鳳凰國(guó)際英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法1詞類

1、基礎(chǔ)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法1英語(yǔ)的詞類英語(yǔ)的詞類Self-introduction 殷?。阂蠼。篔ack, 雅思教學(xué)總監(jiān)，11年教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)。東南大學(xué)英語(yǔ)、南京大學(xué)教育學(xué)雙碩士。主講：雅思寫作、托福寫作、SAT寫作、BEC商務(wù)英語(yǔ)、翻譯、語(yǔ)法等。Mailbox: QQ: 750729743Mobile:程教案教學(xué)特點(diǎn)1）語(yǔ)法體系講解2）補(bǔ)充材料學(xué)習(xí)3）學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)（寫作）今日學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容Warming-up: 3 mini-tasks 1）名詞2）動(dòng)詞3）形容詞4）動(dòng)詞Sum-up: a short essay 學(xué)習(xí)的重點(diǎn)1）系統(tǒng)的詞類語(yǔ)法知識(shí)： 名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞等2）考試要點(diǎn)考試要點(diǎn)

2、 詞形變化、正式詞語(yǔ)與非正式詞語(yǔ)、同義詞詞形變化、正式詞語(yǔ)與非正式詞語(yǔ)、同義詞替換等替換等詞形變化詞形變化Succeed - success - successful successfully 正式詞語(yǔ)與非正式詞語(yǔ)正式詞語(yǔ)與非正式詞語(yǔ)孩子 兒童 后代Kid Child Offspring 同義詞替換同義詞替換Good WonderfulGorgeous Fantastic Marvelous Brilliant Warming-upMini-task 1Give your comments on the following paragraph and try to improve it. 5

3、minutes New-semester resolution The new semester has come. In this new semester, I will try my best to be a good student. First, I will try my best to study hard, because knowledge is important. Second, I will try my best to make friends, because friends are important. Last, I will try my best to ha

4、ve a part-time job, because getting some money is good. Comments and improvementWarming-upMini-task 2Please describe the following picture, using as many attractive words as possible. 5 minutes Warming-upMini-task 2 下文為經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家上摘錄的文章，我們將里面的詞匯變得平淡。請(qǐng)將劃線的詞匯轉(zhuǎn)換為地道生動(dòng)的詞匯。 5 minutes Exercise Mr. Obama writes (1

5、) good speeches and delivers them beautifully. He attracts huge crowds, (2) stimulates their passions and moves them to tears. Yet he is no crude demagogue. He (3) deals with policy questions with an (4) excellent mix of intellect and pragmatism. His advisers (5) are surprised at his (6) ability to

6、(7) consider complex arguments and pick solutions that seem both (8) reasonable and politically (9) possible. Economics Mr Obama writes brilliant speeches and delivers them beautifully. He attracts huge crowds, stirs their passions and moves them to tears. Yet he is no crude demagogue. He approaches

7、 policy questions with an admirable mix of intellect and pragmatism. His advisers marvel at his capacity to weigh complex arguments and pick solutions that seem both sensible and politically feasible.名詞教學(xué)內(nèi)容：1）專有名詞和普通名詞2）可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞及名詞的復(fù)數(shù)3）名詞的所有格4）主語(yǔ)名詞與謂語(yǔ)的一致專有名詞 vs. 普通名詞專有名詞：專有名詞：個(gè)別的人、地、物、團(tuán)體等。專有名詞中實(shí)詞的

8、第一個(gè)字母要大寫。如：IELTS, TOEFL, Tom, PSY 專有名詞如果是含有普通名詞的短語(yǔ),則必須使用定冠詞the。如：the Great Wall the Peoples Republic of China附錄1考試常用專有名詞匯總1）常見男女姓名2）常見地名：英國(guó)、美國(guó)、澳大利亞、加拿大、新西蘭等普通名詞：普通名詞：是許多人或事物的共有名稱。1）個(gè)體名詞（Individual Nouns）：表示某類人或東西中的個(gè)體，如：book。2）集體名詞（Collective Nouns）：表示若干個(gè)個(gè)體組成的集合體，如：family, committee, community, compa

