put together 3.are made of ;divided by 4.are different from 5.on the contrary; consist of 6.summed up 7.stand for 8.such as 9.are; dependent on 10.break down intoIII. Put in proper prepositions or adverbs into the blanks.1 .with; as 2.to 3.about 4.from 5.

25、intoIV. Translation1. Similarly, solvent also may not be liquid matter but the others2. A graph plotting solubility against temperature is called a solubility curve.(The curve plot drawn (made / produced) by solubility as one coordinate and temperature as another coordinate is called solubility curv

26、e.)3. Air is mixture of gases , the most abundant of which is nitrogen in the form of N2 (molecules).4. The direction of the reaction and the position of the equilibrium may also be affected by the temperature, pressure, and other conditions.5. Hydrogen has a great affinity for oxygen and easily com

27、bines with it to form water. V. Translation玻意爾(Bohr)模型提出不久后，人們就發(fā)現(xiàn)原子中的電子比 Bohr提出的模型要復(fù)雜 得多。實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí)電子既有粒子的性質(zhì)(質(zhì)量)也有光的特性(波的特性)。因?yàn)樗膬芍匦裕?電子不能被看作是在確定范圍內(nèi)繞核旋轉(zhuǎn)的一種簡(jiǎn)單粒子，而且如Bohr所說的，如果電子高速運(yùn)動(dòng)，我們就不能確切地知道它的位置。Unit 13 Ultraviolet and Visible Molecular SpectroscopyI. Comprehension1 .C 2.D 3.D 4.D 5.BII. Fill in the blank

28、sof; as; in; out; In; for; for ; of; in; then; to; for;since(for) ; into.III. Fill the blank in each sentence with an appropriate phrase in its proper form.1. account for 2.take part in 3.think of .as 4.As compared with5. is attached to 6.on the contrary 7.As in the case of 8.in contrast with as aga

29、inst9. owing to 10.Except for.Unit 17 CrystallisationI. Comprehension1 .D 2.A 3.A 4.D 5.AII. Fill in the blanks with the proper word given below.Stage; interna; symmetrical; basis; physical; Furthermore; composed; responsible; reasonable; overall.III. Choose the item from (1) (6) that best matches t

30、he item in(a) (f) to make a correct sentence.1a;2-b; 3-c; 4-d; 5-e; 6-fVI.Translate the following into Chinese共沸物；類質(zhì)同晶；過飽和；神酸鹽；晶核；異丙基；醇；鈉；硫酸鹽；間甲酚；糖膏；十水合物；結(jié)晶質(zhì)的；同系物；衍生物；結(jié)晶；四硼酸鹽；鹽析；乙基乙酰苯胺；礦物油。Uint18 DistillationI. Comprehension1.B 2.D 3.A 4. AII. Fill in the blanks with the phrases given below.2.1 n or

31、der to 2.in relation to 3. in the case of 4.in the end5. in a number of 6.lead to 7.a messy way掌握以下詞匯：flashdistillation 閃蒸；exit stream 出流 :equilibrium curve平衡曲線；weir tg;redistillation 重蒸；apparatus 設(shè)備;overhead product 塔頂產(chǎn)物；enthalpy 始；intersection 交 點(diǎn)；auxiliary 輔助裝置；rectifying section 精微段 ;reflux 回流；r

32、eboller 再沸器；stripping section 汽提(提儲(chǔ))段 ;bottom product 塔底產(chǎn)物Unit 21 catalysis1. Comprehension1 .A 2.D 3.D 4. B 5.CIV. Translate the following sentences into English(1) We define activity as size (measure) of catalysis of catalyst(2) catalytic reaction may be carried out in different phases, of whichme

33、chanismsare generally consistent(3) Enzymes are the most efficient proteins in the human body which accelerate the metabolism of the human body.V. Translate the following into Englishreaction equilibrium; repetitiveness; elementary reaction step; stability; catalytic cycle; activity; quantitative an

34、alysis; selectivity; metabolic reaction; chemical energy; reaction mechanism; polymer nylon (or nylon) ;qualitative analysis; molecular-sieve; tubular reactor; inhibitor; stoichiometry.Unit 22 Cosmetics introductionI. Comprehension1 .D 2.A 3.D 4. D 5. (1)True; (2)True; (3) False.II. Fill in the blan

35、ks with the proper word given below.Focused on; considerations; particular; boosting; price; affect; commitment;different; proposed.III. Put in proper prepositions or adverbs into the blanks.1. for, of; 2. to; 3. for 4. for（to） 5. of ,about.V、Translate the following into English.對(duì)亞苯基二胺，降解，丙烯，頭皮屑，洗劑，

