職稱英語閱讀理解常見題型及解題技巧

1、職稱英語閱讀理解常見題型及解題技巧專業(yè)技術(shù)人員以英語為工具,主要通過閱讀獲取相關(guān)學(xué)科和專業(yè)的信息,因此,全國(guó)專業(yè)技術(shù)職稱英語等級(jí)考試也主要是考閱讀理解。從考試題型來看,主要是多項(xiàng)選擇題。該題型在職稱英語等級(jí)考試中占15題,45分(占總分的45%。另外,全國(guó)專業(yè)技術(shù)職稱英語等級(jí)考試中還采用了閱讀判斷、概括大意與完成句子、補(bǔ)全短文和選擇填空等題型,它們實(shí)質(zhì)上也是考核閱讀能力的題型。由此可見,為了通過全國(guó)專業(yè)技術(shù)職稱英語等級(jí)考試,必須掌握最基本的閱讀技能,努力提高閱讀理解能力。全國(guó)職稱英語等級(jí)考試大綱就閱讀理解能力的考核目標(biāo)作了如下規(guī)定:讀者應(yīng)能綜合運(yùn)用英語語言知識(shí)和閱讀技能來理解本專業(yè)的或一般內(nèi)容

2、的英語書面材料。閱讀能力主要包括下列幾個(gè)方面:1.掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意;2.了解闡述主旨的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié);3.利用上下文猜測(cè)某些詞匯和短語的意義;4.既理解個(gè)別句子的意義,也理解上下文之間的意義關(guān)系;5.根據(jù)所讀材料進(jìn)行判斷和推論;6.領(lǐng)會(huì)作者的觀點(diǎn)、意圖和態(tài)度。根據(jù)考試大綱規(guī)定的考核目標(biāo),我們歸納出相應(yīng)的六種閱讀理解題的類型,并具體地探討如何答好這些閱讀理解題。1.掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意是正確理解全文的關(guān)鍵。對(duì)主題思想的提問是閱讀理解測(cè)試的必考題。但提問方式及用詞都有差異,這類題常見提問方式可歸納如下:1. The main idea of this passage

3、 is _2. This passage tells us_3. Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?4. Which of the following sentences best summarizes the author's main point?5. Which of the following best states the theme of the passage?6. The subject matter of this selection is _7.

4、 The passage mainly discusses_8. This passage illustrates _9. This paragraph centers / focuses on _10. This passage mainly deals with _11. This passage is chiefly concerned with _12. The author's purpose in writing this passage is _13. What is the passage mainly about?14. What is the best title

5、of the passage?15. The major point discussed in the passage is解答這一類題目的基本方法如下:A.找出主題句。首先要讀標(biāo)題,因?yàn)闃?biāo)題往往是主題句中的核心詞或概括性的詞。抓住全文中心思想的最快捷的途徑就是找出主題句。主題句一般位于文章或段落的開始,然后圍繞主題展開論述。因?yàn)樵S多作者喜歡采用從一般到個(gè)別的論證或敘述方式,即演繹法(deduction。這是一種很常見的文章或段落的寫作形式。若作者采用歸納法(induction,即從個(gè)別到一般來論證或敘述,主題旬就會(huì)位于段末。除此之外,主題句還有可能位于段落的中間。找到主題句后,就應(yīng)以它為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

6、,在解題時(shí),凡是與主題句意思最接近的選項(xiàng)必然是正確的答案。例1In rock music there is a distinct and almost overwhelming beat.No single beat is characteristic of the music today. But each song has an easily recognizable rhythm.As you listen to a son9,your foot usually starts to pick up the beat.Before lon9,your entire body seems t

7、o be moving with it.Your head pounds with the beat, and there is no room for thought.Only the surge of the music is important.In its own way,rock music is as dominant as the rock Gibraltar. Its message is an evergrowing emotional one.在這一段文章中“In rock music there is a distinct and almost overwhelming

8、beat.” 為主題句。beat則是句子的信息核心。該詞在第2、4、6句里重復(fù)出現(xiàn),而第3句中的“rhythm”(節(jié)奏跟“beat”(強(qiáng)烈的節(jié)奏意思基本一致,這就保證了主題平穩(wěn)而持續(xù)的發(fā)展。請(qǐng)注意:第8、9句作者重申并總結(jié)了主題句,而不是說段末是主題句。例2The vegetable and fruit and flower merchants are surrounded by baskets of purple eggplants,green peppers,strings of tiny silvery onions,heads of bitter Indian spinach.and