9、ny, council, crew。3）物質(zhì)名詞（Material Nouns）：表示無(wú)法分為個(gè)體的實(shí)物，如：wood, water, metal, fire, soil。4）抽象名詞（Abstract Nouns）：表示動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、感情等抽象概念，如：happiness, anger, sorrow, love, hatred 附錄21）高頻寫作/閱讀名詞2）高頻口語(yǔ)名詞可數(shù)名詞；復(fù)數(shù)形式可數(shù)名詞；復(fù)數(shù)形式在單數(shù)名詞詞尾加在單數(shù)名詞詞尾加s 如：melon melons ,desk desks.s,o,x ,sh,ch結(jié)尾的詞加結(jié)尾的詞加es. 如：classclasses, boxb

10、oxes, dishdishes, peachpeaches sandwich sandwiches 注：少數(shù)以o結(jié)尾的詞,變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)只加s。 如：photophotos, pianopianos.,boy boys以輔音字母加以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞結(jié)尾的名詞,變變y為為i,再加再加es 如：familyfamilies, citycities, partyparties. strawberrystrawberries以以f或或fe結(jié)尾的名詞結(jié)尾的名詞,變變f或或fe為為v,再加再加es。 如：shelfshelves, wolfwolves, lifelives, knifeknives.不

11、規(guī)則變化不規(guī)則變化 manmen, womanwomen, sheepsheep,toothteeth, fishfish, childchildren, oxoxen, goosegeese，foot-feet不可數(shù)名詞一般沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式不可數(shù)名詞一般沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式 說明其數(shù)量時(shí),要用有關(guān)計(jì)量名詞。 如：a bag of ricetwo bags of rice, a piece of paperthree pieces of paper, a bottle of milkfive bottles of milk four glasses of juice two cups of coffee附

12、錄3不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)表不可數(shù)名詞是不可以用簡(jiǎn)單的數(shù)詞進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)的名詞。如： water, milk, fruit, cereal, soup, juice, coffee, coke, pepper, porridge, sugar, salt, news, oil, information不可數(shù)名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為可數(shù)名詞物質(zhì)名詞量的表示物質(zhì)名詞量的表示a. 當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為個(gè)體名詞時(shí)。 比較：Cake is a kind of food.蛋糕是一種食物。 (不可數(shù)) These cakes are sweet.這些蛋糕很好吃。 (可數(shù))b. 當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞表示該物質(zhì)的種類時(shí)，名詞可數(shù)

13、。 This factory produces steel.(不可數(shù)) We need various steels.(可數(shù))c. 當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞表示份數(shù)時(shí)，可數(shù)。 Our country is famous for tea. 我國(guó)因茶葉而聞名。 Two teas, please. 請(qǐng)來兩杯茶。抽象名詞有時(shí)也可數(shù)。 four freedoms 四大自由 four modernizations四個(gè)現(xiàn)代化 物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞可以借助單位詞表一定的數(shù)量。 如：a glass of water 一杯水 a piece of advice一條建議關(guān)于主謂一致1、謂語(yǔ)和主語(yǔ)基本保持單復(fù)數(shù)的一致,即：主語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)是

14、可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)或單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)用單數(shù)形式： 如：The book is old.(這本書是舊的 ） The water is very cold.(水很冷)2、集體名詞(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主語(yǔ)時(shí), 如果表示整體整體概念,則謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式用單數(shù)形式, 如：Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班) 如果表示其中的所有成員表示其中的所有成員時(shí),則謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式, 如：Class Three have a map of China (三班

