2019年上海高考英語各類體裁概要寫作技巧

1、上海高考英語概要寫作技巧Rubricsforsummarywriting(2016-9-14)評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：1 .本題總分為15分，其中內(nèi)容10分，語言5分。(這部分還有待最終確認(rèn)，可能是5+5)2 .評分時(shí)應(yīng)注意的主要方面：內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)、信息呈現(xiàn)的連貫性和準(zhǔn)確性。3 .詞數(shù)超過60,酌情扣分。各檔次給分要求：內(nèi)容部分A.能準(zhǔn)確、全面地概括文章主旨大意，并涵蓋主要信息。B.能準(zhǔn)確概括文章主旨大意，但遺漏個(gè)別主要信息。C.能概括文章主旨大意，但遺漏部分主要信息。D.未能準(zhǔn)確概括文章主旨大意，遺漏較多主要信息或留有過多細(xì)節(jié)信息。E.幾乎不能概括文章的主旨大意，未涉及文中有意義的相關(guān)信息。F.完全未作答或作

2、答與本題無關(guān)。語百部分A.能用自己的語言連貫、正確地表述。B.能用自己的語言較連貫、正確地表述，但有個(gè)別語言錯(cuò)誤。C.基本能用自己的語言連貫、正確地表述，但連貫性較差，且有少量不影響表意的語言錯(cuò)誤。D.基本能用自己的語言表述，但連貫性較差，且嚴(yán)重語言錯(cuò)誤較多。E.幾乎不能用自己的語言連貫、正確地表述。F.完全未作答或作答與本題無關(guān)。把握文體特點(diǎn)記敘文：whatwhowhenwherewhyhow議論文：opinion/idea+argument(supportingideas/reasons)說明文：phenomenon/problem+reason+solution(causeandeffe

3、ct),introductionofanobject(howitismade,howitisused,howitmaychange,whatmakesitneworsignificant)新聞：afocusonthefirstparagraph,andthefirstorlastsentenceoftheotherparagraphs樣題解讀DirtGettingridofdirt,intheopinionofmostpeople,isagoodthing.However,thereisnothingfixedaboutattitudestodirt.Intheearly16thcentury

4、,peoplethoughtthatdirtontheskinwasameanstoblockoutdisease,asmedicalopinionhaditthatwashingoffdirtwithhotwatercouldopenuptheskinandletillsin.Aparticulardangerwasthoughttolieinpublicbaths.By1538,theFrenchkinghadclosedthebathhousesinhiskingdom.SodidthekingofEnglandin1546.Thusbeganalongtimewhentherichan

5、dthepoorinEuropelivedwithdirtinafriendlyway.HenryIV,KingofFrance,wasfamouslydirty.Uponlearningthatanoblemanhadtakenabath,thekingorderedthat,toavoidtheattackofdisease,thenoblemanshouldnotgoout.Thoughthebeliefinthemeritofdirtwaslong-lived,dirthasnolongerbeenregardedasaniceneighboreversincethe18century

6、.Scientificallyspeaking,cleaningawaydirtisgoodtohealth.Cleanwatersupplyandhandwashingarepracticalmeansofpreventingdisease.Yet,itseemsthatstandardsofcleanlinesshavemovedbeyondsciencesinceWorldWarII.Advertisementsrepeatedlyselltheidea:clothesneedtobewhiterthanwhite,clothseversofter,surfacestoshine.Has

7、thehatefordirt,however,gonetoofar?Attitudestodirtstilldifferhugelynowadays.Manyfirst-timeparentsnervouslytrytowarntheirchildrenofftouchingdirt,whichmightberesponsibleforthespreadofdisease.Onthecontrary,MaryRuebush,anAmericanimmunologist（免疫學(xué)家）,encourageschildrentoplayinthedirttobuildupastrongimmunesy