9、a dozen Indian v egetables for which I dont even know the English names.I had forgotten about the profusion of fruit in Indiait is only during the brief intense summer that you see much variety of fruit in Moscow. In Russia,as winter approaches all vegetables except for potatoes and the pervasive ca

10、bbage in soup seem to disappear from the menus.主題句在中間的第二句“I had forgotten about the profusion of fruit in Indiait is only during the brief intense summer that you see much variety of fruitin Moscow.”例3People live in cities today think that meat is something that comes wrapped in cellophane.from the

11、supermarket,potatoes come by the pound in plastic or paper bags,and feather grows in hats. The city dwellers views are quite different from the views of their ancestors, who knew that? meat is hunted down in the forest,potatoes are planted and weeded,and only birds can produce1eathers. Yet, whether

12、people today realize it or not,they are still as dependent on animals and plants for their existence as their ancestors were.主題句為最后一句“Yet,whether people today realize it or not,they are still as dependent on animals and plants for their existence as their ancestors were.”以上為敘述的方便并考慮到篇幅的限制,只選單段短文為例。實(shí)

13、際上閱讀理解題中大部分是多段短文。但主題句一般出現(xiàn)在起始段。B.概括和歸納出主題思想。實(shí)際上,在閱讀理解測(cè)試部分有的文章是沒有主題句的。這是由于文章的體裁不同或是由于閱讀的短文是從篇幅較長(zhǎng)的文章中節(jié)選的。這時(shí)就要靠讀者自己進(jìn)行概括或歸納隱含的主題思想了。概括主題可以從歸納每段的要點(diǎn)開始(大部分閱讀理解短文都是由數(shù)段組成,最后將各段要點(diǎn)集中概括并歸納出全文的主題思想。下面不妨考察幾個(gè)例子:例4A bus driver must answer questions while guiding a bus through heavy traffic. All day long, the driver

14、answers the same questions without becoming angry. Every few minutes a bus driver has to ask passengers to step to the rear of the bus. In spite of traffic snarls and thoughtless passengers who cause delays, a bus driver is expected to cover his or her route on schedule.這一段的隱含主題句可概括為“Driving a bus i

15、s hard work.”例5A green I-538 form is used by international students in order to obtain permission from the Immigration and Naturalization Service to transfer from one university to another in the United States. If you are planning to transfer, remember that you must obtain the permission before leav

16、ing the university where you are currently studying. You must complete the form I-538, have it signed by the foreign student advisor, and submit it to the District Office of the Immigration and Naturalization Service together with the form I-20 from the new school and the small, white form I-94 that

17、 was affixed to your passport when you entered the country.Submitting the signed 1-538 and other documents does not insure permission to transfer. Only an official of Immigration can decide each case. Students who have not completed one term of study at the school that issued them their first I-20 a

18、re not advised to file for permission to transfer until they have completed one term.這篇短文的隱含主題旬可歸納為“What should an international student d0.if he or she wants to transfer from one university to another in the United States.2.了解闡述主旨的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)為了準(zhǔn)確理解每篇文章或每段文章的中心思想,我們必須要找到與中心思想有關(guān)的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)。一個(gè)好的作者必然會(huì)引用事實(shí)、或分析原因、或

19、對(duì)比事物間的關(guān)系等以論證自己的論點(diǎn)。常用以提問這類事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)的問題有兩種。一種是要求找出文章中的重要事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié),這些常與wh0,when,where,which或why有關(guān)。另一種問題是辨認(rèn)哪些細(xì)節(jié)在文章中沒被提及。這些問題常有except,not(mentioned/true, least等。例如:1. What causes ?2. Some people do sth. because_3. Sb. is because _.4. Why does the author mention .?5. Which of the following best characterizes the

20、main feature of.?6. Where in the passage does the author describe.?7. Which of the following does the author want to illustrate in discussing .?8. What time does the writer think is ?9. What does the author pay least attention to?10. Which of the following is not a result of _?11. All of the followi

21、ng may be . except _.12. Which of the following is not mentioned?13. Which of the following statements is true ?14. The author states all of the items listed except_.為了正確回答這一類題目,讀者往往要采用各種閱讀方法和解題技巧,也就是綜合解題法。在通讀全文、掌握文章的中心大意的基礎(chǔ)上,首先要仔細(xì)看懂問題,明確問的是什么,然后按照題意進(jìn)行尋讀,找到正確答案的根據(jù)。例1Ours has become a society of empl