15、有張中國(guó)地圖)關(guān)于主謂一致4、maths, news等雖然有s結(jié)尾,但不是復(fù)數(shù),因此謂語(yǔ)仍用單數(shù)仍用單數(shù)： The news is very exciting. (這個(gè)消息令人興奮)5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers（褲子）, gloves（手套）等名名詞往往用復(fù)數(shù)詞往往用復(fù)數(shù)形式,故謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。 The shoes are very cheap(這鞋子很便宜)6、a lot of 后面跟名詞復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式,跟不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式。 如：A lot of students are playing football now.(現(xiàn)在有許多學(xué)生在

16、踢足球) A lot of water is in the cup.(杯子里有許多水）關(guān)于主謂一致7、and 連接兩個(gè)名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)原則上用復(fù)數(shù)原則上用復(fù)數(shù) 如：The teacher and his son are flying kites. (老師和他的兒子在摘蘋果) 8、 there be 句型中be的單復(fù)數(shù)一般由靠近的名詞一般由靠近的名詞決定。 如：There is a table in the room. There are four chairs in the room. There is a table and four chairs in the room. (房間里有一張

17、桌子和四張椅子)關(guān)于主謂一致9、用bothand連接兩個(gè)事物做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)一謂語(yǔ)一般用復(fù)數(shù)般用復(fù)數(shù)。 如：Both you and I are goodfriends (你和我是好朋友）10、主語(yǔ)中含有with的短語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)單復(fù)數(shù)由with之前的人物決定。之前的人物決定。 如：A woman with her child is in the car (一名婦女帶著一個(gè)七歲的孩子在車?yán)?關(guān)于主謂一致11、eitheror或者或者 neithernor連接兩個(gè)人物做句子主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)采用就近原則謂語(yǔ)采用就近原則。 如：Either you or he is right. (要么是你對(duì),要么是他對(duì)。/

18、你和他有一個(gè)人是對(duì)的) Neither you nor I am going there. (你和我都不打算去那里) 12、表示一段時(shí)間或長(zhǎng)度概念的復(fù)數(shù)名詞做主語(yǔ)一段時(shí)間或長(zhǎng)度概念的復(fù)數(shù)名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)一般用單謂語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù)。數(shù)。 如：Two months is not a short time. (兩個(gè)月不是個(gè)短時(shí)間) Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance (距離).(兩千千米是相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)的一段距離)關(guān)于主謂一致13、主語(yǔ)中含有 half of three quarters of all (of) the . 等詞語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)由

19、由of后后名詞名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)來的單復(fù)數(shù)來確定確定,如： All of the water is dirty (這些水是臟的) Half of these students are girls.練習(xí)主謂一致的題目名詞的所有格名詞所有格表示所屬關(guān)系所屬關(guān)系,相當(dāng)于物主代詞,在句中作定語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)。其構(gòu)成法如下：(1)表示人或其它有生命的東西人或其它有生命的東西的名詞常在詞尾加s。如：Childerns Day(兒童), my sisters book(我姐姐的書)(2)以s或或es結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞。只在詞尾加。如：Teachers Day(教師節(jié))(3)有些表示時(shí)間、距離以及世界、國(guó)家、城鎮(zhèn)時(shí)間、距

20、離以及世界、國(guó)家、城鎮(zhèn)等無(wú)生命的名詞,也可在詞尾加s. 如：todays newspaper(今天的報(bào)紙), ten minutes break(十分鐘的課間休息),Chinas population(中國(guó)的人口).(4)大部分表示無(wú)生命東西的名詞,一般均可用介詞of短語(yǔ)來表示所有關(guān)系。 如：a map of our country(我國(guó)地圖） the capital city of China（中國(guó)首都）(5) s還可以表示某人的家或者某個(gè)店鋪某人的家或者某個(gè)店鋪 如：my aunts(我阿姨家), the doctors(診所)(6) 兩人共有共有某物時(shí),可以采用 A and Bs 的形式