8、stem.Andthelatterpositionisgainingsomeground.（299W）解析：Gettingridofdirt,intheopinionofmostpeople,isagoodthing.However,thereisnothingfixedaboutattitudestodirt.Intheearly16thcentury,peoplethoughtthatdirtontheskinwasameanstoblockoutdisease,asmedicalopinionhaditthatwashingoffdirtwithhotwatercouldopenupth

9、eskinandletillsin.Aparticulardangerwasthoughttolieinpublicbaths.By1538,theFrenchkinghadclosedthebathhousesinhiskingdom.SodidthekingofEnglandin1546.ThusbeganalongtimewhentherichandthepoorinEuropelivedwithdirtinafriendlyway.HenryIV,KingofFrance,wasfamouslydirty.Uponlearningthatanoblemanhadtakenabath,t

10、hekingorderedthat,toavoidtheattackofdisease,thenoblemanshouldnotgoout.Thoughthebeliefinthemeritofdirtwaslong-lived,dirthasnolongerbeenregardedasaniceneighboreversincethe18century.Scientificallyspeaking,cleaningawaydirtisgoodtohealth.Cleanwatersupplyandhandwashingarepracticalmeansofpreventingdisease.

11、Yet,itseemsthatstandardsofcleanlinesshavemovedbeyondsciencesinceWorldWarII.Advertisementsrepeatedlyselltheidea:clothesneedtobewhiterthanwhite,clothseversofter,surfacestoshine.Hasthehatefordirt,however,gonetoofar?Attitudestodirtstilldifferhugelynowadays.Manyfirst-timeparentsnervouslytrytowarntheirchi

12、ldrenofftouchingdirt,whichmightberesponsibleforthespreadofdisease.Onthecontrary,MaryRuebush,anAmericanimmunologist（免疫學(xué)家）,encourageschildrentoplayinthedirttobuildupastrongimmunesystem.Andthelatterpositionisgainingsomeground.Onepossibleversion:Peoplehavemixedopinionstowardsdirtonourskin.（要點(diǎn)1）Foralongt

13、imeinhistory,peopleofsomeEuropeancountries,suchasFrance,believedthatdirtprotectedpeoplefromgettingill.（要,嵐2）However,peoplebegantochangetheirattitudestodirtabout200yearsago.Peoplehavebeentoldthatwashingdirtoffourbodycankeepushealthy.（要點(diǎn)3）However/Nevertheless,somescientistsbelievethatexposuretosomedir

14、tmayhelpourimmunesystem.（要點(diǎn)4）觀點(diǎn)表達(dá)型議論文：1 .文章第一段就是本篇文章的主題句，亮明了總的觀點(diǎn)：However,thereisnothingfixedaboutattitudestodirt.換句話說：Differentpeoplehavedifferentattitudestowardsdirt.再結(jié)合下文談到的主題可知Differentpeoplehavedifferentattitudestowardsdirtontheskin.范文中的要點(diǎn)1"Peoplehavemixeopinionstowardsdirtonourskin.”概括非常精煉

15、。2 .第二段主要談到了在16世紀(jì)，人們認(rèn)為dirtontheskinwasameanstoblockoutdisease,尤以英、法兩國的貴族為代表。結(jié)合第三段第一句Thoughthebeliefinthemeritofdirtwaslong-lived,dirthasnolongerbeenregardedasaniceneighboreversince18century.可知，直至U18世紀(jì)之前，人們都認(rèn)為dirt是很友好的“，有助于預(yù)防疾病。范文中的要點(diǎn)2"Foralongtimeinhistory,。.彳艮好地總結(jié)了這些要點(diǎn)。3 .第三段用Though引出人們對dirt觀點(diǎn)

16、的轉(zhuǎn)變”sincethe18thcentury.Scientificallyspeaking,cleaningawaydirtisgoodtohealth.再結(jié)合本段最后部分Advertisementsrepeatedlyselltheidea可得出要點(diǎn)3"However,peoplebegantochangeo。.”4 .文章最后一段第一句指出，現(xiàn)在人們對于dirt的態(tài)度還是有所不同，Onthecontrary引出專家的觀點(diǎn)，一位免疫學(xué)家認(rèn)為dirt有助于增強(qiáng)免疫系統(tǒng)。這一觀點(diǎn)獲得了一些支持。范文中的要點(diǎn)4"However,somescientistsbelievetha