22、oyees. A hundred years or so ago only one out of every five Americans at work was employed, i.e., worked for somebody else. Today only one out of five is not employed but working for himself. And when fifty years ago "being employed" meant working as a factory laborer or as a farmhand, the

23、 employee of today is increasingly a middle-class person with a substantial formal education, holding a professional or management job requiring intellectual and technical skills. Indeed, two things have characterized American society during these last fifty years: middle-class and upper-class emplo

24、yees have been thefastest-growing groups in our working population -growing so fast that the industrial worker, that oldest child of the Industrial Revolution, has been losing in numerical importance despite the expansion of industrial production.Yet you will find little if anything written on what

25、it is to be an employee. You can find a great deal of very dubious advice on how to get a job or how to get a promotion. You can also find a good deal of work in a chosen field, whether it will be the mechanist's trade or bookkeeping. Every one of these trades requires different skills,sets diff

26、erent standards, and requires a different preparation. Yet they all have employeeship in common. And increasingly, especially in the large business or in government, employeeship is more important to success than the special professional knowledge or skill. Certainly more people fail because they do

27、 not know the requirements of being an employee than because they do not adequately possess the skills of their trade; the higher you climb the ladder, the more you get into administrative or executive work, the greater the emphasis on ability to work within the organization rather than on technical

28、 abilities or professional knowledge.1. According to the passage, with the development of modem industry, .A. factory laborers will overtake intellectual employees in numberB. there are as many middle-class employees as factory laborersC. employers have attached great importance to factory laborersD

29、. the proportion of factory laborers in the total employee population has decreased本題具體涉及對(duì)第一段的中心意思的理解,尤其是對(duì)這段最后一句中l(wèi)osing in numerical importance的確切理解。這一段的大致意思是,當(dāng)今的社會(huì)已經(jīng)成為一個(gè)雇員的社會(huì)。大約在100年前,5個(gè)美國(guó)人中只有1個(gè)人是被雇傭?yàn)閯e人干活的。今天,5個(gè)人中只有l(wèi)個(gè)人是為自己干而不被雇傭的。50年前,被雇傭就意味著當(dāng)工廠或農(nóng)場(chǎng)的勞動(dòng)力。而今天,越來越多的雇員是接受過正規(guī)教育的中產(chǎn)階層。他們承擔(dān)了需要智力和技術(shù)的職業(yè)或管理工作。

30、50年以來,美國(guó)社會(huì)的確有兩個(gè)特點(diǎn):中層和上層雇員成了工薪隊(duì)伍中人數(shù)快速增長(zhǎng)的一部分一其速度之快使得作為工業(yè)革命最早的產(chǎn)物的產(chǎn)業(yè)工人在人數(shù)上相形見絀,盡管工業(yè)生產(chǎn)還在擴(kuò)大規(guī)模。所以選項(xiàng)D是正確答案。選項(xiàng)A意思與選項(xiàng)D正好相反。同樣,選項(xiàng)B和選項(xiàng)C都不對(duì)。2. According to the writer, professional knowledge or skill is_.A. less important than awareness of being a good employeeB. as important as the ability to deal with public r

31、elationsC. more important than employer-employee relationsD. as important as the ability to co-operate with others in the organization本題考查讀者對(duì)文章第二段中關(guān)于專門知識(shí)和技能的重要性的論點(diǎn)的理解。學(xué)生可以從最后一句找出正確答案。這一句指出,“人們失敗的原因更多的是不具備當(dāng)雇員的要素,而不是缺乏本行業(yè)的專業(yè)技能”。因此選項(xiàng)A是正確答案。選項(xiàng)B說的是公共關(guān)系的能力,是誤解,因?yàn)槲恼抡f的是單位內(nèi)部開展工作的能力,如內(nèi)部合作的好(the ability to wor

32、k within the organization。選項(xiàng)C把意思顛倒了。選項(xiàng)D說兩者同等重要,當(dāng)然也不對(duì)。例2To prepare for career in engineerin9, a student must begin planning in high school. Mathematics and science should form the core curriculum.For example,in a school where sixteen credit hours are required for highschool graduation,four should be

33、in mathematics,one each in chemistry,biology,and physics.The remaining credits should include four in English and at least three in the humanities and social sciences.The average entering freshman in engineering should have achieved at least a 2.5 grade point average on a 4.0 scale in his or her hig

34、h sch001.Although deficiencies can be corrected during the first year,the student who needs additional work should expect tO spend five instead of four years completing a degree.1.What is the average grade point that an entering freshman in engineering should have achieved in his or her high school?