21、如：Lucy and Lilys bedroom(露西和麗麗合住的臥室)(7) “of+名詞所有格/名詞性物主代詞”,稱為雙重所有格雙重所有格, 如：a friend of my fathers(我父親的一位朋友), a friend of his(我的一位朋友)鞏固練習(xí)Multiple Choice 1 Last night, there was a food accident. The _ were ill, but no _ were lost.A. child, lives B. children, life C. children, lives D. child, life 2. -

22、This is a photo of _ when they were young. -OK, how happy they both looked! A. my father and mother B. my mother and fathers C. my mothers and fathers D. my fathers and my mother 3. The new student is in _ , Grade Two. A. Class Third B. Third Class C. Class Three D. Three class4. Today is September

23、10th. Its _ Day. Lets go and buy some flowers for our teachers. A. Teachers B. Teachers C. the Teachers D. Teachers5. The market isnt far from here. Its only _ bicycle ride. A. half an hours B. half an hours C. half an hour D. an hour and a half6. - What would you like to drink, girls? - _, please.

24、A.Two cup of coffee B. Two cups of coffee C. Two cups of coffee D. Two cups of coffees7. During Christmas, people get together and sing Christmas songs for _. A. fun B. wishes C. interest D. thanks8. Some _ are flying kites near the river. A. child B. boy C. boys D. childs9. After the exam, well hav

25、e_ holiday. A. two weeks B. two-weeks C. two weeks D. two weeks10. They are those _ bags. Please put them on the bus. A. visitor B. visitors C. visitors D. visitors11.- How many workers are there in your factory? - There are two _. A. hundreds B. hundred C. hundred of D. hundreds of12. -What do you

26、think of the _ the Moonlight Sonata by Beethoven? - It sounds really wonderful. A. subject B. music C. book D. animal13. There is not enough _ in the corner for the fridge. A. place B. room C. field D. ground14. _ comes from sheep and some people like eating itA. Wool（羊毛） B. Pork C. Mutton（羊肉） D. Mi

27、lk15. If you dont take more _, youll get fat.A. medicine B. lessons C. photos D. exercise16. My school is about twenty _ walk from here. A. minute B. minutes C. minutess D. minutes17. Mum, I have _ to tell you! A. a good news B. some good news C. some good newes D. much good news18. Which is the _ t

28、o the post office? A. street B. way C. road D. address19. I stayed at _ last Sunday. A. my uncles B. my uncles C. my uncles D. my uncles family20. Maths _ not easy to learn. A. are B. is C. am D. were形容詞形容詞修飾名詞，說明事物或人的性質(zhì)或特征。 Describe the following pictures with adjectives. Job hunting 功能分類：定語(yǔ)形容詞功能分類

29、：定語(yǔ)形容詞vs.表語(yǔ)形容詞表語(yǔ)形容詞定語(yǔ)形容詞定語(yǔ)形容詞（1）以-er結(jié)尾表示關(guān)系的形容詞（elder, former, inner, latter, outer, upper等）：my elder brotherWho is elder? （）；（2）強(qiáng)化性形容詞包括強(qiáng)調(diào)性形容詞（certain, definite, plain, pure, sheer等），增強(qiáng)性形容詞（absolute, entire, extreme, perfect, total等）和減弱性形容詞（feeble, slight等）：Its sheer blackmail.The blackmail is sheer

30、. （）；（3）限制涉及范圍的形容詞（chief, joint, lone, main, only, principal, sole, very等）：the chief productThe product is chief（）；（4）專業(yè)性形容詞（chemical, coastal, hydroelectric, maritime, nuclear, solar, wooden, woolen等）：the chemical weaponsThe weapons are chemical（）；表語(yǔ)形容詞表語(yǔ)形容詞（1）帶后置修飾語(yǔ)的形容詞：1. The ship is bound for Au

31、stralia. the bound ship for Australia（）；2. The committee was opposed to my suggestion.the opposed committee to my suggestion（）（2）帶前綴a-的形容詞（afloat, afraid, aghast, akin, alert, alight, alike, alive, alone, aloof, amiss, asleep, ashamed, averse, awake, aware, awash等）：1. The child was afraid. an afraid