36、N-亞硝基二乙醇胺，致癌的， 未成熟（or早熟），香波（or洗發(fā)劑），激素（荷爾蒙）， 防汗劑， 誘變性， 脫臭劑（芳香劑）， 推論（必然結(jié)果），甘油VI、Translate the following sentences into Englishsurfactant ； environmental pollution ； emulsifier ； side-effect； dirt ； detergent ； perspiration ； preservative.PART TWO THE FUNDATIONS OF CHEMISTRYUnit7Chemical Bonds化學(xué)鍵There

37、are approximately 100 chemical elements.世界上大概有100種元素。There are millions of chemical compound, and about 600000 new compounds are prepared every year.現(xiàn)有數(shù)百萬種化合物，而且每年有60萬種新化合物被合成出來。To form these compounds, atoms of different elements must be held together in specific combinations.be held together/in sp

38、ecific combinations 以特定的方式為了合成這些化合物，不同種類的原子必須以特定方式結(jié)合在一起。Chemical bonds are the forcesthat maintain these arrangements.That弓I導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾 forces化學(xué)鍵是保持這種結(jié)合狀態(tài)的力。Chemical bonding also plays a role in determining the state of matter.plays a role 起作用化學(xué)鍵同時(shí)在決定物質(zhì)狀態(tài)方面也起作用At room temperature, water is a liquid, ca

39、rbon dioxide is a gas, and table salt is a solid because ofdifferences in chemical bonding.在室溫下，水是液體，二氧化碳是氣體，晶體鹽是固體，是由于化學(xué) 鍵的不同。As scientists developed an understanding of the nature of chemical bonding, they gained the ability to manipulate the structure of compounds.As引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句to manipulate the stru

40、cture of compounds 不定式短語做賓補(bǔ)隨著化學(xué)家對(duì)化學(xué)鍵認(rèn)識(shí)的發(fā)展，他們獲得了控制化合物結(jié)構(gòu)的能 力。Dynamite, birth control pills, synthetic fibers, and a thousand other products were fashioned in chemical laboratories and () have dramatically changed the way we live.炸藥、避孕藥、合成纖維，和數(shù)以千計(jì)的其他產(chǎn)品在實(shí)驗(yàn)室中被合成 出來，并且魔術(shù)般的改變了我們的生活。We are now entering an e

41、ra that promises (some would say forebodes) even greater change.我們現(xiàn)在進(jìn)入了一個(gè)可望(或者說預(yù)言)更大變化的時(shí)代。The DNA molecularthe chemical basis of hereditycarries its genetic message in its bonds in DNA.分子DNA-遺傳物質(zhì)的基礎(chǔ)一一以它的鍵傳遞遺傳信息。Whether an organism is fish, fowl, hippopotamus, or human is determined by the arrangemen

42、t of bonds in DNA.Whether an organism is fish, fowl, hippopotamus, or human 做主語無論一個(gè)生物體是魚、家禽、河馬還是人，都是由于DNA勺鍵的組合方式?jīng)Q定的。Scientists already have the ability to rearrange these bondsand this ability has given them limited control over the structure of living matter.Them, limited control over the structure

43、 of living matter 雙賓語科學(xué)家已經(jīng)獲得了重組這些鍵的能力，而這種能力給了他們有限的對(duì) 生物體結(jié)構(gòu)的控制。As techniques of genetic engineering improve, scientists may literally be able to custom-tailor genes.隨著基因工程的發(fā)展，科學(xué)家們將最終設(shè)計(jì)出符合條件的基因。Let us begin our consideration of chemical bonding so that we, too, can understand the forcesthat control the

44、 structure of matter, living and nonliving.That引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾forces,living and nonliving ,動(dòng)名詞， matter 得同位語，修飾 matter讓我們開始對(duì)化學(xué)鍵的論述，弁由此理解控制物質(zhì)，包括有生命體和 無生命體，的結(jié)構(gòu)的力。Ionic Bond離子鍵Let us look at an atom of the element sodium (Na).我們看一下鈉原子。It has 11 electrons, of which two are in the first energy level , eight in t

45、he second, and one in the third.the first energy level 第一能級(jí)the second energy level 第二能級(jí)the third energy level 第三能級(jí)It has 11 electrons, of which two are in the first energy level, eight are in the secondenergy level, and oneis in the third energy level.它有11個(gè)電子，其中2個(gè)電子在第一能級(jí)，8個(gè)電子在第二能級(jí)，1 個(gè)電子在第三能級(jí)。If the

46、sodium atom could get rid of an electron, then the product, called a sodium ion, would have the same electron structure as an atom of the noble gas neon (Ne).called a sodium ion 分詞短語做限定，修飾 productnoble gas如果鈉原子能夠失去1個(gè)電子，產(chǎn)物稱為鈉離子，就和惰性氣體筑(Ne) 具有相同的電子結(jié)構(gòu)。Let us immediately emphasize that the sodium ion (N