35、答案:2.5.(看文章的第五句2.When should a student begin planning for a career in engineering?答案:In high sch001.(看文章的第一句3.In normal situations,how many years are needed for a student to complete a degree?答案:Four.(看文章最后一句4.How many credits are required for a high school diploma?答案:Sixteen.(看文章第三句5.How many credi

36、ts need a student have in English?答案:Four.(看文章第四句3.根據(jù)上下文判斷某些詞匯和短語的意義在閱讀理解測(cè)試中必然要考查對(duì)詞或詞組的意思的理解。這也是測(cè)試考生閱讀能力的一種方法。在完整的語篇中,單詞和詞組的意義總是受特定的情景、上下文所限制的,因此可以根據(jù)上下文,并利用所掌握的句法、構(gòu)詞法和詞匯等知識(shí)確定它們的意義。掌握這一基本技能不僅能幫助讀者從詞或詞組的多種義項(xiàng)中選擇符合上下文的解釋,而且往往還能推測(cè)某些生詞的大致意思。常見的這類題型有:1. The word "." in line . refers to _.2. The e

37、xpression "." (line paragraph . is closest in meaning to3. In line., the word "." most probably means _4. In line., the word "." could best be replaced by _5. By “.” the author means _6. The word ".", as used by the author, most nearly means _7. In this passag

38、e, the word "." means8. "." in the context of the passage refers to ¬¬¬_9. “.”, as used in the passage, can best be defined as _例1Perhaps the most merciless robber of sleep, researchers say, is the complexity of the day. Whenever pressures from work, family, friend

39、s and community mount, many people consider sleep the least expensive item on his program. "In our society, you're considered dynamic if you say you only need 5.5 hours' sleep. If you've got to get 8.5 hours, people think you lack drive and ambition."To determine the consequenc

40、es of sleep deficit, researchers have put subjects through a set of psychological and performance tests requiring them, for instance, to add columns of numbers or recall a passage read to them only minutes earlier. "We've found that if you're in sleep deficit, performance suffers,"

41、 says Dr. David. "Short-term memory is weakened, as are abilities to make decisions and to concentrate."1. The word "subjects" in line 6 refers to _.A. the performance tests used in the study of sleep deficitB. special branches of knowledge that are being studiedC. people whose b

42、ehavior or reactions are being studiedD. the psychological consequences of sleep deficit本題考了一個(gè)熟悉的詞subject。它是一個(gè)多義詞,可以表示“題目”、“科目”等。但這些義項(xiàng)在這里都不合適。要確定它的意思,最關(guān)鍵的是要準(zhǔn)確弄清它所在句子前后部分的意思和關(guān)系。這句話前一部分說,要確定睡眠不足引起的后果,研究人員讓subjects通過一系列的心理和能力的測(cè)驗(yàn),要求them將幾欄數(shù)字加起來或回憶幾分鐘前所聽到過的文章。所以,這里subjects是人,是“正在被研究的對(duì)象”。選項(xiàng)C是正確答案。例2Labor&

43、#39;s concern over automation arises from uncertainty about the effects on employment, and fears of major changes in jobs. In the main, labor has taken the view that resistance to technical change is unfruitful. Eventually, the result of automation may well be an increase in employment, since it is

44、expected that vast industries will grow up around manufacturing, maintaining, and repairing automation equipment. The interest of labor lies in bringing about the transition with a minimum of inconvenience and distress to the workers involved. Also, union spokesmen emphasize that the benefit of the

45、increased production and lower costs made possible by automation should be shared by workers in the form of higher wages, more leisure, and improved living standards.To protect the interests of their members in the era of automation, unions have adopted a number of new policies. One of these is the

46、promotion of supplementary unemployment benefit plans. It is emphasized that since the employer involved in such a plan has a direct financial interest in preventing unemployment, he will have a strong drive for planning new installations so as to cause the least possible problems in jobs and job as