32、 child（）；2.The couple look alikean alike couple（）（3）一些表示健康狀況的形容詞（faint, ill, poorly, well, unwell等）：1. The girl looks poorly.the poorly girl（）；2. My brother feels unwellmy unwell brother形容詞的語(yǔ)義分類1.品質(zhì)形容詞品質(zhì)形容詞 品質(zhì)形容詞是直接說明事物的性質(zhì)或特征的形容詞。它有級(jí)的變化，可以用程度副詞來修飾。在句中作定語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。形容詞中大多數(shù)屬于這類形容詞。 如： frightened (受驚嚇的) fo

33、olish（愚蠢的） clever（聰明的） The naughty boy did a foolish thing. （作定語(yǔ)） The boy is naughty. （作表語(yǔ)） His mother tried her best to make him clever. （作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)） 2. 類屬形容詞類屬形容詞 表屬于哪一類的形容詞。 如： He is a foreign visitor.Thats our dairy work.3. 顏色形容詞顏色形容詞 表示顏色的形容詞。 4. 強(qiáng)調(diào)形容詞強(qiáng)調(diào)形容詞 起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用的形容詞。 如：He is a complete stranger to us

34、.He is a total failure.He is a perfect fool.It was pure luck that he wasnt hit by the car. . 5. Ving 形容詞形容詞 Ving 形容詞是動(dòng)詞加ing形式轉(zhuǎn)化而來的形容詞。 如：He was an amusing man.What he told me was surprising.These flowers are pleasing.The end of this film was very satisfying.6. Ved 形容詞形容詞 Ved 形容詞是過去分詞轉(zhuǎn)化而來的形容詞，與Ving形容

35、詞意思不同，一般有被動(dòng)意義， 多數(shù)為品質(zhì)形容詞。 如： Im interested in English.We are worried about this.有些Ved 形容詞是類屬形容詞，也由動(dòng)詞變化而來，但不用于比較級(jí)。 如： All these are required subjects.She is a trained nurse.7. 合成形容詞合成形容詞1）five-year-old, 結(jié)構(gòu)是：數(shù)詞+名詞單數(shù)+連字符+形容詞 2）kind-hearted 結(jié)構(gòu)是：形容詞+連字符+過去分詞 3）peace-loving 結(jié)構(gòu)是：名詞+連字符+現(xiàn)在分詞 4）well-known結(jié)構(gòu)是：

36、副詞+連字符+過去分詞 5）three-legged 結(jié)構(gòu)是：數(shù)詞+連字符+名詞+ed6）two-month結(jié)構(gòu)是：數(shù)詞+連字符+單數(shù)名詞 7）full-time結(jié)構(gòu)是：形容詞+連字符+名詞 8）good-looking 結(jié)構(gòu)是：形容詞+連字符+現(xiàn)在分詞 9）water-covered 結(jié)構(gòu)是：名詞+連字符+過去分詞 10）cat-like 結(jié)構(gòu)是：名詞+連字符+介詞 附錄41）高頻形容詞2）各類英文寫作高階形容詞比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)1. 單音節(jié)形容詞或副詞后面直接加-er或-esttalltallertallest fastfasterfastest2. 以-e結(jié)尾的單音節(jié)形容詞或副詞直接加-r或

37、-stlargelargerlargest nicenicernicest3. 以-y結(jié)尾的形容詞或副詞，改-y為-i再加-er或-estbusybusierbusiest earlyearlierearliest比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)4. 形容詞或副詞是重讀閉音節(jié)時(shí)，雙寫最后的輔音字母，再加-er或-esthothotterhottest bigbiggerbiggest5. 多音節(jié)形容詞或副詞前面直接加more或mostdeliciousmore deliciousmost deliciousbeautifulmore beautifulmost beautiful6. 不規(guī)則變化good (we