17、texposureto。.表達(dá)很恰切。文章概要，在寫完了要點(diǎn)之后，下一步的工作就是要把這些要點(diǎn)用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞進(jìn)行連接，使上下句之間具有連貫性。本篇文章整篇結(jié)構(gòu)是總分的結(jié)構(gòu)，要點(diǎn)2和要點(diǎn)3在觀點(diǎn)上截然相反，因此，之間需要表示轉(zhuǎn)折的連接詞，范文用了However恰到好處。要點(diǎn)3和要點(diǎn)4在觀點(diǎn)上又存在不同，因此，還是用表轉(zhuǎn)折的連接詞However/Neverthelesso第一段：fixed（確定的；不變的）第二段：means（手段，方法），blockout（擋?。?，openup（打開），upon（之后；立即）第三段：long-lived（長期存在的）,selltheidea（說服某人接收某個(gè)觀點(diǎn)）

18、第四段：warnsboff（警告某人不要靠近）,position（觀點(diǎn)）,gainsomeground（取得優(yōu)勢）記敘文TheVoiceintheBoxWhenIwasquiteyoung,myfamilyhadoneofthefirsttelephonesintheneighborhood.Irememberwellthepolishedwoodencasefastenedtothewallonthelowerstairlanding.Butmyfirstpersonalexperiencewiththisgenie-in-the-receivercameonedaywhilemymothe

19、rwasvisitinganeighbor.Amusingmyselfatthetoolbenchinthebasement,Ihurtmyfingerwithahammer.Thepainwasterrible,buttheredidn'tseemtobemuchusecrying,becausetherewasnoonehometooffersympathy.Iwalkedaroundthehouse,andfinallyarrivedatthestairway.Thetelephone!QuicklyIranforthefootstoolanddraggedittotheland

20、ing.Climbingup,Iunhookedthereceiverandheldittomyear.aInformationPlease,“Isaidintothemouthpiecejustabovemyhead.Aclickortwo,andasmall,clearvoicespokeintomyear,aInformation.”“Ihurtmyfinger"Icriedintothephone.Thetearscamereadilyenough,nowthatIhadanaudience.“Isn'tyourmotherhome?”camethequestion.

21、“Nobody'shomebutme,“Isobbed.“Areyoubleeding?""No,"Ireplied."Ihititwiththehammerandithurts.”“Canyouopenyouricebox?”sheasked.IsaidIcould."Thenbreakoffalittlepieceofice,andholditonyourfinger.Thatwillstopthehurt.Becarefulwhenyouusetheicepick（冰錐）,“shesaid."Anddon'tcr

22、y.You'llbeallright.”Afterthat,IcalledInformationPleaseforeverything.Iaskedherforhelpwithmygeography,andshetoldmewherePhiladelphiawas,andtheOrinoco,theromanticriverthatIwasgoingtoexplorewhenIgrewup.Shehelpedmewithmyarithmetic,andshetoldmethatmypetchipmunkIhadcaughthimintheparkjustthedaybeforewoul

23、deatfruitandnuts.范文這是一篇記敘文，考生需要在文中找到人、時(shí)、地、事情的起因、經(jīng)過、結(jié)果等主要信息。參考答案：OnedayIhurtmyfingerwhenaloneathome.ItoccurredtomethatIcouldusethetelephonetocalltheoperator.Shegavemedetailedinstructionsandcomfortedme.Ilaterturnedtothemagicdeviceforhelpwithalmosteverything.能力目標(biāo)：【讀】能概括文章或段落的主旨大意【寫】能用自己的語言概括所讀材料another

24、version:Theauthortellsusastoryaboutherexperienceofusingthetelephonetoaskforhelp.Oneday,shegotherfingerhurtbuttherewasnooneathometoturnto.Thenthetelephonecaughthereye,andshepickedupthereceiverandtalkedtotheoperator.Luckily,shewastoldhowtodealwiththeinjuredfinger.說明文樣題Couldfastfoodmakeithardertostopan