47、signments. Some unions are working for dismissal pay agreements, requiring that permanently dismissed workers be paid a sum of money based on length of service. Another approach is the idea of the "improvement factor", which calls for wage increases based on increases in productivity. It i

48、s possible, however, that labor will rely mainly on reduction in working hours in order to gain a full share in the fruits of automation.1. The idea of the "improvement factor" ( line 7, paragraph 2 implies roughly_.A. wages should be paid on the basis of length of serviceB. the benefit of

49、 the increased production and lower costs should be shared by workersC. supplementary unemployment benefit plans should be promotedD. the transition to automation should be brought about with the minimum of inconvenience and distress to workers本題要求學(xué)生根據(jù)上下文理解improvement factor(增值因素的含義。在文章的第二段第七行,提出“增值

50、因素”是要求隨著生產(chǎn)率的提高,工資也要相應(yīng)地提高;而生產(chǎn)率的提高就是增加生產(chǎn)降低成本(第一段最后一句。因而選項(xiàng)B是正確答案。選項(xiàng)A,把解雇金協(xié)議(dismissal pay agreements,即根據(jù)服務(wù)期長(zhǎng)短給長(zhǎng)期解雇者一筆錢(第二段第四句,與“增值因素”的內(nèi)容混淆起來,說明有時(shí)文章和題目并不難,但粗心大意會(huì)使你答錯(cuò)題。選項(xiàng)C是講另一種勞工利益保護(hù)措施的,即失業(yè)者補(bǔ)助金計(jì)劃;而選項(xiàng)D是講工人們對(duì)自動(dòng)化帶來的種種影響所關(guān)切的問題(第一段第六行。例3Before the nineteenth century, scientists with an interest in the sea wer

51、e few and far between. Certainly Newton considered some theoretical aspects of it in his writings, but he was reluctant to go to sea to further his work.For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travelers or others who earned a living from the sea, there wa

52、s little reason to ask many questions about it, let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface. The first time that the question "What is at the bottom of the oceans?" had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was prop

53、osed. The engineers had to know the depth profile of the route to estimate the length of cable that had to be manufactured.It was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in 1853, for information on this matter. In the 1840s, Maury had been responsible for encouraging voya

54、ges during which soundings were taken to investigate the depths of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Later, some of his findings aroused much popular interest in his book The Physical Geography of the Sea.The cable was laid, but not until 1866 was the connection made permanent and reliable. At

55、the early attempts, the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered in living growths, a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea.1.“Defied” in the last sentence probably means _.A. doubted”B. 9ave proof

56、 to”C. challengedD. agreed to ”本題考查的是根據(jù)上下文進(jìn)行詞義猜測(cè)的能力。defied是defy的過去式,根據(jù)最后一句可以推測(cè)它的詞義,但必須完全讀懂defied前后部分的意思:前一部分是說從海底撈出的電纜上覆蓋著各種各樣的生物,后一部分是當(dāng)時(shí)的科學(xué)觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為海底深處是沒有生命的。由此可見,前一部分的“事實(shí)(,a fact which是“批駁”后一部分的“觀點(diǎn)”。所以,答案是選項(xiàng)C,“challenged”。這個(gè)詞的原意是“向挑戰(zhàn)”,因而有“對(duì)持異議”、“反對(duì)”的意思,其賓語常常是針對(duì)某種意見、觀點(diǎn)或權(quán)威。例4We find that bright children

57、 are rarely held back by mixed-ability teaching.On the contrary,both their knowledge and experience are enriched.We feel that there are many disadvantages in streaming pupils.It does not take into account the fact that children develop at different rates.It can have a bad effect on both the bright a

58、nd the notSO-bright child.After all,it Can be quite discouraging to be at the bottom of the top grade!1.By “held back”(1ine lthe author means“¬¬¬_”.A. made to remain in the same classB. forced to study in the lower classC. drawn to their studiesD. prevented from advancing本題考的是對(duì)詞組holdback的理解。根據(jù)上下文,它的意思是“阻擋,阻礙”,選項(xiàng)D是答案。當(dāng)然holdback 還可以表示(1“猶豫”,如:I have noticed that you do not holdback in our discussion.(我發(fā)覺你在討論時(shí)并不猶豫;(2 “控制”,如:The dam was not strong enough to hold back the flood waters.(大壩不夠堅(jiān)固,擋不住洪水;(3“保留、不公布”,如:I think h