47、a +) and neon atom (Ne) are not identical.讓我們首先強(qiáng)調(diào)一下，鈉離子(NsT)和筑原子(Ne)弁不相同。The electron arrangement is the same, but the nucleiand resultingchargesare not.electron arrangement 電子排布resulting charges 最終電荷電子排布是相同的，而核及最終電荷是不同的。As long as sodium keeps its 11 protons, it is still a form of sodium, but it is

48、 the sodium ion, not the sodium atom.只要鈉帶有11個(gè)質(zhì)子，它就一直是鈉，但它是鈉離子而不是鈉原子。Ions are charged particles, particlesin which the number of electrons does not equal the number of protons.in which引導(dǎo)非限定定語從句。離子是一種帶電粒子，一種電子數(shù)不等于質(zhì)子數(shù)的粒子。Positively charged ions are called cations (pronounced cat-ions"). The sodium

49、 ion is a cation.帶正電荷的粒子稱為陽離子(音為陽一離子)。鈉離子是陽離子。If a chlorine atom (Cl) could gain an electron, it would have the same electron structure as the noble gas argon (Ar).如果氯原子(Cl)能夠得到一個(gè)電子，它將與惰性氣體僦( Ar)具有 相同的電子結(jié)構(gòu)。The chlorine atom, having gained an electron, becomes negatively charged. It has 17 protons (1

50、7+) and 18 electrons (18-). It is written Cl - and it called a chloride ion .having gained an electron動(dòng)名詞形式做定語，修飾 chlorine atom 獲得一個(gè)電子的氯原子帶有負(fù)電荷。它具有 17個(gè)質(zhì)子(17+)和18個(gè)電子（18）,寫作cr,稱為氯離子Negatively charged ions are called anions (pronounced “ annons ” The chloride ion is an anion.帶負(fù)電荷的粒子稱為陰離子(音為陰一離子)。鈉離子是陰離

51、子。A sodium forms a less reactive species a sodium ion, by losing an electron.a less reactive speciesa sodium ion 同位語鈉原子通過失去一個(gè)電子形成不活潑的鈉離子。A chlorine atom becomes a less reactive chloride ion by gaining an electron.氯原子通過得到一個(gè)電子形成不活潑的氯原子。A chlorine atom cannot just pluck an electron from empty space nor

52、 can a sodium atom kick out an electron unless something else is willing to take it on.empty space空白空間、真空空間，意為“憑空”、“無根據(jù)”nor作連詞，與助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用，句中主語與動(dòng)詞倒置。He can't see, nor could he hear until a month ago.他現(xiàn)在看不見，一個(gè)月 之前他還聽不見。She isn't rich, nor do I image that she ever will be. 她現(xiàn)在不富，我看她 將來也富不了。kic

53、k out逐出、解雇、開除；意為“失去”They kicked him out (of the club) for fighting.他因?yàn)槎窔婚_除(出 俱樂部）。something else 另 fj 的東西take - on接納、承受氯原子不能憑空獲得一個(gè)電子，而鈉原子也不能憑空失去一個(gè)電子，除非別的東西愿接受電子。What happens when sodiumcome into contact with chlorine? The obvious.A chlorine atom removes an electron from a sodium e into con

54、tact 接觸、 相遇The obvious顯而易見的當(dāng)鈉與氯接觸時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)了什么？很明顯，氯原子從鈉原子處拿走了一個(gè) 電子。The sodium ion and the chloride ion have electron arrangements （electron configurations） like those of two noble gases （neon and argon, respectively）.electron arrangement 電子排布electron configurations 電子結(jié)構(gòu)鈉離子和氯離子的電子排布（電子結(jié)構(gòu)）就象兩個(gè)惰性氣體（筑和僦，相應(yīng)的）一

55、樣。Not only do the ions have stable octets of electrons, they also have opposite charges.它們具有穩(wěn)定的電子八耦體結(jié)構(gòu)，而且有相反的電荷。Everyone knows that opposites attract.每個(gè)人都知道異性相吸。While this rule of thumb may not always work when applied to people, it works quite well for cations and anions.rule of thumb單憑經(jīng)驗(yàn)來做的方法，比較粗糙

56、的方法，約略得衡量(或 估計(jì))雖然這種經(jīng)驗(yàn)對(duì)人未必適用，但對(duì)陰陽離子是非常適用的。The attractive force between oppositely charged ions is called an ionic bond, and the combination of sodium ions and chloride ions is the compound sodium chloride or table salt.相反電荷之間的吸引力稱為離子鍵，鈉離子和氯離子結(jié)合為化合物氯 化鈉和食鹽。Covalent Bonds 共價(jià)鍵One might expect a hydrogen

57、 atom, with its one electron, to acquire another electron and assume the helium configuration.to acquire another electron and (to) assume the helium configuration 不定 式做賓補(bǔ)人們也許希望帶有一個(gè)電子的氫原子，獲得另一個(gè)電子弁呈現(xiàn)氨的結(jié) 構(gòu)。Indeed, hydrogen atom do just that in the presence of atoms of a reactive metal such as lithium, that is, a metal