25、dsmelltheroses?（放慢腳步享受人生）AnewstudyfromtheUniversityofTorontosuggeststhatfastfoodmightmakeithardertostopandsmelltheroses.ResearcherspointedoutthatAmericanshavegainedmoreandmoreleisuretime,yettheyarentanyhappier.Theproblemcouldbenthcaottnmveondierncesmakeusmoreimpatient,andthereforelessabletoappreciat

26、esmallmomentsofjoy.andhTotestthetheory,theUniversityofTorontoresearcherscarriedoutafewdifferenttestsfocusedonfastfoods,thetypicalAmerican“symbolsofthecultureofimpatience,Inoneofthetests,researcherstold257peopletoratepicturesbasedonwhethertheyweresuitableforads.Participantssawaseriesofpictures:Onegro

27、upsawfastfoodinregularpackagingwhiletheothergroupsawthesamefoodsetoutonceramictableware（瓷器餐具）.Afterward,someoftheparticipantswereshownphotographsof“scenicnaturalbeauty“andthenwereaskedtoratetheirhappiness.Othersratedtheirhappinesswithoutseeingthepictures.Theresearchersfoundthatpeoplewhosawthefastfoo

28、dbeforeviewingthenaturephotostendedtoratetheirhappinesslower.Yetthosewhosimplyratedtheirhappinesswithoutseeingthenatureshotsbeforehandwereactuallyalittlehappierifthey'seenfastfoodinadvance.Researcherssaidthatsuggestsfastfooddoesntdirectlycauseunhappinessbutdecreasestheabilitytoenjoythings.Resear

29、cherscautioned,however,thatmuchmoreresearchwasneededtodetermineexactlyhowfastfoodandhappinessarecorrelated（相互關(guān)聯(lián)）andhowstrongtherelationshipreallyis.參考答案：sabilitytoenjoythiAstudyfromtheUniversityofTorontoshowsfastfoodwillaffectpeople'thusmakingthemlesshappy.Inonetest,amongthe257participants,those

30、whosawpicturesofnaturalbeautyafterbeingshownfastfoodratedtheirhappinesslowerthanthosewhodidnresearcherssaidmoreresearchwasneededtoconfirmthefindings.能力目標(biāo)：【讀】能概括文章或段落的主旨大意【寫】能用自己的語言概括所讀材料議論文樣題：Four-dayWorkweekIntheUnitedStates,employeestypicallyworkfivedaysaweekforeighthourseachday.However,manyemploy

31、eeswanttoworkafour-dayweekandarewillingtoacceptlesspayinordertodoso.Ifalawrequiredcompaniestooffertheiremployeestheoptionofworkingafour-dayworkweekforfour-fifths(80percent)oftheirnormalpay,itwouldbenefittheeconomyasawholeaswellastheindividualcompaniesandtheemployeeswhodecidedtotaketheoption.Theshort

32、enedworkweekwouldincreasecompanyprofitsbecauseemployeeswouldfeelmorerestedandalert,andasaresult,theywouldmakefewercostlyerrorsintheirwork.Hiringmorestafftoensurethatthesameamountofworkwouldbeaccomplishedwouldnotresultinadditionalpaythecompanyhastoprepareforthesepeople,becausefour-dayemployeeswouldon

33、lybepaid80percentofthenormalrate.Intheend,companieswouldhavefeweroverworkedanderror-prone(容易出錯(cuò)的)employeesforthesamemoney,whichwouldincreasecompanyprofits.Forthecountryasawhole,oneoftheprimarybenefitsofofferingthisoptiontoemployeesisthatitwouldreduceunemploymentrates.Ifmanyfull-timeemployeesstartedworkingfewerhours,someoftheirworkloadwouldhavetobeshiftedtoothers.Thus,foreveryfouremployeeswhowentonan80percentweek,anewemployeecouldbehire