38、ll)betterbest bad (badly)worseworst比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)在句子中的運(yùn)用1）被形容主語(yǔ)+ am / are / is + 比較級(jí) + than + 被比較賓語(yǔ)I am taller than you.Pasta is more delicious than pizza.比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)在句子中的運(yùn)用2）被形容主語(yǔ)+ 行為動(dòng)詞 + 副詞最高級(jí) + 比較范圍（of + 人/物，in + 地方）.Cheetahs run fastest in the world.He studies best of us.副詞副詞主要用來修飾動(dòng)詞，形容詞，副詞或其他結(jié)構(gòu)。 副詞的種類：1.時(shí)

39、間副詞：時(shí)間副詞：1）表示發(fā)生時(shí)間的副詞： Its beginning to rain now! 現(xiàn)在開始下雨了！ I havent seen her recently. 最近我沒見到她。 Will you be free tonight? 你今晚有空嗎？ See you later. 回頭見。2）表示頻繁程度的副詞，也稱頻度副詞（Adverbs of Frequency）: She is constantly changing her mind. 她老是改變主意。 We do meet now and then, but not regularly. 我們確實(shí)偶爾也見面，但不經(jīng)常見面。3）還

40、有一些其他表示時(shí)間的副詞： Ill be back presently (shortly). 我一會(huì)兒就回來。 What decision did you finally arrive at? 你們最后作出了什么決定？ Nancy was up early. 南西很早就起來來了。 He has just had an operation. 他剛動(dòng)過手術(shù)。2. 地點(diǎn)副詞：地點(diǎn)副詞：1）有不少表示地點(diǎn)的副詞： She is studying abroad. 她在國(guó)外留學(xué)。 If he is not here, hes about somewhere. 如果他不在這兒，那就在附近什么地方。 2）還有

41、一些部分與介詞同形的副詞，有人稱它們?yōu)楦痹~小品詞 （Adverb Particles）. 這些與介詞同形，跟賓語(yǔ)的是介詞，否則是副詞： 用作介詞： The Dead Sea is below see level. 死海在海平面之下。 Dont stand so near the train. 不要站的離火車這么近。 He jumped off the horse. 他從馬上跳了下來。 用作副詞： I could see river down below. 我可以看到下方的那條河。 He lives quite near. 他住的很近。3）還有一些地點(diǎn)副詞表示地區(qū)范圍等：We have no s

42、hops locally. 我們?cè)诒镜貐^(qū)沒有商店。The theory has been universally accepted. 這個(gè)理論已被普遍接受。3 方式副詞方式副詞英語(yǔ)中有大量方式副詞，說明行為方式（回答how的問題）：She gently refused to accept the gifts. 她委婉地拒絕接受那些禮物。How beautifully your wife dances. 你夫人舞跳的真美。2）還有相當(dāng)多的副詞，表示某些情緒：This I gladly accepted. 這東西我高興的接受了。She smiled gratefully. 她感激的笑了笑。He l

43、ooked at her sadly. 他凄然的看了看她。3）還有一些以-ly結(jié)尾的副詞，表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的狀況：He left the town secretly. 他悄然離開了這座城市。I only met her accidentally. 我只是偶然碰見她的。1)4） 程度副詞和強(qiáng)調(diào)副詞He loved his mother dearly. 他深愛他的母親。I strongly object to your saying that. 我強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)你這樣說話。Is she badly hurt? 她傷得重嗎？4. 疑問副詞：疑問副詞用來引導(dǎo)特殊問句：how: How is your grandmothers rheumatism? 你奶奶的風(fēng)濕病怎么樣了？where: Where does she come from? 她是哪兒人？when: When can you come? 你什么時(shí)候能來？why: Why was he so late? 他為什么來得這么晚？5. 連接副詞：連接副詞：連接副詞意思和詞形都和疑問副詞一樣，但都引導(dǎo)從句或與不定式連用：how: Thats how I look at it. 這是我的看法。（引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句）Do you know how to start this machine? 你知道這臺(tái)機(jī)器怎樣